Kyle W. Blasch David A. Stonestrom Jim Constantz David A. Stonestrom 2003 <p>Advances in electronics leading to improved sensor technologies, large-scale circuit integration, and attendant miniaturization have created new opportunities to use heat as a tracer of subsurface flow. Because nature provides abundant thermal forcing at the land surface, heat is particularly useful in studying stream-groundwater interactions. This appendix describes methods for obtaining the thermal data needed in heat-based investigations of shallow subsurface flow.</p> application/pdf en U.S. Geological Survey Determining temperature and thermal properties for heat-based studies of surface-water ground-water interactions: Appendix A of <i>Heat as a tool for studying the movement of ground water near streams (Cir1260)</i> reports