Kenneth F. Higgins I.J. Ball Stan C. Kohn Rex R. Johnson 1994 <p>Over-water duck nests are usually more successful than upland nests. We evaluated mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) and giant Canada goose (<i>Branta canadensis maxima</i>) use of nest baskets, straw and hay bales, and earth-filled culverts and determined nesting success rates by structure type during 1987-1989. Mallards used bales and culverts more than baskets, whereas Canada geese used baskets more than bales or culverts. Nesting success was greatest for baskets and culverts (&gt;80%) and lowest for bales (58.3%). Logistics aside, culverts appear to be the most valuable nesting structures for mallards, and baskets are the most valuable structures for Canada geese.</p> application/pdf en Great Plains Natural Science Society Waterfowl productivity and use of nesting structures in the prairie pothole region article