<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Jacob Michael Froehlich</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Stephen D. McCormick</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Peggy R. Biga</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Nicholas J. Galt</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2018</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Stress is a major factor that contributes to poor production and animal welfare concerns in aquaculture. As such, a thorough understanding of mechanisms involved in the stress response is imperative to developing strategies to mitigate the negative side effects of stressors, including the impact of high stocking densities on growth. The purpose of this study was to determine how the muscle growth inhibitor, &lt;i&gt;myostatin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, and the stress-responsive gene&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;HSP90&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;are regulated in response to crowding stress in rainbow trout (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Oncorhynchus mykiss&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;),&lt;span&gt; cutthroat trout&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Oncorhynchus clarki&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;), brook trout (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Salvelinus&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt; fontinalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;), and Atlantic salmon (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Salmo salar&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;). All species exhibited higher&lt;span&gt; cortisol and glucose&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;levels following the handling stress, indicating physiological response to the treatment. Additionally, all species, except rainbow trout, exhibited higher&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;HSP90&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;levels in muscle after a 48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;h crowding stress. Crowding stress resulted in a decrease of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;myostatin-1a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;in brook trout white muscle but not red muscle, while,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;myostatin-1a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;-2a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;levels increased in white muscle and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;myostatin-1b&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;levels increased in red muscle in Atlantic salmon. In rainbow trout, no significant changes were detected in either muscle type, but&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;myostatin-1a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;was&amp;nbsp;upregulated in both white and red skeletal muscle &lt;span&gt;in the closely related cutthroat trout. The variation in response to crowding suggests a complex and species-specific interaction between stress and the muscle gene regulation in these salmonids. Only Atlantic salmon and cutthroat trout exhibited increased muscle myostatin transcription, and also exhibited the largest increase in circulating glucose in response to crowding. These results suggest that species-specific farming practices should be carefully examined in order to optimize low stress culture conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.019</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>A comparative evaluation of crowding stress on muscle HSP90 and myostatin expression in salmonids</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>