D. Townsend
Ellen Rathje
Kate E. Allstadt
B. Lukovic
Yoshihiro Kaneko
Brendon A. Bradley
J. Wartman
Randall W. Jibson
D. N. Petley
Nick Horspool
I. Hamling
J. Carey
S. Cox
John Davidson
S. Dellow
Jonathan W. Godt
Christopher Holden
Katherine D. Jones
Anna E. Kaiser
M. Little
B. Lyndsell
S. McColl
R. Morgenstern
Francis K. Rengers
D. Rhoades
B. Rosser
D. Strong
C. Singeisen
M. Villeneuve
C. Massey
2018
<p><span>The 14 November 2016 </span><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns=""><mi>M</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi></msub></math>"><span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="math"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mrow"><span id="MathJax-Span-13" class="msub"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-14" class="mi">M</span></span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-15" class="mi">w</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML">Mw</span></span></span><span> 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake generated more than 10,000 landslides over a total area of about<span> </span></span><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><span id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn xmlns="">10</mn><mo xmlns="">,</mo><mn xmlns="">000</mn><mtext xmlns="">&#x2009;&#x2009;</mtext><msup xmlns=""><mi>km</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>"><span id="MathJax-Span-16" class="math"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-17" class="mrow"><span id="MathJax-Span-18" class="mn">10</span><span id="MathJax-Span-19" class="mo">,</span><span id="MathJax-Span-20" class="mn">000</span><span id="MathJax-Span-21" class="mtext"> </span><span id="MathJax-Span-22" class="msup"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-23" class="mi">km</span></span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-24" class="mn">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML">10,000 km2</span></span></span><span>, with the majority concentrated in a smaller area of about<span> </span></span><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><span id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn xmlns="">3600</mn><mtext xmlns="">&#x2009;&#x2009;</mtext><msup xmlns=""><mi>km</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>"><span id="MathJax-Span-25" class="math"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-26" class="mrow"><span id="MathJax-Span-27" class="mn">3600</span><span id="MathJax-Span-28" class="mtext"> </span><span id="MathJax-Span-29" class="msup"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-30" class="mi">km</span></span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-31" class="mn">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML">3600 km2</span></span></span><span>. The largest landslide triggered by the earthquake had an approximate volume of<span> </span></span><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><span id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn xmlns="">20</mn><mo xmlns="" stretchy="false">(</mo><mo xmlns="">&#xB1;</mo><mn xmlns="">2</mn><mo xmlns="" stretchy="false">)</mo><mtext xmlns="">&#x2009;&#x2009;</mtext><mi xmlns="" mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mtext xmlns="">&#x2009;</mtext><msup xmlns=""><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math>"><span id="MathJax-Span-32" class="math"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-33" class="mrow"><span id="MathJax-Span-34" class="mn">20</span><span id="MathJax-Span-35" class="mo">(</span><span id="MathJax-Span-36" class="mo">±</span><span id="MathJax-Span-37" class="mn">2</span><span id="MathJax-Span-38" class="mo">)</span><span id="MathJax-Span-39" class="mtext"> </span><span id="MathJax-Span-40" class="mi">M</span><span id="MathJax-Span-41" class="mtext"> </span><span id="MathJax-Span-42" class="msup"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-43" class="mi">m</span></span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-44" class="mn">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML">20(±2) M m3</span></span></span><span>, with a runout distance of about 2.7 km, forming a dam on the Hapuku River. In this article, we present version 1.0 of the landslide inventory we have created for this event. We use the inventory presented in this article to identify and discuss some of the controls on the spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the Kaikōura earthquake. Our main findings are (1) the number of medium to large landslides (source area<span> </span></span><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><span id="MathJax-Element-7-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo xmlns="">&#x2265;</mo><mn xmlns="">10</mn><mo xmlns="">,</mo><mn xmlns="">000</mn><mtext xmlns="">&#x2009;&#x2009;</mtext><msup xmlns=""><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>"><span id="MathJax-Span-45" class="math"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-46" class="mrow"><span id="MathJax-Span-47" class="mo">≥</span><span id="MathJax-Span-48" class="mn">10</span><span id="MathJax-Span-49" class="mo">,</span><span id="MathJax-Span-50" class="mn">000</span><span id="MathJax-Span-51" class="mtext"> </span><span id="MathJax-Span-52" class="msup"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-53" class="mi">m</span></span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-54" class="mn">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML">≥10,000 m2</span></span></span><span>) triggered by the Kaikōura earthquake is smaller than for similar‐sized landslides triggered by similar magnitude earthquakes in New Zealand; (2) seven of the largest eight landslides (from 5 to<span> </span></span><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><span id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn xmlns="">20</mn><mtext xmlns="">&#x2009;&#x2009;</mtext><mi xmlns="" mathvariant="normal">M</mi><mtext xmlns="">&#x2009;</mtext><msup xmlns=""><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math>"><span id="MathJax-Span-55" class="math"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-56" class="mrow"><span id="MathJax-Span-57" class="mn">20</span><span id="MathJax-Span-58" class="mtext"> </span><span id="MathJax-Span-59" class="mi">M</span><span id="MathJax-Span-60" class="mtext"> </span><span id="MathJax-Span-61" class="msup"><span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-62" class="mi">m</span></span><span><span id="MathJax-Span-63" class="mn">3</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML">20 M m3</span></span></span><span>) occurred on faults that ruptured to the surface during the earthquake; (3) the average landslide density within 200 m of a mapped surface fault rupture is three times that at a distance of 2500 m or more from a mapped surface fault rupture; (4) the “distance to fault” predictor variable, when used as a proxy for ground‐motion intensity, and when combined with slope angle, geology, and elevation variables, has more power in predicting landslide probability than the modeled peak ground acceleration or peak ground velocity; and (5) for the same slope angles, the coastal slopes have landslide point densities that are an order of magnitude greater than those in similar materials on the inland slopes, but their source areas are significantly smaller.</span></p>
application/pdf
10.1785/0120170305
en
Seismological Society of America
Landslides triggered by the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand
article