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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Danielle T. Webb</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Matthew R. Nagorzanski</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Dana W. Kolpin</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Michelle L. Hladik</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>David M. Cwiertny</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Gregory H. LeFevre</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Kathryn L. Klarich Wong</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2019</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We recently reported the initial discovery of neonicotinoid pesticides in drinking water and their potential for transformation through chlorination and alkaline hydrolysis during water treatment. The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine if neonicotinoid metabolites are relevant to drinking water exposure and (2) to identify the products formed from chlorination of neonicotinoids and their metabolites. Desnitro-imidacloprid and imidacloprid-urea, two known metabolites of imidacloprid, are documented for the first time in drinking water. Desnitro-imidacloprid was present above the lower level of detection (0.03 ng/L) in 67% of samples (six of nine) from drinking water systems but detectable in all samples (up to 0.6 ng/L). Although concentrations of desnitro-imidacloprid were lower than concentrations of the parent neonicotinoids, desnitro-imidacloprid exhibits significantly greater mammalian toxicity than imidacloprid. Using LC-HR-ToF-MS/MS analysis of&amp;nbsp; results from laboratory experiments, we propose structures for novel transformation products resulting from the chlorination of clothianidin, imidacloprid, desnitro-imidacloprid, imidacloprid-urea, and hydrolysis products of thiamethoxam. Formation of chlorinated neonicotinoid byproducts occurs at time scales relevant to water treatment and/or distribution for the imidacloprid metabolites (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;values from 2.4 min to 1.0 h) and thiamethoxam hydrolysis products (4.8 h). Neonicotinoid metabolites in finished drinking water and potential formation of novel disinfection byproducts during treatment and/or distribution are relevant to evaluating the exposure and potential impacts of neonicotinoids on human health.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00706</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>ACS</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Chlorinated byproducts of neonicotinoids and their metabolites: An unrecognized human exposure potential?</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>