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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Timothy J. Kubiak</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>James P. Ludwig</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Glen Fox</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Michael Gilbertson</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1991</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Several species of colonial fish-eating birds nesting in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Great&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Lakes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;basin Includ-ing herring gulls, common terns and double-crested cormorants, have exhibited chronic impairment of reproduction. In addition to eggshell thinning caused by high levels of DDT and metabolites, the reproductive impairment is characterized by high embryonic and chick&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;mortality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, edema, growth retardation, and deformities, hence the name&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Great&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Lakes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;embryo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;mortality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS). The hypothesis has been advanced that GLEMEDS in colonial fish-eating birds resembles chick-edema disease of poultry and has been caused by exposure to chick- edema active compounds that have a common mode of action through the cytochrome P-448 system. Detailed evidence has been collected from the following three groups of studies on herring gulls in the lower&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Great&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Lakes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;during the early 1970s; Forster’s terns in Green Bay, Wisconsin in 1983; and double-crested cormorants and Caspian terns in various locations in the upper&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Great&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;Lakes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;from 1986 onwards. It has proved difficult to establish not only the onset of the disease in the various species at various locations but also the period in which chick-edema active compounds were released. Anecdotal evidence suggested that serious egg&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;mortality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. © 1988 by Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1080/15287399109531538</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Hemisphere Publishing Corporation</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Great lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (glemeds) in colonial fish-eating birds: Similarity to chick-edema disease</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>