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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Eric Brunson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>M. Christopher Barnhart</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Elizabeth A. Glidewell</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Ning Wang</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Christopher G. Ingersoll</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>James L. Kunz</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2020</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Newly metamorphosed freshwater mussels are small and delicate, so that captive laboratory culture presents challenges for handling; for maintenance of suitable microhabitat, water quality, and food; and for avoidance of competitors and predators. To address these challenges, a new pulsed flow-through auto-feeding beaker system was developed for culturing juvenile mussels. In this system, groups of mussels were maintained in 300- to 1000-mL beakers with a thin layer of sand substrate. The water in the beakers was static except for pulses that were delivered every 1 or 2&amp;nbsp;h and that displaced about half of the water in each beaker per water cycle. A peristaltic pump delivered food to multiple mixing cells where the water was automatically mixed with food just before the water delivery. In testing this approach, newly metamorphosed mussels of 4 species were cultured in the system for 84 to 357 d. The sand and beakers were replaced weekly. Survival was high (&amp;gt;85% at day 84) for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lampsilis siliquoidea&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Villosa iris&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;, but relatively lower for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Anodonta californiensis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(29% at day 155) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Margaritifera falcata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(23% at day 357). Growth rate ranged among the 4 species from 27 to 60&amp;nbsp;μm/d, with the slowest rate for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;M. falcata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and fastest for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;A. californiensis.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Overall, the new pulsed flow-through auto-feeding beaker system improved survival and growth of juvenile mussels versus other methods previously tested. Additionally, a simplified system for the water and food delivery was developed with a single mixing cell. The use of both systems indicate that they are suitable for laboratory experiments and for captive culture of juvenile mussels.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734959</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Pulsed flow-through auto-feeding beaker systems for the laboratory culture of juvenile freshwater mussels</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>