<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Justin R. Smerud</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Linnea M Thomas</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Diane L. Waller</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>David L. Smith</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Richard A. Erickson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Mark P. Gaikowski</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Aaron R. Cupp</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2020</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Carbon dioxide (CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a new aquatic pesticide to control invasive Asian carps and other aquatic nuisance species in the United States. However, limited CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;toxicity data could make it challenging for resource managers to characterize the potential risk to nontarget species during CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;applications. The present study quantified the toxicity of CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;to 2 native riverine fishes, bluegill (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lepomis macrochirus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;) and fathead minnow (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pimephales promelas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;), using 12‐h continuous flow‐through CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;exposure at 5, 15, and 25 °C water temperatures. Resulting survival indicated that bluegill (median lethal concentration [LC50] range 91–140 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) were more sensitive to CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;than fathead minnow (LC50 range 235–306 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) across all water temperatures. Bluegill were also more sensitive to CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;at 5 °C (LC50 91 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 95% CI 85–96 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) than at 25 °C (LC50 140 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 95% CI 135–146 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;). Fathead minnow showed an opposite response and were less sensitive at 5 °C (LC50 306 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 95% CI 286–327 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) relative to 25 °C (LC50 235 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 95% CI 224–246 mg/L CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;). Our results show that CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;toxicity can differ by species and water temperature. Data from the present study may inform decisions related to the use of CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;as a control tool.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Environ Toxicol Chem&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;2020;39:2247–2255. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. government work and is in the public domain in the USA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1002/etc.4855</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Wiley</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Toxicity of carbon dioxide to freshwater fishes: Implications for aquatic invasive species management</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>