Peter S. Coates Mark A. Ricca Diana A. Munoz 2021 <div id="abstracts" class="Abstracts u-font-serif"><div id="abs0010" class="abstract author" lang="en"><div id="abssec0010"><p id="abspara0010">Greater Sage-Grouse (<i>Centrocercus urophasianus;</i><span>&nbsp;</span>hereafter, sage-grouse) and free-roaming horses (<i>Equus caballus</i>) co-occur within large portions of sagebrush ecosystems within the Great Basin of western North America. In recent decades, sage-grouse populations have declined substantially while concomitant free-roaming horse populations have increased drastically. Although multiple studies have reported free-roaming horses adversely impacting native ungulate species, direct interactions between free-roaming horses and sage-grouse have not been documented previously. We compiled sage-grouse lek count data and associated ungulate observations during spring of 2010 and 2013–2018. We used Bayesian multinomial logistic models to examine the response of breeding male sage-grouse to the presence of native (i.e. mule deer, pronghorn) and non-native (i.e. cattle, free-roaming horses) ungulates on active sage-grouse leks (traditional breeding grounds). We found sage-grouse were approximately five times more likely to be present on active leks concurrent with native ungulates compared to non-native ungulates. Of the four different ungulate species, sage-grouse were least likely to be at active leks when free-roaming horses were present. Our results indicate that free-roaming horse presence at lek sites negatively influences sage-grouse lekking activity. Because sage-grouse population growth is sensitive to breeding success, disruption of leks by free-roaming horses could reduce breeding opportunities and limit breeding areas within sage-grouse habitat.</p></div></div></div> application/pdf 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104304 en Elsevier Free-roaming horses disrupt greater sage-grouse lekking activity in the Great Basin article