<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Mary L. Giorgino</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>S. W. Hostetler</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1995</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;The possible effects of trace-gas induced climatic changes on Pyramid and Yellowstone Lakes are assessed using a model of lake temperature. The model is driven by&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="math"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="MathJax_SVG" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;3&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;1&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;2&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;312&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;years of hourly meteorological data obtained directly from the output of double-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;experiments (2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) conducted with a regional climate model nested in a general circulation model. The regional atmospheric model is the climate version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model, MM4.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Average annual surface temperature of Pyramid Lake for the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;climate is 15.5 ± 5.4°C (±1 σ), 2.8°C higher than the control. Annual overturn of the lake ceases as a result of these higher temperatures for the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;climate. Evaporation increases from 1400 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in the control to 1595 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;simulation, but net water supplied to the Pyramid Lake basin increases from −6 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in the control to +27 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;simulation due to increased precipitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the open water periods, the average annual surface temperature of Yellowstone Lake is 13.2 ± 5.1°C for the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;climate, a temperature 1.6°C higher than the control. The annual duration of ice cover on the lake is 152 days in the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;simulation, a reduction of 44 days relative to the control. Warming of the lake for the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;climate is mostly confined to the near-surface. Simulated spring overturn for the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;climate occurs earlier in the year and fall overturn later than in the control. Evaporation increases from 544 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;to 600 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in the 2 × CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;simulation, but net water supplied to the Yellowstone Lake basin increases from +373 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in the control to +619 mm yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;due to increased precipitation. The effects of these climatic changes suggest possible deterioration of water quality and productivity in Pyramid Lake and possible enhancement of productivity in Yellowstone Lake.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1016/0921-8181(94)00019-A</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Elsevier</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Effects of a 2 x CO2 climate on two large lake systems: Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>