<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>E. Roedder</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1962</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The design and operation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;microscope&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;freezing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;stage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;developed for use at magnifications up to 500X are described. It makes possible&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;low&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;temperature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;phase changes such as the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;freezing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;saline water phase, and hence an estimate of the total salt concentration, in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;fluid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;inclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;as small as 10 microns (10-6 milligram in weight). The crystal or polished mineral plate containing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;inclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;is viewed while immersed in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;thermostated heat exchange medium (acetone) circulating rapidly in order to minimize thermal gradients. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;stage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;permits easy operation at temperatures down to -35° C, with electrical control to ±0.05° C, and to much lower temperatures with manual control. With substitution of silicone oil for acetone, the same&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;stage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;can be used for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;heating&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;experiments up to +250° C. Calibration points in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;low&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;range indicate the accuracy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;freezing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;temperature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;determinations on optimum material to be better than ±0.1° C. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;low&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;relief of ice crystals in water solution places considerable importance on sample selection, preparation, and lighting. As&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;result of almost ubiquitous and drastic supercooling (meta-stability), -35° C is inadequate to freeze most&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;inclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Holding at -78.5° C (acetone + solid CO&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) for thirty minutes is generally adequate, although&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;few samples require extended immersion in liquid nitrogen at -196° C to cause&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;freezing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;of even&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;part of their&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="ScopusTermHighlight"&gt;inclusions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Such extensive supercooling is not possible with most surface waters owing to the presence of abundant extraneous solid nuclei for the crystallization of ice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.2113/gsecongeo.57.7.1045</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Society of Economic Geologists</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Studies of fluid inclusions I: Low temperature application of a dual-purpose freezing and heating stage</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>