<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:creator>Robert Schneider</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>1964</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The Cenomanian-Turonian formations of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;central&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Israel&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;constitute a highly permeable dolomite and limestone aquifer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;this area it is on the west limb of an anticlinorium that trends north-northeast, and it contains&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;water&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;under artesian pressure. A graph of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;water&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;temperatures and well depths suggests that there is a very small vertical&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temperature&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;gradient&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;local segments of the aquifer. The small gradient is believed to result from a large vertical component of flow that tends to equalize the vertical&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temperature&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;distribution&lt;span&gt;. On a regional scale the apparent horizontal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temperature&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;distribution&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;indicates a westward increase with increasing depth of the aquifer, suggesting a manifestation of the regional geothermal gradient. The westward increase&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temperature&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;also implies that the lateral component of flow may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;the normal range for artesian&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;carbonate&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;rock&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;aquifers whose pores consist mainly of solution cavities. Locally, pumping appears to have affected the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temperature&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;distribution&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;by modifying the natural flow pattern.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;parts of the most intensively developed area, the aquifer is hydraulically connected with overlying coastal-plain deposits, and some cooler&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;water&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;has been induced to move into the aquifer from this source. At three other areas, pumping has resulted&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;an apparent horizontal shift of the isotherms on a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temperature&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;distribution&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;map. The data suggest that the spatial&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;distribution&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temperature&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;may be used to determine some of the flow characteristics of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;carbonate&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;rock&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;aquifers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[209:ROTDTG]2.0.CO;2</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Geological Society of America</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Relation of temperature distribution to ground-water movement in carbonate rocks of central Israel</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>