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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Karlyn D. Beer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Kathryn Kuivila</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Tom M. Chiller</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Brendan R. Jackson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Mitsuru Toda</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2021</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;h3 id="d1e182" class="article-section__title to-section"&gt;Background:&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fungus&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus fumigatus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;i&gt;A. fumigatus&lt;/i&gt;) is the leading cause of invasive mold infections, which cause severe disease and death in immunocompromised people. Use of triazole antifungal medications in recent decades has improved patient survival; however, triazole-resistant infections have become common in parts of Europe and are emerging in the United States. Triazoles are also a class of fungicides used in plant agriculture, and certain triazole-resistant&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;A. fumigatus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;strains found causing disease in humans have been linked to environmental fungicide use.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id="d1e199" class="article-section__title to-section"&gt;Objectives:&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We examined U.S. temporal and geographic trends in the use of triazole fungicides using U.S. Geological Survey agricultural pesticide use estimates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id="d1e206" class="article-section__title to-section"&gt;Discussion:&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on our analysis, overall tonnage of triazole fungicide use nationwide was relatively constant during 1992–2005 but increased&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="equationTd inline-formula"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; alttext=&amp;quot;greater than 4 fold&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;inline&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;i1&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;gt;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;-fold&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="i1" class="math" aria-label="greater than 4 fold"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-2" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-3" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mo"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="mn"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mtext"&gt;-fold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;&amp;gt;4-fold&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;during 2006–2016 to&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="equationTd inline-formula"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; alttext=&amp;quot;2.9 million kilograms&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;inline&amp;quot; id=&amp;quot;i2&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2.9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2009;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;million&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2009;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;kg&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="i2" class="math" aria-label="2.9 million kilograms"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mn"&gt;2.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mo"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mtext"&gt;million&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-13" class="mo"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-14" class="mtext"&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;2.9 million kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in 2016. During 1992–2005, triazole fungicide use occurred mostly in orchards and grapes, wheat, and other crops, but recent increases in use have occurred primarily in wheat, corn, soybeans, and other crops, particularly in Midwest and Southeast states. We conclude that, given the chemical similarities between triazole fungicides and triazole antifungal drugs used in human medicine, increased monitoring for environmental and clinical triazole resistance in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;A. fumigatus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;would improve overall understanding of these interactions, as well as help identify strategies to mitigate development and spread of resistance.&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1289/EHP7484</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Trends in agricultural triazole fungicide sse in the United States, 1992–2016 and possible implications for antifungal-resistant fungi in human disease</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>