D. J. Hoffman
D.M. Buscemi
M. J. Melancon
P.H. Albers
2003
<p><span>Golden Bear Oil (</span>GB<span>-</span>1111<span>; legal trade name for </span>GB<span>-1313) is a petroleum distillate that is used in the United States and other countries as a </span>larvicide<span> for </span>mosquito<span> suppression. As part of a multi-species evaluation of the potential </span>effects<span> of </span>GB<span>-</span>1111<span> on birds, </span>red<span>-</span>winged<span> </span>blackbird<span> eggs were collected, artificially incubated, and treated with one of five amounts of </span>GB<span>-</span>1111<span> varying from 0 to 10 times the expected exposure from a spray application of the maximum recommended amount (X=47 l/ha, 5 gal/ac). The application of 10 X caused a significant reduction in hatching success. A dose-related reduction of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity (EROD) was detected. Among body weights, skeletal measurements, and age at death, only crownrump length was different among experimental groups. Overall, the potential hazard to </span>embryos<span> of a representative wetland passerine appears minimal until the application rate exceeds 3 X.</span></p>
application/pdf
10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00077-0
en
Elsevier
Effects of the mosquito larvicide GB-1111 on red-winged blackbird embryos
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