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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>S. Constable</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Ryan Lu</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Wyatt L. Du Frane</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>J. Murray Roberts</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Laura A. Stern</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2021</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;div class="article-section__content en main"&gt;&lt;p&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;clathrate hydrates are of keen interest for energy and carbon cycle considerations. While both typically form on Earth as cubic structure I (sI), we find that pure CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate exhibits over an order of magnitude higher electrical conductivity (&lt;i&gt;σ&lt;/i&gt;) than pure CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate at geologically relevant temperatures. The conductivity was obtained from frequency-dependent impedance (&lt;i&gt;Z&lt;/i&gt;) measurements made on polycrystalline CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;·6.0&amp;nbsp;±&amp;nbsp;0.2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O by methods here) with 25% gas-filled porosity, compared with CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;·5.9H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) formed and measured in the same apparatus and exhibiting closely matching grain characteristics. The conductivity of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate is 6.5&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;−4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;S/m at 273K with an activation energy (&lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;) of 46.5&amp;nbsp;kJ/mol at 260–281&amp;nbsp;K, compared with ∼5&amp;nbsp;×&amp;nbsp;10&lt;sup&gt;−5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;S/m and 34.8&amp;nbsp;kJ/m for CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate. Equivalent circuit modeling indicates that different pathways govern conduction in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;versus CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate. Results show promise for use of electromagnetic methods in monitoring CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;hydrate formation in certain natural settings or in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;exchange efforts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1029/2021GL093475</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>American Geophysical Union</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Electrical properties of carbon dioxide hydrate: Implications for monitoring CO2 in the gas hydrate stability zone</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>