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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Larry B. Barber</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Kaycee E. Faunce</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Jennifer Rapp</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Celso M Ferreira</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Richard J Weisman</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2021</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;div id="readSpeaker_2623051"&gt;&lt;div class="article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  "&gt;&lt;p&gt;Temporal variations of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;de facto&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;wastewater reuse are relevant to public drinking water systems (PWSs) that obtain water from surface sources. Variations in wastewater discharge flows, streamflow,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;de facto&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;reuse, and disinfection by-products (DBPs – trihalomethane-4 [THM4] and haloacetic acid-5 [HAA5]) over an 18-year period were examined at 11 PWSs in the Shenandoah River watershed, using more than 25,000 data records, in gaged and ungaged reaches. The relationship of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;de facto&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;reuse with DBPs by year and quarter at the PWSs was examined. A linear relationship was found between THM4 and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;de facto&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;reuse on an annual average basis (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;= 0.050), as well as in quarters 3 (July – September) (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;= 0.032) and 4 (October – December) (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;= 0.031). Using a t-test (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;lt; 0.05), the study also showed that there were significant differences in DBP levels for PWSs relative to 1%&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;de facto&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;reuse. This was found for THM4 based on annual average and quarter 1 (January – March) data, and for HAA5 based on quarter 3 data during the period of record.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.2166/wpt.2021.076</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>IWA Publishing</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Temporal variations of de facto wastewater reuse and disinfection by-products in public water systems in the Shenandoah River watershed, USA</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>