Helen L. Cannon Howard C. Hopps Marvin W. Skougstad 1971 <div class="widget widget-BookChapterMainView widget-instance-BookChapterMainView"><div class="content-inner-wrap"><div class="book-chapter-body"><div id="ContentTab" class="content active"><div class="widget widget-BookSectionsText widget-instance-BookChaptertext"><div class="module-widget"><div class="widget-items" data-widgetname="BookSectionsText"><div class="category-section content-section js-content-section" data-statsid="4710293"><p>A complete characterization of natural waters includes a determination of the concentrations of 30 or more minor elements. Emission spectrochemical methods are uniquely suited to the determination of a comparatively large number of minor elements, mainly those classified as heavy metals. Spectro-chemical data published by Braidech and Emory in 1935 and more recent data by Durfor and Becker, and by Barnett, Skougstad, and Miller, provide some insight into the minor-element character of the raw- and finished-water supplies of most of the major U.S. cities. Such data permit assessment of those supplies that contain either comparatively high or low concentrations of minor elements. The concentrations of many minor elements are unchanged by the municipal treatment-plant operations between the raw- and finished-water supply. On the other hand, part of the copper in a raw-water supply may be removed during treatment, even though the over-all result is a net increase in copper in the finished water. The aluminum concentration of finished water is greater than in the raw-water supply when aluminum sulfate is used as a coagulant aid. Significant amounts of iron may be removed during treatment.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> application/pdf 10.1130/MEM123-p43 en Geological Society of America Minor elements in water chapter