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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Aaron D. Firnstahl</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Susan K. Spencer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Rebecca A. Larson</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Mark A. Borchardt</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Tucker R. Burch</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2022</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;div class="abstract-group"&gt;&lt;div class="article-section__content en main"&gt;&lt;p&gt;Anaerobic digestion has been suggested as an intervention to attenuate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock manure but supporting data have typically been collected at laboratory scale. Few studies have quantified ARG fate during full-scale digestion of livestock manure. We sampled untreated manure and digestate from seven full-scale mesophilic dairy manure digesters to assess ARG fate through each system. Samples were collected biweekly from December through August (i.e., winter, spring, and summer;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;=&amp;nbsp;235 total) and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;intI1&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;erm&lt;/i&gt;(B),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;sul1&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;tet&lt;/i&gt;(A), and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;tet&lt;/i&gt;(W). Concentrations of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;intI1&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;sul1&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;tet&lt;/i&gt;(A) decreased during anaerobic digestion, but their removal was less extensive than expected based on previous laboratory studies. Removal for&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;intI1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;during anaerobic digestion equaled 0.28 ± 0.03 log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;units (mean ± SE), equivalent to only 48% removal and notable given&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;intI1&lt;/i&gt;’s role in horizontal gene transfer and multiple resistance. Furthermore,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;tet&lt;/i&gt;(W) concentrations were unchanged during anaerobic digestion (&lt;i&gt;p&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;nbsp;0.05), and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;erm&lt;/i&gt;(B) concentrations increased by 0.52 ± 0.03 log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;units (3.3-fold), which is important given erythromycin's status as a critically important antibiotic for human medicine. Seasonal log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;changes in&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;intI1&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;sul1&lt;/i&gt;, and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;tet&lt;/i&gt;(A) concentrations were ≥50% of corresponding log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;removals by anaerobic digestion, and variation in ARG and&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;intI1&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;concentrations among digesters was quantitatively comparable to anaerobic digestion effects. These results suggest that mesophilic anaerobic digestion may be limited as an intervention for ARGs in livestock manure and emphasize the need for multiple farm-level interventions to attenuate antibiotic resistance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1002/jeq2.20350</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Wiley</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Fate and seasonality of antimicrobial resistance genes during full-scale anaerobic digestion of cattle manure across seven livestock production facilities</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>