<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Thomas Wahl</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Sean Vitousek</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Sara Santamaria</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Ian Young</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Mark Hemer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Joao Morim</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2023</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Understanding uncertainties in extreme wind-wave events is essential for offshore/coastal risk and adaptation estimates. Despite this, uncertainties in contemporary extreme wave events have not been assessed, and projections are still limited. Here, we quantify, at global scale, the uncertainties in contemporary extreme wave estimates across an ensemble of widely used global wave reanalyses/hindcasts supported by observations. We find that contemporary uncertainties in 50-year return period wave heights (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; overflow=&amp;quot;scroll&amp;quot; alttext=&amp;quot;No alternative text available&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;50&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-1" class="math" aria-label="No alternative text available"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-2" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-3" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-4" class="mi"&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-5" class="mn"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-6" class="mi"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) reach (on average) ~2.5&amp;nbsp;m in regions adjacent to coastlines and are primarily driven by atmospheric forcing. Furthermore, we show that uncertainties in contemporary&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; overflow=&amp;quot;scroll&amp;quot; alttext=&amp;quot;No alternative text available&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;50&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-7" class="math" aria-label="No alternative text available"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-8" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-9" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-10" class="mi"&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-11" class="mn"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-12" class="mi"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;estimates dominate projected 21st-century changes in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" class="MathJax" data-mathml="&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; overflow=&amp;quot;scroll&amp;quot; alttext=&amp;quot;No alternative text available&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;50&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-13" class="math" aria-label="No alternative text available"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-14" class="mrow"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-15" class="msubsup"&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-16" class="mi"&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-17" class="mn"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="MathJax-Span-18" class="mi"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML"&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;across ~80% of global ocean and coastlines. When translated into broad-scale coastal risk analysis, these uncertainties are comparable to those from storm surges and projected sea level rise. Thus, uncertainties in contemporary extreme wave events need to be combined with those of projections to fully assess potential impacts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1126/sciadv.ade3170</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Science</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Understanding uncertainties in contemporary and future extreme wave events for broad-scale impact and adaptation planning</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>