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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Shisbeth Tabora-Sarmiento</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Sarah Nash</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Gregory D. Mayer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Jordan Crago</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Reynaldo Patino</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Mousumi A. Mary</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2024</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;Prymnesium parvum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a harmful alga found in brackish waters worldwide whose toxins can be lethal to aquatic organisms. Established field methods to control blooms of this species, however, are unavailable. Earlier studies showed that various extracts of giant reed (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;Arundo donax&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) can suppress&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;P. parvum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;growth and that ellipticine, an allelochemical present in giant reed, is a potent algicide against this species. The unintended effects of giant reed products on nontarget organisms, however, are not fully understood. This study determined the effects of giant reed leachate (aqueous extract of dried chips) and ellipticine on growth of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;P. parvum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and the green microalga&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;Chlorella sorokiniana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;; survival and reproduction of the planktonic crustacean&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;Daphnia pulex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;; and hatching success, larval survival, and larval swimming behavior of the teleost fish&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;Danio rerio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Leachate made with 3 g chips L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;was lethally toxic to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;P. parvum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;D. pulex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, stimulated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;C. sorokiniana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;growth, and impaired&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;D. rerio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;behavior. Leachate at 1 g L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;fully suppressed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;P. parvum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;growth, had moderate effects on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;D. pulex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;reproductive output, and had no effects on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;D. rerio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Ellipticine at 0.01 mg L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;irreversibly inhibited&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;P. parvum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;growth, acutely but reversibly inhibited&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;C. sorokiniana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;growth, slightly delayed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;D. pulex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;reproduction, and had no effects on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;D. rerio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. These observations suggest that when applied at appropriate concentrations, natural products derived from giant reed can be used as tools to specifically control&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="html-italic"&gt;P. parvum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;growth with minimal effects on nontarget species.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.3390/w16070930</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>MDPI</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Plant-derived products selectively suppress growth of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>