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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Steven L. Kramer</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Andrew James Makdisi</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2024</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;div id="abstracts" data-extent="frontmatter"&gt;&lt;div class="core-container"&gt;&lt;div&gt;Liquefaction-induced ground failure poses substantial challenges to geotechnical earthquake engineering design. Current approaches for designing against liquefaction hazards, as specified in most seismic provisions, focus on estimating a liquefaction factor of safety (&lt;span&gt;𝐹⁢𝑆𝐿&lt;/span&gt;) and typically characterize earthquake loading using design parameters based on probabilistic or deterministic ground motion levels. Because&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝐹⁢𝑆𝐿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is estimated deterministically, this basis of design neglects considerable uncertainties for estimating liquefaction triggering and its consequences and results in a lack of liquefaction-specific design criteria, particularly as structural design has advanced toward risk-targeted performance objectives. This study presents a framework for developing liquefaction-targeted design criteria based on a minimum acceptable return period of liquefaction, informed by probabilistic liquefaction hazard analysis (PLHA). PLHA quantifies annualized rates of liquefaction by considering contributions from (1)&amp;nbsp;the full ground-motion probability space, and (2)&amp;nbsp;uncertainties in liquefaction triggering using probabilistic models. PLHA is used in this study to characterize the current, effective return periods of&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝐹⁢𝑆𝐿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span&gt;𝑇𝑅,𝐹⁢𝑆&lt;/span&gt;) obtained from conventional liquefaction hazard analysis (CLHA) using uniform-hazard ground motions.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝑇𝑅,𝐹⁢𝑆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is evaluated in a parametric study of nearly 100 sites throughout the conterminous United States. The results indicate large geographic variations in acceptable liquefaction hazard levels, with implied&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝑇𝑅,𝐹⁢𝑆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;ranging between approximately 1,000 to 3,000&amp;nbsp;years. To address these inconsistencies without the computational demands of full PLHA, a framework is proposed for developing a liquefaction-targeted design peak ground acceleration,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝑃⁢𝐺⁢𝐴𝐿&lt;/span&gt;, for use in liquefaction models that result in consistent liquefaction design levels across all geographic locations. The mapped&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝑃⁢𝐺⁢𝐴𝐿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is shown to be somewhat sensitive to site-specific properties, and adjustment factors are developed and presented. The proposed&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝑃⁢𝐺⁢𝐴𝐿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;mapping procedure produces&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝐹⁢𝑆𝐿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;estimates that are consistent with those obtained from full PLHA at a target&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;𝑇𝑅,𝐹⁢𝑆&lt;/span&gt;, providing a promising roadmap to incorporating PLHA concepts into current liquefaction design methods.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:identifier>10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-12804</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>American Society of Civil Engineers</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Framework for mapping liquefaction hazard–Targeted design ground motions</dc:title>
  <dc:type>article</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>