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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:contributor>Phillip deMaynadier</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Frank Drummond</dc:contributor>
  <dc:contributor>Cyndy Loftin</dc:contributor>
  <dc:creator>Brianne Du Clos</dc:creator>
  <dc:date>2021</dc:date>
  <dc:description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span id="page12R_mcid1" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Pollination of crops and naturally&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;occurring flowering plants is a critical ecosystem &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;service provided&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;by managed and unmanaged animal pollinators. Insects are the most studied &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;pollinators, particularly managed honey bees, unmanaged wild bees, and butterflies. Bees and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;butterflies thrive in early&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;successional habitat featuring grasses, exposed soil, wildfl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;owers, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;shrubs, which is consistently found within transportation and utility rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;way (ROW). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;However, intensive management of ROW can reduce the amount of high&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;quality pollinator &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;habitat; such practices include frequent mowing, broadcast&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;herbicide use, and planting non&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;native cool season grasses. Here, we review peer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;reviewed academic and non&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;peer reviewed gray &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;literature describing ROW management practices and their effects on pollinator populations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;focusing&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;on&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;applications of th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;se practi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;ces in landscapes similar to t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;hose&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;found in Main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;e and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;nor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;theast Unit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;ed&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;States&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;; that is,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;lan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;dscapes that are h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;avily forested and inter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;spersed with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;agriculture, develop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;ed areas, and wetlands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;he li&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;terature&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;consistently&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;recommend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;s&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;these &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;management practices to provide pollinator habitat in ROW and promote plant and pollinator &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;diversity and abundance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="page12R_mcid2" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;1) Reduce mowing frequency and time mowing to pollinator activity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="page12R_mcid3" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;2) Target herbicide applications to undesirable plant sp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;ecies using backpack sprayers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="page12R_mcid4" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;3) Plant native seeds, seedlings, or shrubs, leaving some exposed soil for nesting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="page12R_mcid5" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span id="page12R_mcid5" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;We considered threats to plants and pollinators associated with ROW, including traffic volume &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;and mortality, noise, light, and air pollution,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;and habitat fragmentation. The literature suggests &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;that these threats vary widely across road sizes, types, and landscape context, and the overall &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;negative impacts do not outweigh the potential benefits of promoting pollinator habitat in ROW. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="page14R_mcid0" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Landscape co&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;ntext also influences the composition of ROW plant and pollinator communities. In &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Maine, agriculture and grassland in the surrounding generally reduced bumble bee and butterfly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;abundance in Priority 1 ROW sites. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="page14R_mcid1" class="markedContent"&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;Many state Departments of Transportation ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;ve incorporated integrative vegetation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;management (IVM)&amp;nbsp; principles into ROW management, and we summarize a number of case &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;studies here. Restoration projects in high&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;visibility areas are common; further, these can lead to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;public support for additional polli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;nator habitat enhancement. Implementing new management &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;practices can be difficult, therefore we discuss strategies to aid in successful adoption, including &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;gathering public support, collaborations between public and private agencies, and innovative &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;funding&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;opportunities. While assessing vegetation management impacts on bee and butterfly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;communities in ROW is a rapidly expanding area of research, there are still many gaps in current &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;knowledge. We conclude this report by addressing these gaps and provide sugg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;estions for further &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;study.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</dc:description>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:publisher>Maine Department of Transportation. Research &amp; Innovation Office</dc:publisher>
  <dc:title>Roadside rights-of-way as pollinator habitat: A literature review</dc:title>
  <dc:type>reports</dc:type>
</oai_dc:dc>