Larissa L. Bailey Brianne Du Clos Tamara Smith Elaine Evans Ian S. Pearse Saff Killingsworth Sarina Jepsen Hollis Woodard Clint Otto 2024 <p><span>Current bee monitoring efforts have a limited capacity for understanding factors affecting wild bee population changes, including the effects of management. To improve the effectiveness of wild bee monitoring, we first discuss principles of biological monitoring and provide a framework to design monitoring projects to estimate species occupancy, where occupancy is defined as the probability that a Sampling Unit or site is occupied by the focal species. Monitoring practitioners should first define the desired goal or question of monitoring and secondly select the appropriate state variable for monitoring (</span><i>e.g</i><span>., species richness, occupancy, abundance). These represent two critical, yet often overlooked, steps in the development of wild bee monitoring projects. As with all forms of demographic monitoring, practitioners who are interested in estimating species occupancy will need to develop a sampling scheme tailored to meet their monitoring objectives. Defining key sampling terms will provide the architecture of their scheme, including the Area of Interest, Sampling Unit, Season, and Replicate Survey. We also highlight data standards, including&nbsp;</span><i>core<span>&nbsp;</span></i><span>data fields that must be collected during Surveys for bee occupancy data and additional,&nbsp;</span><i>recommended</i><span>&nbsp;data fields</span><i>.</i><span>&nbsp;We illustrate how these monitoring concepts are being applied to the design of a real-world monitoring project for the federally endangered rusty patched bumble bee (</span><i>Bombus affinis</i><span>&nbsp;Cresson). This framework was developed in association with the U.S. National Native Bee Monitoring Network.&nbsp;</span></p> application/pdf 10.17161/jom.vi123.22555 en University of Kansas Libraries Estimating occupancy of focal bee species article