Jenni Barclay Carina Fearnley Richard E.A. Robertson Blaise Mafuko Nyandwi Sara Barsotti Amy Donovan Wendy K. Stovall Lara Mani 2025 <p><span>Since the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption that killed over 23,000 people in Armero, Colombia, risk communication has become central to volcanic crisis management. Despite the development of effective tools and programmes for volcanic risk communication, considerable challenges remain.</span></p> application/pdf 10.1038/s41561-025-01832-y en Springer Nature Lessons from 40 years of communicating volcanic risk during crises article