Aaron M. Jubb Bonnie McDevitt Jenna L. Shelton Elliott P. Barnhart Denise M. Akob Isabelle M. Cozzarelli Matthew S. Varonka 2026 <p><span id="_mce_caret" data-mce-bogus="1" data-mce-type="format-caret"><span>Use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the petroleum industry could be a cause for concern due to the large volumes of produced water (PW) generated during oil and gas extraction, the reuse of these wastes in water-stressed regions, and adverse health outcomes related to PFAS exposures. However, PW PFAS characterization is nearly absent in the literature, and hydraulic fracturing (HF) chemical disclosures often omit the identities of additives as proprietary. Here we evaluate PFAS in PW samples from three petroleum wells in the Denver Basin during their first year of production. Total concentrations of targeted PFAS (Σ</span>₄₀<span>PFAS) were &lt; 35 ng/L in PW samples, with short-chain PFAS like perfluorobutanoic acid persisting throughout the sampled duration. Analysis of freshwater inputs for hydraulic fracturing (Σ</span>₄₀<span>PFAS ~ 113 ng/L) and mixed fracture fluid (Σ</span>₄₀<span>PFAS ~ 69 ng/L) indicated much of the targeted PFAS content was derived from the input water, and not from HF additives, however samples subjected to oxidation indicated the presence of PFAS precursors that would not be detected by targeted analysis. This study highlights that while PFAS content is low in the studied PWs, the potential for redistribution of PFAS in the environment may be a consideration for reuse applications.</span></span></p> application/pdf 10.1038/s41598-025-33394-9 en Springer Nature Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in waters associated with oil and gas development in the Denver Basin article