Patrick Fulton Jamie D. Kirkpatrick Shuichi Kodaira Marianne Conin Christine Regalla Kohtaro Ujiie Maya Pincus Sharon Cooper Callan Bentley Natsumi Okutsu Lena Maeda Sean Toczko Nobu Eguchi C. Nur Schuba 2026 <p><span>Deep beneath the ocean, giant slabs of rock slide beneath one another in areas called subduction zones. These powerful movements shape the planet by building mountains, creating fiery volcanoes, and even causing huge earthquakes. Scientists study subduction zones to understand why these natural events happen and where and how they might occur so we can be better prepared. One important subduction zone is the Japan Trench, where a big earthquake happened in 2011. To learn more about subduction zones, scientists go on ocean drilling expeditions. They sail on research ships, drill into the seafloor, and collect rock samples. These samples help scientists understand what happened in the past and how subduction zones work. In turn, this information helps communities better understand and prepare for future earthquakes.</span></p> application/pdf 10.3389/frym.2025.1569402 en Frontiers Media A deep dive into subduction zones and the Japan Trench article