As the population of New Jersey continues to remain dense, the need for water supply will likely continue to be high, which can lead to water managers needing to make difficult decisions about managing drinking-water supply. Streamgaging weirs like the ones used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) play a critical role in providing accurate and stable streamflow data, but their presence can affect the passage of diadromous fish species such as river herring (Alosa pseudoharengus [alewife], Alosa aestivalis [blueback herring], and Alosa sapidissima [American shad]). In some situations, weirs existing in rivers and streams are no longer used because they were part of a farm irrigation system or some type of industrial operation. The weir at the USGS streamgage 01402000 Millstone River at Blackwells Mills, New Jersey, was purposefully built as a hydraulic-control structure that provides a precise and stable control for the measurement of stage and computation of continuous streamflow. To satisfy the dual need of maintaining accurate streamflow data and providing improved fish passage for select species of fish during migration season, the USGS proposed the development and evaluation of two alternative weir designs that would meet the criteria established for successful passage of American shad, alewife, and blueback herring during their yearly migration. The designs were also required to maintain adequate control of the upstream pool elevation necessary for the precise computation of streamflow used by State agencies for municipal water-supply purposes for surrounding communities.
Two alternative weir design modifications were incorporated at the center of the Blackwells Mills weir and modeled using two-dimensional hydraulic modeling software and three-dimensional computational fluid-dynamics software to simultaneously evaluate conditions for passage of the target fish species and effects to streamflow computations at the streamgage. The models were calibrated to existing conditions around the weir location using surveyed-elevation data and recorded stage, streamflow, and velocity in the Millstone River. The alternative weir designs lowered the weir crest by 1.02 feet (ft) and the resulting simulations showed an effective increase in depth of 0.98 ft at the median streamflow of 251 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) and 0.96 ft at the 95-percent exceedance streamflow of 98 ft3/s. The alternative weir designs were also found to increase streamflow depth across the shallowest portions of the weir structure at the downstream anti-scour skirt by lowering the skirt about 4 inches, allowing for two or more body depths of water for American shad, alewife, and blueback herring at the median migration streamflow of 251 ft3/s. The alternative weir designs also reduced the highest stream velocities across the downstream weir sill and anti-scour skirt from about 9 to 10 feet per second, and the depth-averaged velocity to about 7 to 8 feet per second. The sensitivity of the weir with respect to the computation of streamflow was increased from about 1.8 cubic feet per second per hundredth foot to 1.6 cubic feet per second per hundredth foot for streamflows of about 10–100 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265002","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Suro, T.P., Niemoczynski, M.J., and Mulligan, K.B., 2026, Analysis of alternative weir designs for improved passage of select fish at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging weir at Blackwells Mills, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5002, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265002.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 31 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-179030","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504269,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119406.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":503276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5002/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":503277,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5002/sir20265002.pdf","text":"Report","size":"56.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5002 PDF"},{"id":503278,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265002/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2026-5002 HTML"},{"id":503279,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5002/sir20265002.XML","text":"SIR 2026-5002 XML","description":"SIR 2026-5002 XML"},{"id":503280,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5002/images"},{"id":503281,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P14T93HI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"HEC-RAS and FLOW 3-D HYDRO models used to evaluate alternative weir designs for the Millstone River at Blackwells Mills, New Jersey"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Blackwells Mills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.57920795080669,\n 40.47768788237764\n ],\n [\n -74.57239357394151,\n 40.47768788237764\n ],\n [\n -74.57239357394151,\n 40.47245781646623\n ],\n [\n -74.57920795080669,\n 40.47245781646623\n ],\n [\n -74.57920795080669,\n 40.47768788237764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
This study, completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the North Jersey District Water Supply Commission (NJDWSC), was designed to characterize the occurrence and distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface waters of the nontidal Passaic River Basin in New Jersey that have the potential to affect public-drinking-water quality. In 2025, 37 sites in the Wanaque, Ramapo, Pompton, and Passaic River watersheds were sampled in January, March, July, and September under base-flow conditions and a subset of sites was sampled during two rain events. Samples were analyzed for 40 individual PFAS and total organic carbon and a subset of samples was analyzed for 1,4-dioxane and trace elements. Fifteen PFAS were detected at least once, with individual concentrations ranging from 0.42 to 28 nanograms per liter (ng/L; median, 2.8 ng/L). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were widespread and detected in 100 and 97 percent of the samples, respectively. Concentrations of PFOA and PFOS ranged from 1.2 to 28 ng/L (median, 7.7 ng/L) and from 0.52 to 12 ng/L (median, 3.8 ng/L), respectively. Generally, concentrations were lower in the Wanaque and Ramapo River watersheds compared to the Pompton and Passaic River watersheds. Concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were highest in July and September when flows were low. During rain events, median concentrations of PFOS were elevated compared to those observed under base-flow conditions, indicating potential inputs from non-point sources. To understand potential drivers of PFAS concentrations, land cover and potential PFAS sources were summarized for each sampling site, and an accumulated wastewater model was used to estimate the percentage of wastewater from upstream municipal and industrial sources in all flowlines of the Passaic River Basin. Developed land, the number of potential sources, and the mean-annual accumulated wastewater percentage were highly correlated with PFAS concentrations and Deciduous Forests were negatively related to concentrations. Data provided by this study can be used by water purveyors and resource managers to make treatment and mitigation decisions to minimize PFAS in local surface waters used as drinking-water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265018","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Jersey District Water Supply Commission","usgsCitation":"Schreiner, M.L., Romanok, K.M., Gray, J.T., Brown, E.J., Williams, B.M., Kneser, M., Capuzzi, A.J., Boerner, J., Giunta, L., Serillo, P., Trainor, J.J., and Smalling, K.L., 2026, Understanding the occurrence and distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface waters of the nontidal Passaic River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5018, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265018.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 64 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-184195","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503901,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119389.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":503606,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1RGG9YQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentration results in the Wanaque, Ramapo, Pompton and Passaic River watersheds, New Jersey 2025"},{"id":503604,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5018/sir20265018.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2026-5018 XML"},{"id":503603,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265018/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2026-5018 HTML"},{"id":503605,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5018/images/"},{"id":503602,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5018/sir20265018.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.73 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5018 PDF"},{"id":503601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5018/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York","otherGeospatial":"Passaic River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.83442630336236,\n 41.42203271609333\n ],\n [\n -74.7558402457881,\n 41.42203271609333\n ],\n [\n -74.7558402457881,\n 40.74669233601534\n ],\n [\n -73.83442630336236,\n 40.74669233601534\n ],\n [\n -73.83442630336236,\n 41.42203271609333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
U.S. Geological Survey researchers, in cooperation with the North Jersey District Water Supply Commission, determined that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are present in northern New Jersey rivers that are used as drinking-water sources. During their 2025 study, the researchers sampled 37 locations across the Wanaque, Ramapo, Pompton, and Passaic River watersheds. The researchers tested each sample for 40 types of PFAS. Of these, 15 were detected at least once. Two PFAS, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were present in nearly every sample. PFAS concentrations varied by watershed and season. The lowest were detected in the Wanaque and Ramapo River watersheds, and the highest, in the Pompton and Passaic River watersheds. Concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were highest under base-flow conditions in July and September.
","publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreiner, Molly L. 0000-0001-9306-5564","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-5564","contributorId":296363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Molly L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":960544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romanok, Kristin M. 0000-0002-8472-8765 kromanok@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-8765","contributorId":204640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanok","given":"Kristin","email":"kromanok@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":960545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, Jacob T. 0000-0002-9374-0336","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9374-0336","contributorId":330273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Jacob","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":960546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Eileen J. 0000-0003-3417-0203 ejbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-0203","contributorId":361968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Eileen","email":"ejbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":960547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Brianna M. 0000-0003-3389-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3389-8251","contributorId":204714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Brianna","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":960548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kneser, Maureen","contributorId":370591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kneser","given":"Maureen","affiliations":[{"id":88047,"text":"North Jersey District Water Supply Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":960549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Capuzzi, Albert J.","contributorId":370592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Capuzzi","given":"Albert","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":88047,"text":"North Jersey District Water Supply Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":960550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Boerner, Jason","contributorId":370593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boerner","given":"Jason","affiliations":[{"id":88047,"text":"North Jersey District Water Supply Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":960551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Giunta, Luke","contributorId":370594,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giunta","given":"Luke","affiliations":[{"id":88047,"text":"North Jersey District Water Supply Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":960552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Serillo, Paul","contributorId":370595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Serillo","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":88047,"text":"North Jersey District Water Supply Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":960553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Trainor, John J. 0000-0002-6603-2684 jtrainor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-2684","contributorId":5408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainor","given":"John","email":"jtrainor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":960554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Smalling, Kelly L. 0000-0002-1214-4920","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-4920","contributorId":221234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalling","given":"Kelly","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":960555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70274765,"text":"sir20265128 - 2026 - Occurrence of cyanobacteria and associated cyanotoxins in the Raritan Basin Water Supply Complex, New Jersey, August 2020 to August 2021","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T15:32:44.426198","indexId":"sir20265128","displayToPublicDate":"2026-04-10T09:37:30","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-5128","displayTitle":"Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Associated Cyanotoxins in the Raritan Basin Water Supply Complex, New Jersey, August 2020 to August 2021","title":"Occurrence of cyanobacteria and associated cyanotoxins in the Raritan Basin Water Supply Complex, New Jersey, August 2020 to August 2021","docAbstract":"Harmful algal blooms, particularly cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs), have emerged as a substantial global concern because of their detrimental effects on water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. CyanoHABs can produce cyanotoxins, which pose serious health risks to humans and wildlife, such as liver failure and respiratory distress. This is particularly concerning for water bodies that serve as drinking-water sources. Recent trends indicate an increase in the frequency and intensity of cyanoHABs globally. This study focuses on the Raritan Basin Water Supply Complex in New Jersey, where extensive monitoring was conducted from August 2020 to August 2021 to assess the presence of cyanobacteria and associated cyanotoxins. The research utilized a combination of discrete water-quality sampling, continuous monitoring, and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) to capture the dynamics of cyanotoxin occurrence and potential transport. Findings revealed a widespread presence of cyanobacteria and potential for cyanotoxin production, although actual cyanotoxin concentrations remained below drinking water and recreational thresholds. The study, conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in collaboration with the New Jersey Water Supply Authority (NJWSA) and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), highlighted the limitations of traditional sampling methods and emphasized that continuous monitoring can support better understanding of how cyanoHAB conditions change over time and in different places. Genetic testing included quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses, which demonstrated higher sensitivity, or increased findings of cyanobacteria compared to microscopy, indicating the potential for use in early warning systems. This research underscores that integrating various detection methods and hydrological data can enhance understanding of cyanotoxin dynamics in river systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Water Supply Authority and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","programNote":"Water Availability and Use Science Program","usgsCitation":"Gorney, R.M., Heckathorn, H.A., Clonan, K.R., Reilly, P.A., Cahalane, K., and Bjorklund, B.W., 2026, Occurrence of cyanobacteria and associated cyanotoxins in the Raritan Basin Water Supply Complex, New Jersey, August 2020 to August 2021: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5128, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265128.","productDescription":"Report, ix, 30 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502716,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119360.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":502326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5128/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":502327,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5128/sir20265128.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5128 PDF"},{"id":502329,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5128/sir20265128.XML","description":"SIR 2026-5128 XML"},{"id":502330,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5128/images"},{"id":502328,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265128/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2026-5128 HTML"},{"id":502331,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1S5DQ6A","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Cyanobacteria, other water-quality, and discharge data collected from the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, August 2020 through August 2021"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Raritan Basin Water Supply Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.0833,\n 40.9167\n ],\n [\n -75.0833,\n 40.0167\n ],\n [\n -74.1667,\n 40.0167\n ],\n [\n -74.1667,\n 40.9167\n ],\n [\n -75.0833,\n 40.9167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
The Delaware River basin (DRB) provides drinking water to 15 million people in the surrounding area. Water is frequently withdrawn from the freshwater reaches of streams, above head of tide, in the DRB for use as public drinking water. During extended periods of low flow, saltwater can move upstream, which can threaten drinking-water supplies in the basin. Due to spatial patterns in bathymetry, tidal influences within the DRB, and varying weather conditions, it can be hard to predict the movement and upstream extent of the freshwater-saltwater interface, often defined as the salt-front. Although there is a relationship that predicts this location in the main stem of the Delaware River, there lacks a relationship for its tributaries, such as the Maurice and Cohansey Rivers in southwestern New Jersey. In this study, a relationship was developed between daily specific conductance (SC) at gage locations along the tidal river reaches of the Maurice and Cohansey Rivers to the daily upstream location of the salt-front. The study augmented existing real-time tide gage data with the collection of water temperature and specific conductance data to develop the relationship. Additionally, longitudinal profiles upstream of the selected tide gages were conducted during a range of high tide conditions to define the location of the salt-front. Equations were then developed that related the daily SC measured at the tide gage to the upstream location of the salt-front. The equations were used to estimate the daily upstream location of the salt-front for the period of July 15, 2021, to July 15, 2024. This work can aid in understanding the propagation of saltwater upstream, which can affect local communities and crop farmers along these tidal reaches of the DRB.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255090","programNote":"Next Generation Water Observing Systems","usgsCitation":"Closson, J.L., Suro, T.P., and Niemoczynski, L.M., 2026, Methods for estimating daily upstream location of the\nfreshwater-saltwater interface along the Maurice and Cohansey Rivers, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey\nScientific Investigations Report 2025–5090, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255090.","productDescription":"Report: v, 19 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-165703","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502173,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119338.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":501751,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13AFSIP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Measurements of specific conductance at selected locations along the Maurice and Cohansey Rivers in New Jersey from 2021-24"},{"id":501744,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5090/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":501749,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5090/sir20255090.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5090 XML"},{"id":501748,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255090/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5090 HTML"},{"id":501747,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5090/sir20255090.pdf","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5090 PDF"},{"id":501750,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5090/images/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Maurice and Cohansey Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.55956607478444,\n 39.649881649287096\n ],\n [\n -75.55956607478444,\n 39.12910651391917\n ],\n [\n -74.40943284041703,\n 39.12910651391917\n ],\n [\n -74.40943284041703,\n 39.649881649287096\n ],\n [\n -75.55956607478444,\n 39.649881649287096\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
We assessed potential exposures to a broad suite of contaminants (inorganic, organic and microbial) in culturally important surface waters from three watersheds in a northern plains Native American community (Apsáalooke [Crow Tribe of Montana]) in south-central Montana, United States, with water insecurity concerns. Inorganic (37), organic (435) and microbial (3) constituents were assessed in 12 surface water sites from the Pryor Creek (n = 2), Bighorn River (n = 2) and Little Bighorn River (n = 8) valleys. Twenty-six organics, 33 inorganics and Escherichia coli were detected. Despite relatively low concentrations in surface waters within the Crow Reservation, mixture toxicity indicated prevalent chronic ecological effects and human-health secondary contact (recreation) effects at multiple sites. Further, to address Tribal concerns over the prevalence and corresponding risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), we sampled water, sediment, biofilms and fish at a limited number of locations in the Little Bighorn River. Results indicated that PFAS were prevalent in fish tissues, including whole blood and filets, and to a lesser extent in biofilms, despite few detections in water and sediment samples. This is the first attempt to document environmental PFAS contamination within the reservation and the potential human-health concerns for the general population from consumption of recreational/subsistence fish. Overall, this effort provided preliminary information on the contaminant mixtures present and their potential health implications, which can support the protection of community health and culturally meaningful resources across the Crow Reservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/d5em00565e","usgsCitation":"Smalling, K., Bradley, P., Romanok, K., Doyle, J.T., Eggers, M.J., Martin, C., Barnhart, E.P., Binette, P., Castro, E.M., Chavez, M., Ewing, S.A., Gordon, S.E., Fields, M.W., Gray, J.L., Groshong, A.M., Hwang, C., Kanagy, L.K., LaFrance, J.W., Loftin, K., Long, C.M., McCleskey, R., Meppelink, S.M., Richards, C.L., Schreiner, M., Shikany, J.I., and Tesfamariam, M., 2026, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other contaminants of concern in tribal waters of Montana: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, v. 28, p. 579-597, https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00565e.","productDescription":"19 p.; Data Release","startPage":"579","endPage":"597","ipdsId":"IP-176501","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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Understanding and ameliorating potential threats that reduce the likelihood of successful population establishment at recipient sites is a key component of successful translocation planning. We examined multiple potential threats, including pathogens, contaminants, and invasive species, as well as habitat suitability and food resources, to assess the feasibility of reintroducing threatened, stream-obligate foothill yellow-legged frogs, Rana boylii, to Pinnacles National Park. Foothill yellow-legged frogs were extirpated from this protected area more than half a century ago. Although invasive species, disease, contaminants, food resources, and water temperatures are unlikely to inhibit foothill yellow-legged frog population establishment, potential recipient streams at Pinnacles National Park had shorter hydroperiods and much higher canopy cover than reference streams with extant foothill yellow-legged frog populations. Although the exact cause of extirpation of foothill yellow-legged frogs from Pinnacles National Park is unknown, translocations of foothill yellow-legged frogs to the park are more likely to succeed if riparian canopy cover is reduced and stream hydroperiods increased to better match those at nearby populations. Thoroughly understanding the threats to and characteristics of potential recipient sites could improve the likelihood of success of translocation outcomes in natural areas.
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Multiple lakes and reservoirs within New Jersey's Raritan Basin Water Supply Complex (RBWSC) feature recurrent HABs and discharge water into the Raritan River. As the RBWSC provides drinking water to 1.5 million people, these HABs create drinking water treatment and human health concerns. This study quantitatively reviews the persistence of cyanobacteria communities across the RBWSC from cyanobacteria-dominated lacustrine sources to downstream drinking water and qualitatively assess what, if any, water chemistry parameters influenced the persistence, growth, or decline of cyanobacteria during downstream transport. Statistical tests showed there was a lack of continuity between cyanobacteria communities along the Raritan River, except for periods of higher streamflow and higher releases from the Spruce Run Reservoir. Results along the Millstone River suggested the potential for in-river cyanobacteria growth, which overlapped with periods of low streamflow and high nutrient concentrations in the summer and fall. A permutational analysis of variance (PERMANVOA) test found significantly dissimilar (p < 0.01) cyanobacteria communities between lake and reservoir outlet sites and downstream sites in the Raritan, but not the Millstone River (p = 0.928). A similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis found cyanobacteria communities changed from high densities of bloom forming cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis) at the lake outlet sites to low densities of non-bloom forming cyanobacteria (Synechcoccus, Chroococcus) along the Raritan mainstem, with Aphanocapsa the most notable bloom forming genera overlapping between sites. Investigating cyanobacteria on a watershed-specific basis could enhance understanding of the site-specific transport mechanisms and water chemistry parameters that facilitate community persistence.
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areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-15T16:44:36.434866","indexId":"70271323","displayToPublicDate":"2025-10-24T10:01:44","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Practical pathways for protecting headwater streams in urbanizing areas","docAbstract":"Headwater streams are diverse ecosystems and important sources of water and dissolved and particulate resources to the downstream river network. However, across the world, they are rapidly being degraded or lost through human activities, particularly urban development. This degradation and loss have negative consequences for the structure and function of headwater streams, as well as downstream river networks. Despite long-held recognition of the ecological value of headwater streams and the impacts of their widespread loss, there remains a large gap between developing strategies and tangible action. To address this gap, we, a group of cross-disciplinary researchers and practitioners from multiple organizations and locations, developed a framework to guide strategic decision-making and a comprehensive set of structural and nonstructural tools that can be used to protect headwater streams in urbanizing areas where opportunities to protect waterway health are being considered by local waterway practitioners and the community. The framework was tested by applying it to 4 contrasting case studies of urbanization with different physiographic, policy, and legislative settings. Our evaluation showed that the framework provides a useful generic mechanism that can be used by policymakers, planners, and other stakeholders to diagnose the status of headwater stream protection in a variety of urban areas and to support structured stakeholder conversations about what is desirable, practical, and achievable for their context.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/737826","usgsCitation":"Hatt, B., Athapaththu, C., Behrens, J., Boer, S., Burns, M.J., Burrows, R., de Jong, R., Elsner, C., Grey, V., Imberger, M., Williams, B., and Coleman, R., 2025, Practical pathways for protecting headwater streams in urbanizing areas: Freshwater Science, v. 44, no. 4, p. 546-567, https://doi.org/10.1086/737826.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"546","endPage":"567","ipdsId":"IP-168010","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatt, Belinda","contributorId":360971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatt","given":"Belinda","affiliations":[{"id":29920,"text":"The University of Melbourne","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Athapaththu, Chamantha","contributorId":360972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Athapaththu","given":"Chamantha","affiliations":[{"id":86134,"text":"Hydrobiology Qld Pty Ltd","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Behrens, Jonathan","contributorId":360974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behrens","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[{"id":12643,"text":"Duke University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boer, Sally","contributorId":360975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boer","given":"Sally","affiliations":[{"id":86136,"text":"E2Designlab","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, Matthew J.","contributorId":146251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burns","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16645,"text":"Waterway Ecosystem Research Group, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burrows, Ryan","contributorId":295995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burrows","given":"Ryan","affiliations":[{"id":13336,"text":"University of Melbourne","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"de Jong, Riley","contributorId":360977,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Jong","given":"Riley","affiliations":[{"id":86138,"text":"Bligh Tanner","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Elsner, Caroline","contributorId":360978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elsner","given":"Caroline","affiliations":[{"id":86139,"text":"City of Launceston","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grey, Vaughn","contributorId":360979,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grey","given":"Vaughn","affiliations":[{"id":29920,"text":"The University of Melbourne","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Imberger, Moss","contributorId":346638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imberger","given":"Moss","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":29920,"text":"The University of Melbourne","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Williams, Brianna M. 0000-0003-3389-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3389-8251","contributorId":204714,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Brianna","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":948051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Coleman, Rhys","contributorId":360980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coleman","given":"Rhys","affiliations":[{"id":29920,"text":"The University of Melbourne","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70272018,"text":"sir20255061 - 2025 - Statistical streamflow comparison of current and historical 30-year periods for selected streams in New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T14:44:29.910426","indexId":"sir20255061","displayToPublicDate":"2025-10-01T14:49:12","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5061","displayTitle":"Statistical Streamflow Comparison of Current and Historical 30-Year Periods for Selected Streams in New Jersey","title":"Statistical streamflow comparison of current and historical 30-year periods for selected streams in New Jersey","docAbstract":"As the population of New Jersey increases, supplying adequate drinking water to meet demand remains a high priority. To better understand potential streamflow trends over time, the U.S. Geological Survey completed a study comparing low flows at continuous- and partial-record streamgages in New Jersey between a historical period (1950–79) and a current period (1990–2019). Fourteen statistics (one median for each of the twelve monthly minimum 1-day flows, minimum 7-day average streamflow with a 10-year recurrence interval, and median of the daily mean flows for the month of September) were calculated to evaluate how streamflow conditions may differ between the two time periods. Percent change was also calculated to better understand the magnitude of difference between the periods at individual streamgages. A Paired Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was implemented to test for a change in distribution between the two time periods for each statistic of interest. Results indicated that the median of the minimum 1-day flows for the months of January, February, June, September, and December and the median of the daily mean flows for the month of September had a statistically significant difference in distribution between the time periods for continuous-record streamgages. None of the statistics had a statistically significant difference in distribution for the partial-record streamgages. The largest percent changes between time periods occurred in the northern part of the state, above the Fall Line. Precipitation, land cover, and water use changes were assessed to contribute to the understanding of these differences between time periods. The median of the minimum 1-day flows for the months of January and December generally increased across the state, whereas the median of the minimum 1-day flows for the months of May and September generally decreased throughout the state.
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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), prepared potentiometric surface maps for 10 confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain physiographic province based on water-level measurements collected during late 2018 and early 2019 from 951 wells in New Jersey and parts of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Maps were prepared for the confined Cohansey aquifer, Rio Grande water-bearing zone, Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Piney Point aquifer, Vincentown aquifer, Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, Englishtown aquifer system, and the upper, middle, and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system.
Potentiometric surface maps indicate regional cones of depression in the following aquifers and the counties in which they are centered: Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Atlantic County, the Piney Point aquifer in Cumberland County, the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer and Englishtown aquifer system in Monmouth and Ocean Counties, the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer in Camden and Gloucester County, the upper aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Ocean County, and the upper, middle, and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Camden County. Cones of depression with smaller areal extents were in the confined Cohansey aquifer, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, the Atlantic City 800-foot sand centered in Cape May County, the Piney Point aquifer centered in Ocean County, the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer in Salem and Burlington Counties, the Englishtown aquifer system in Camden County, the upper aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Monmouth County, and the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Monmouth, Ocean, and Salem Counties. No cone of depression was interpreted in the Vincentown aquifer.
Long-term hydrographs are presented for 75 wells spanning each of the 10 confined aquifers, and contain a mix of discrete water-level measurements and daily mean water levels based on continuously recorded 15-minute data. Changes of water levels during 2014–19, as indicated by the hydrographs, were compared with those of previous periods to assess any departures from historical data. During 2014–19, water levels were stable and fluctuated within similar ranges as previous periods in the following aquifers and locations: all wells in the confined Cohansey aquifer, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, the Vincentown aquifer, the Englishtown aquifer system, the Piney Point aquifer wells in Burlington and Ocean Counties, six of eight wells in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, all wells in the upper and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system outside NJDEP Critical Areas, and all wells in the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system except those within NJDEP Critical Area II. Increasing water levels in 2014–19, ongoing since historical periods, were indicated in the following aquifers and locations: Atlantic County wells in the Piney Point aquifer, all wells in the upper and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system outside NJDEP Critical Areas, and all wells in the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system within NJDEP Critical Area II. Water levels in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand also increased during 2014–19 in wells in Atlantic County and northern Cape May County closer to the center of the cone of depression in that aquifer, which is a response unique to this period and absent from previous periods. During 2013–19, continued decreasing water levels, ongoing since previous periods, were indicated by hydrographs of Atlantic City 800-foot sand wells in southern Cape May County, Piney Point aquifer wells in Cumberland County where the regional cone of depression is located, and two wells in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer—070478, which in 2014–19 departed from previous periods, and 330020, which continued a gradual decrease throughout its period of record.
","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Fiore, A.R., Cauller, S.J., and Brown, E.J., 2025, Potentiometric surface maps and groundwater-level hydrographs for confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5080, 37 p., 9 pls., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255080.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 37 p.; 9 Plates: 19.50 x 26.50 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-158226","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496280,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AT8Z9B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data representing wells open to, and 2018 potentiometric surface contours of, the confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain"},{"id":496298,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/sir20255080_plates.pdf","text":"Plates 1–9","size":"69.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":496277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255080/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5080 HTML"},{"id":496276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/sir20255080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5080 PDF"},{"id":496279,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/images/"},{"id":496275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":496278,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/sir20255080.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5080 XML"},{"id":497788,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118951.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.86248123191035,\n 40.48417444667285\n ],\n [\n -74.37454480427728,\n 40.52176772292319\n ],\n [\n -74.76300682469329,\n 40.185368171011504\n ],\n [\n -75.09849675141594,\n 39.98542938463885\n ],\n [\n -75.2574130324954,\n 39.85000334106027\n ],\n [\n -75.46223846144186,\n 39.77133356243843\n ],\n [\n -75.58230854047962,\n 39.61100346658509\n ],\n [\n -75.5363993926121,\n 39.43666527993781\n ],\n [\n -74.85835659334042,\n 38.83679593629347\n ],\n [\n -74.02846045881562,\n 39.676267414234104\n ],\n [\n -73.86248123191035,\n 40.48417444667285\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
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3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
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This report, prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, presents a method for estimating daily public supply water use by drinking water service area systems for New Jersey. The ability to accurately estimate daily public supply water use could help water supply planners in New Jersey better understand and manage the state’s limited water resources and balance the competing needs for freshwater resources. Data sources for this work include daily public supply water-use data from 2016 through 2020 acquired from New Jersey American Water for 15 drinking water service areas and monthly data exported from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s online water transfer data model database (known as NJWaTr). The two datasets were compared by aggregating the daily data to a monthly timescale. Statistical regression analysis was applied to the daily data, along with climate data, to evaluate what factors are influential in estimating daily fluctuations and trends in daily public supply water use. Fifteen regression equations were developed, one for each of the 15 drinking water service area systems for which daily data were acquired. Regression equations for systems that had seasonal patterns performed better than equations for non-seasonal systems. For the test year (2020), the average adjusted coefficient of determination for the linear regression with autoregressive errors model among systems with seasonality was 0.78; the average adjusted coefficient of determination for the linear regression with autoregressive errors model among systems with little or no seasonality was 0.25. The effects of anomalous data in the regression analysis were examined by comparing adjusted coefficient of determination values when the atypical data points were removed versus when they were retained in the analysis. Overall, including the anomalous data did not have a large effect on the results, and thus the data were retained for this study.
In addition to developing regression equations, all 589 unique drinking water service area systems in New Jersey were characterized based on socio-economic data and monthly water-use data from NJWaTr. Systems that are located near the New Jersey coast, serve populations larger than 1,970 people, or serve areas that have median property values over $256,250 tended to demonstrate seasonal water-use behaviors. Systems that have mostly urban residential land use tended to show little to no seasonal water-use behaviors. Finally, a method was developed to disaggregate monthly data to a daily timescale and was tested against systems for which daily data were not available. Two regression equation forms were developed to be applied to systems beyond the 15 systems from which the original equations were developed; one equation was developed for use when all drinking water service area systems showed little to no seasonality, and the other equation was developed for use when systems displayed seasonal behavior.
To the extent possible, uncertainty and possible sources of error were identified and examined in relation to the regression model equations developed. Additional daily data from these 15 systems (over different years) and daily data from different systems could be used to further evaluate the results of the disaggregation through a comprehensive assessment of error. Further adjustments to the regression equations could be made, ultimately enhancing their accuracy.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245061","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","programNote":"Water Availability and Use Science Program","usgsCitation":"Shourds, J.L., and Scott, M.H., 2025, Estimating daily public supply water use by drinking water service area in New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5061, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245061.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 90 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"90","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-151668","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485928,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5061/sir20245061.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5061 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike
Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) carried out a hydraulic study within the upper Delaware River Basin for the purpose of determining the time of travel for water releases from the Brookfield Renewable U.S. hydroelectric plant at Lake Wallenpaupack, Pennsylvania, to reach the USGS streamgage located on the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey (site number 01438500). From September 19 to October 14, 2016, Brookfield Renewable initiated repeated releases of approximately 650 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) and 1,440 ft3/s. Hydraulic signals from the releases were tracked at nine key locations between Lake Wallenpaupack and the USGS streamgage at Montague, New Jersey (01438500). Gage height data were recorded at streamgages at major confluences of the Lackawaxen and Delaware Rivers, Mongaup and Delaware Rivers, and the Neversink and Delaware Rivers. The time of travel to the USGS streamgage at Montague, New Jersey, was determined to be 1,185 minutes during the approximately 650 ft3/s releases and 960 minutes during the approximately 1,440 ft3/s releases. Elevated streamflow between Lake Wallenpaupack and the Montague streamgage from runoff events prior to the dam releases was found to decrease calculated time of travel identified during the study. The results from this study can be used as a guide to estimate time of travel while considering the water level of downstream streamflow, the volume of water being released, and other outside influences, such as precipitation and snowmelt.
","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Office of the Delaware River Master","usgsCitation":"Polcino, J., Trainor, J.J., and Collenburg, J.V., 2025, Time of travel of releases from Lake Wallenpaupack to the U.S. Geological Survey’s streamgage monitoring location on the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5026, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255026.","productDescription":"vii, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150895","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":484348,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5026/images/"},{"id":484347,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5026/sir20255026.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5026 XML"},{"id":484346,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255026/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5026 HTML"},{"id":484345,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5026/sir20255026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5026 PDF"},{"id":484344,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":493747,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118518.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River, Lake Wallenpaupack","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.28276534144987,\n 41.608544510962616\n ],\n [\n -75.28276534144987,\n 41.13145977502657\n ],\n [\n -74.30523052576332,\n 41.13145977502657\n ],\n [\n -74.30523052576332,\n 41.608544510962616\n ],\n [\n -75.28276534144987,\n 41.608544510962616\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
Maintaining streamflow to support human water needs and ecosystem services requires a fundamental understanding of the relations between changes in streamflow processes and ecosystem responses. Changes in the natural patterns in flow, geology, and topography alter the habitats that aquatic organisms rely on for food, shelter, and reproduction. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) implemented an ecological-flow framework that encapsulates the basic principles of the Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration (ELOHA) to compare the relations between hydrologic metrics and stream conditions and estimate ecological flow needs in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed. As a first step in the ELOHA process, streamflow from two historical time periods (occurring between 1933 and 1988) was compared to streamflow for a recent time period (from 2004-2020) for four major streams in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed (North Branch Metedeconk River, Toms River, Cedar Creek, and Westecunk Creek), to evaluate if there were statistically significant differences in streamflow metrics. Analysis of monthly, seasonal, and annual low-flow metrics; patterns in the streamflow record; and general land-use changes were used to develop a better understanding of flow conditions in the watershed.
The comparative streamflow analysis indicated that notable changes in flow processes for the study streams occurred between the three periods of record (PORs) evaluated in this study: period of record 1 (POR1, from water years 1933–1958), period of record 2 (POR2, from water years 1974–1988), and period of record 3 (POR3, from water years 2004–2020). For example, the mean of the daily streamflow decreased between the historical POR to the current POR in Cedar Creek but increased in North Branch Metedeconk and Toms Rivers. Larger and more significant changes (p-value <0.10) occurred during specific months or were related to the variability or seasonality of flow. North Branch Metedeconk River and Toms River, the two northern and most developed sites, exhibited changes in low-flow metrics and decreases in minimum n-day moving averages. Decreases in the normalized 75th-percentile exceedance flows were evident at three of the four study sub-basins during POR2 and POR3. In comparison, there was little to no evidence of negative changes to low-flow metrics at Westecunk Creek, the southernmost and least developed site, where all low-flow duration metrics increased as well as seasonal minimum consecutive 7-day average flows. Significant increases in monthly minimums (p-value <0.05) at Cedar Creek for spring months (April, May, and June) also were observed.
Natural and anthropogenic processes can alter the landscape resulting in concomitant changes in the streamflow regime. There is a need to assess these changes and synthesize the results into a scientifically defensible set of goals and standards that help support the management of environmental flows. This study represents the initial steps in building the hydrologic foundation to inform management and develop future ecological flow targets that balance water availability for human and ecosystem needs in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Barnegat Bay Partnership","usgsCitation":"Wieben, C.M., Kennen, J.G., and Suro, T.P., 2025, Determining low-flow conditions at select streams to Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor as the first step towards the development of ecological-flow targets: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5096, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245096.","productDescription":"vii, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-149405","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":492774,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118479.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":482893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5096/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":482897,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5096/images/"},{"id":482896,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5096/sir20245096.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5096 XML"},{"id":482895,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245096/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5096 HTML"},{"id":482894,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5096/sir20245096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.40 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5096 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.5,\n 40.1667\n ],\n [\n -74.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -73.8333,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -73.8333,\n 40.1667\n ],\n [\n -74.5,\n 40.1667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
Across the United States, rural residents rely on unregulated and generally unmonitored private wells for drinking water, which may pose serious health risks due to unrecognized contaminants. We assessed the nature, degree, and spatial distribution of cumulative health risks from inorganic contaminants in groundwater. Our analysis included nearly 84,000 data points from 6500+ wells, across 51 of Montana's 98 watersheds, using a public groundwater database. We compared a drinking water screening level cumulative risk assessment (CRA) for inorganics based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protective health thresholds (Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, Health Advisories [MCLG-HAs]) to a CRA based on EPA public supply enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). Based on median concentrations of 19 inorganics (antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nitrate, lead, selenium, strontium, thallium, uranium, zinc), 75% of watersheds had MCLG-HA-based cumulative risk values > 1.0; arsenic and uranium contributed the most risk, followed by strontium, fluoride, manganese and boron. Hence, this screening level (Tier I) CRA indicated widespread potential for unrecognized human health risk to private well users from inorganic contaminants considering both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Sensitivity analysis showed that benchmarks applied (MCLG-HAs versus MCLs) exerted the largest control on results. Our findings identify priority regions for Tier 2 risk assessments to elucidate local sources and distributions of geogenic versus anthropomorphic contaminants. Our study is the first statewide assessment of cumulative health risk from groundwater that we are aware of, and results support increased statewide drinking water education and testing to reduce human health risks from contaminated private well water.
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Understanding the streamflow conditions throughout the state and how they may have changed over time is an important part of managing the water resources within the state. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection has many responsibilities related to protecting the environment and natural resources and among them is protecting the waters in the lakes, rivers, and streams of New Jersey for current and future use. To support this mission, the U.S. Geological Survey updated high- and low-streamflow statistics for 97 continuous-record streamgages and low-streamflow statistics for 719 partial-record streamgages throughout the state. The continuous-record streamgages included in the study had a minimum of 20 years of record, spanning from 1903 to 2017.
This study is an update to previous studies that documented the high- and low-streamflow statistics for New Jersey streams in the 1970s and in 2005. The 1982 report by Gillespie and Schopp documented low-flow characteristics and flow duration for about 400 continuous and partial-record streamgages. The U.S. Geological Survey computed streamflow statistics including, but not limited to, maximum, minimum, and means for period of record, flow durations, nonexceedance high- and low-flow frequencies, base flow, runoff, peak-to-mean flow ratios, and September median streamflow.
Overall, both high and low flows are generally increasing in New Jersey, though the results are not uniform across the State. Streamflow trends and changes to duration and frequency statistics can be influenced by local water use, in addition to climate variables. The resulting computations at some streamgages indicated considerable positive change while others showed considerable negative change. Water managers and regulators can use the data provided here and in the companion data release to assess individual stream reaches and watershed management areas to evaluate the available resources and changes, which may have developed during the periods for which streamflow statistics are available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245099","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"McHugh, A.R., Suro, T.P., Sullivan, S.L., and Williams, B.M., 2024, Streamflow characteristics and trends in New Jersey, water years 1903–2017: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5099, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245099.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 59 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-144654","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":464947,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5099/sir20245099.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2024-5099 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known colloquially as “forever chemicals”, have been associated with adverse human health effects and have contaminated drinking water supplies across the United States owing to their long-term and widespread use. People in the United States may unknowingly be drinking water that contains PFAS because of a lack of systematic analysis, particularly in domestic water supplies. We present an extreme gradient boosting model for predicting the occurrence of PFAS in groundwater at the depths of drinking water supply for the conterminous United States. Our model results indicate that 71 to 95 million people in the conterminous United States potentially rely on groundwater with detectable concentrations of PFAS for their drinking-water supplies prior to any treatment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.ado6638","usgsCitation":"Tokranov, A.K., Ransom, K.M., Bexfield, L.M., Lindsey, B.D., Watson, E., Dupuy, D., Stackelberg, P.E., Fram, M.S., Voss, S., Kingsbury, J.A., Jurgens, B., Smalling, K., and Bradley, P., 2024, Predictions of groundwater PFAS occurrence at drinking water supply depths in the United States: Science, v. 386, no. 6723, p. 748-755, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ado6638.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"748","endPage":"755","ipdsId":"IP-157604","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":463332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 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0000-0002-1818-355X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1818-355X","contributorId":204864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stackelberg","given":"Paul","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Voss, Stefan 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Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":203409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Smalling, Kelly L. 0000-0002-1214-4920","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-4920","contributorId":221234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalling","given":"Kelly","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":205668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70259587,"text":"70259587 - 2024 - Predictive understanding of stream salinization in a developed watershed using machine learning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T16:27:38.970197","indexId":"70259587","displayToPublicDate":"2024-10-11T07:01:28","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5925,"text":"Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictive understanding of stream salinization in a developed watershed using machine learning","docAbstract":"Stream salinization is a global issue, yet few models can provide reliable salinity estimates for unmonitored locations at the time scales required for ecological exposure assessments. Machine learning approaches are presented that use spatially limited high-frequency monitoring and spatially distributed discrete samples to estimate the daily stream-specific conductance across a watershed. We compare the predictive performance of space- and time-unaware Random Forest models and space- and time-aware Recurrent Graph Convolution Neural Network models (KGE: 0.67 and 0.64, respectively) and use explainable artificial intelligence methods to interpret model predictions and understand salinization drivers. These models are applied to the Delaware River Basin, a developed watershed with diverse land uses that experiences anthropogenic salinization from winter deicer applications. These models capture seasonality for the winter first flush of deicers, and the streams with elevated predictions correspond well with indicators of deicer application. This result suggests that these models can be used to identify potential salinity-impaired streams for winter best management practices. Daily salinity predictions are driven primarily by land cover (urbanization) trends that may represent anthropogenic salinization processes and weather at time scales up to three months. Such modeling approaches are likely transferable to other watersheds and can be applied to further understand salinization risks and drivers.
Water is an increasingly precious resource in California as years of drought, climate change, pollution, as well as an expanding population have all stressed the state's drinking water supplies. Currently, there are increasing concerns about whether regulated and unregulated contaminants in drinking water are linked to a variety of human-health outcomes particularly in socially disadvantaged communities with a history of health risks. To begin to address this data gap by broadly assessing contaminant mixture exposures, the current study was designed to collect tapwater samples from communities in Gold Country, the San Francisco Bay Area, two regions of the Central Valley (Merced/Fresno and Kern counties), and southeast Los Angeles for 251 organic chemicals and 32 inorganic constituents. Sampling prioritized low-income areas with suspected water quality challenges and elevated breast cancer rates. Results indicated that mixtures of regulated and unregulated contaminants were observed frequently in tapwater throughout the areas studied and the types and concentrations of detected contaminants varied by region, drinking-water source, and size of the public water system. Multiple exceedances of enforceable maximum contaminant level(s) (MCL), non-enforceable MCL goal(s) (MCLG), and other health advisories combined with frequent exceedances of benchmark-based hazard indices were also observed in samples collected in all five of the study regions. Given the current focus on improving water quality in socially disadvantaged communities, our study highlights the importance of assessing mixed-contaminant exposures in drinking water at the point of consumption to adequately address human-health concerns (e.g., breast cancer risk). Data from this pilot study provide a foundation for future studies across a greater number of communities in California to assess potential linkages between breast cancer rates and tapwater contaminants.
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2024 - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water in Southeast Los Angeles: Industrial legacy and environmental justice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T11:03:45.69648","indexId":"70258373","displayToPublicDate":"2024-09-13T06:00:18","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water in Southeast Los Angeles: Industrial legacy and environmental justice","docAbstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent chemicals of increasing concern to human health. PFAS contamination in water systems has been linked to a variety of sources including hydrocarbon fire suppression activities, industrial and military land uses, agricultural applications of biosolids, and consumer products. To assess PFAS in California tap water, we collected 60 water samples from inside homes in four different geographic regions, both urban and rural. We selected mostly small water systems with known history of industrial chemical or pesticide contamination and that served socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Thirty percent of the tap water samples (18) had a detection of at least one of the 32 targeted PFAS and most detections (89 %) occurred in heavily industrialized Southeast Los Angeles (SELA). The residents of SELA are predominately Latino and low-income. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) ranged from 6.8 to 13.6 ng/L and 9.4–17.8 ng/L, respectively in SELA and were higher than State (PFOA: 0.007 ng/L; PFOS: 1.0 ng/L) and national health-based goals (zero). To look for geographic patterns, we mapped potential sources of PFAS contamination, such as chrome plating facilities, airports, landfills, and refineries, located near the SELA water systems; consistent with the multiple potential sources in the area, no clear spatial associations were observed. The results indicate the importance of systematic testing of PFAS in tap water, continued development of PFAS regulatory standards and advisories for a greater number of compounds, improved drinking-water treatments to mitigate potential health threats to communities, especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged and industrialized areas.
The environmental ubiquity of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) underscores the need to understand the occurrence, persistence, and environmental effects of tire-related chemicals in aquatic ecosystems. One such chemical is 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a transformation product of the tire antioxidant 6PPD. In urban stormwater runoff 6PPD-Q can exceed acute toxicity thresholds for several salmonid species and is being implicated in significant coho salmon losses in the Pacific Northwest. There is a critical need to understand the prevalence of 6PPD-Q across watersheds to identify habitats heavily affected by TRWPs. We conducted a reconnaissance of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in surface waters across the United States from sites (N = 94) with varying land use (urban, agricultural, and forested) and streamflow to better understand stream exposures. A rapid, low-volume direct-inject, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitation of 6PPD-Q and screening for 6PPD. Laboratory holding times, bottle material, headspace, and filter materials were investigated to inform best practices for 6PPD-Q sampling and analysis. Glass bottles with PTFE-lined caps minimized sorption and borosilicate glass fiber filters provided the highest recovery. 6PPD-Q was stable for at least 5 months in pure laboratory solutions and for 75 days at 5 °C with minimal headspace in the investigated surface water and stormwaters. Results also indicated samples can be frozen to extend holding times. 6PPD was not detected in any of the 526 analyzed samples and there were no detections of 6PPD-Q at agricultural or forested sites. 6PPD-Q was frequently detected in stormwater (57%, N = 90) and from urban impacted sites (45%, N = 276) with concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.29 μg/L. The highest concentrations, above the lethal level for coho salmon, occurred during stormwater runoff events. This highlights the importance of capturing episodic runoff events in urban areas near ecologically relevant habitat or nursery grounds for sensitive species.
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aspanjer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-2722","contributorId":150395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spanjer","given":"Andrew","email":"aspanjer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Masoner, Jason R. 0000-0002-4829-6379 jmasoner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-6379","contributorId":3193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masoner","given":"Jason","email":"jmasoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70255986,"text":"tm1D12 - 2024 - Guidelines for the use of automatic samplers in 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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies sediment as the single most widespread water contaminant affecting the beneficial uses of the Nation’s rivers and streams. The evaluation of water-quality as it relates to agriculture, urbanization, highway and residential construction, mining, industrial and human wastes, and other activities requires an extensive data and sample-collection effort. This is especially the case when studying urbanized river basins, where during hydrologic events, concentration of suspended sediment and contaminants can vary rapidly and over large ranges. Where synoptic studies of watersheds are called for, sampling may be needed at many sites throughout the basin; a complicated and difficult task in some settings. Automatic pumping samplers (autosamplers) are one method for conducting intensive time-varying sampling throughout watersheds.
This report presents guidelines for the use of autosamplers for collecting surface-water samples by the U.S. Geological Survey. An autosampler is an automatic, pump-based sampler that collects a prescribed volume of water from streams, lakes, reservoirs, storm drains, or other bodies of water after receiving a command from an internal or external control unit. It deposits this sample into a specified container for later analysis of physical, chemical, or biological constituents. This report provides a general background on types of autosamplers and how they work; guidance for designing, selecting, installing, servicing, and calibrating autosamplers; guidance on standardized operating procedures, and guidance on quality-assurance and quality-control efforts when using an autosampler.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm1D12","usgsCitation":"Wilson, T.P., Miller, C.V., and Lechner, E.A., 2024, Guidelines for the use of automatic samplers in collecting surface-water quality and sediment data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 1–D12, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm1D12","productDescription":"ix, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"89","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-131202","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430984,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/images/"},{"id":430983,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/tm1d12.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"TM 1-D12 XML"},{"id":430982,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm1D12/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"TM 1-D12 HTML"},{"id":430980,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":430981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d12/tm1d12.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 1-D12 PDF"}],"contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike Suite 110
Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a persistent and increasing problem globally, yet we still have limited knowledge about how they affect wildlife. Although semi-aquatic and aquatic amphibians and reptiles have experienced large declines and occupy environments where HABs are increasingly problematic, their vulnerability to HABs remains unclear. To inform monitoring, management, and future research, we conducted a literature review, synthesized the studies, and report on the mortality events describing effects of cyanotoxins from HABs on freshwater herpetofauna. Our review identified 37 unique studies and 71 endpoints (no-observed-effect and lowest-observed-effect concentrations) involving 11 amphibian and 3 reptile species worldwide. Responses varied widely among studies, species, and exposure concentrations used in experiments. Concentrations causing lethal and sublethal effects in laboratory experiments were generally 1 to 100 µg/L, which contains the mean value of reported HAB events but is 70 times less than the maximum cyanotoxin concentrations reported in the environment. However, one species of amphibian was tolerant to concentrations of 10,000 µg/L, demonstrating potentially immense differences in sensitivities. Most studies focused on microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which can increase systemic inflammation and harm the digestive system, reproductive organs, liver, kidneys, and development. The few studies on other cyanotoxins illustrated that effects resembled those of MC-LR at similar concentrations, but more research is needed to describe effects of other cyanotoxins and mixtures of cyanotoxins that commonly occur in the environment. All experimental studies were on larval and adult amphibians; there were no such studies on reptiles. Experimental work with reptiles and adult amphibians is needed to clarify thresholds of tolerance. Only nine mortality events were reported, mostly for reptiles. Given that amphibians likely decay faster than reptiles, which have tissues that resist decomposition, mass amphibian mortality events from HABs have likely been under-reported. We propose that future efforts should be focused on seven major areas, to enhance our understanding of effects and monitoring of HABs on herpetofauna that fill important roles in freshwater and terrestrial environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–14. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Groundwater flow between 2014 through 2040 was simulated in the New Jersey Coastal Plain based on three withdrawal scenarios. Two of the scenarios were based on projected population trends and the assumption of water conservation; the nominal water-loss scenario projected a status quo in the efficiency of water loss in the delivery systems whereas the optimal water-loss scenario projected a better water-loss efficiency resulting in less withdrawals. The third scenario assumes that all wells will withdraw water at their full allocation level which is generally much more than reported withdrawals in 2013 or projected under the other two scenarios.
Maps and summaries of heads and drawdowns are presented for nine confined aquifers. All the aquifers have areas with heads below sea level by 2040. Of the three scenarios, the drawdowns are most extreme in the full allocation scenarios; there are large areas of head decline greater than 20 feet in 5 of the 9 confined aquifers. The exceptions are the Vincentown aquifer, despite some areas of large drawdown in the vicinity of wells, and the three Potomac-Raritan-Magothy (PRM) aquifers where withdrawals are regulated by Critical Area restrictions. The nominal and optimal water-loss scenarios have some areas of head declines; most are less than 15 feet. The simulation of these scenarios shows some extensive areas of head recovery as well—especially in the aquifers that are regulated by the Critical Area restrictions.
Budgets of inflow and outflow components were calculated for 44 hydrologic budget areas (HBAs). The budget analysis shows that the water movement is complex and varies based on the aquifer geometry and location of pumping wells. Flow components between the unconfined and confined parts of the system were summarized by HUC11 (hydrologic unit code 11) basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Kauffman, L.J., 2024, Simulated effects of projected 2014–40 withdrawals on groundwater flow and water levels in the New Jersey Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5028, 149 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245028.","productDescription":"Report: x, 149 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"149","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-149036","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":429259,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5028/sir20245028.XML","description":"SIR 2024-5028 XML"},{"id":429258,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245028/full","description":"SIR 2024-5028 HTML"},{"id":429257,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5028/sir20245028.pdf","text":"Report","size":"45.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5028 PDF"},{"id":429256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5028/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":499456,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117021.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":429261,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JHGJA5","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005 model used to analyze water-use scenarios in the New Jersey Coastal Plain"},{"id":429260,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5028/images/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.99277375585163,\n 38.68691666621089\n ],\n [\n -73.55380891210154,\n 38.68691666621089\n ],\n [\n -73.55380891210154,\n 40.54856979898429\n ],\n [\n -75.99277375585163,\n 40.54856979898429\n ],\n [\n -75.99277375585163,\n 38.68691666621089\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
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Algal blooms in water, soils, dusts, and the environment have captured national attention because of concerns associated with exposure to algal toxins for humans and animals. Algal blooms naturally occur in all surface-water types and are important primary producers for aquatic ecosystems. However, excessive algae growth can be associated with many harmful effects ranging from aesthetic to toxicity concerns, so this excessive growth is commonly called a harmful algal bloom (HAB).
Ecological imbalances that can lead to excessive algal growth, such as increased nutrient availability to waterbodies from natural and anthropogenic sources, are well documented in scientific literature. On the other hand, fundamental scientific understandings of environmental causes and controls leading to algal toxin production, environmental exposures, and adverse health outcomes for humans and animals could benefit from more attention by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists. Understanding when, why, and how the toxin is produced by individual algal cells or communities and why the toxin is released to the surrounding waterbody requires fundamental research to determine a toxin’s role, whether it provides competitive advantage or if other potential reasons exist for toxin production and release, such as secretions from otherwise benign biological processes. This research will require groundbreaking scientific discovery about underlying biologic and abiotic (non-living) processes commonly complicated by local variation in land use, microbial species composition, and ecosystem structure of the surrounding watershed.
Although underlying processes by which HABs form may be similar from one waterbody to another, individual waterbodies may be controlled by local factors for HAB development and toxin production that are unique to the watershed. Consequently, many fundamental science gaps exist that prevent informed mitigation and prevention of toxic HAB events. There are also gaps in understanding local conditions that control algal growth unique to specific watersheds. Addressing these science gaps is needed to inform evidence-based decisions that protect human and animal health and that reduce recreational and socioeconomic losses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1520","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V.G., Crawford, C.J., Dusek, R.J., Focazio, M.J., Fogarty, L.R., Graham, J.L., Journey, C.A., Lee, M.E., Larson, J.H., Stackpoole, S.M., Mazzei, V., Pindilli, E.J., Rattner, B.A., Slonecker, T., McSwain, K.B., Reilly, T.J., and Lopez, A.E., 2024, Interdisciplinary science approach for harmful algal blooms (HABs) and algal toxins—A strategic science vision for the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1520, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1520.","productDescription":"Report: vi; 39 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-144573","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":429145,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1520/cir1520.XML","text":"XML","description":"CIR 1520"},{"id":429144,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1520/cir1520.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIR 1520","linkHelpText":"–Interdisciplinary Science Approach for Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Algal Toxins—A Strategic Science Vision for the U.S. Geological Survey"},{"id":429143,"rank":2,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1520/images"},{"id":429142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1520/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":429203,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1520/cir1520_app1.pdf","text":"Appendix 1","size":"332 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":429146,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir1520/full"}],"contact":"Director, Water Resources Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192