1. Introduction
\n1.1. FORMS, TOXICITY, AND HEALTH EFFECTS
\nMercury (Hg) has long been identified as an element that is injurious, even lethal, to living organisms. Exposure to its inorganic form, mainly from elemental Hg (Hg(0)) vapor (Fitzgerald & Lamborg, 2007) can cause damage to respiratory, neural, and renal systems (Hutton, 1987; USEPA, 2012; WHO, 2012). The organic form, methylmercury (CH3Hg+; MeHg), is substantially more toxic than the inorganic form (Fitzgerald & Lamborg, 2007). Methylmercury attacks the nervous system and exposure can prove lethal, as demonstrated by well-known incidents such as those in 1956 in Minimata, Japan (Harada, 1995), and 1971 in rural Iraq (Bakir et al., 1973), where, in the former, industrial release of MeHg into coastal waters severely tainted the fish caught and eaten by the local population, and in the latter, grain seed treated with an organic mercurial fungicide was not planted, but eaten in bread instead. Resultant deaths are not known with certainty but have been estimated at about 100 and 500, respectively (Hutton, 1987). Absent such lethal accidents, human exposure to MeHg comes mainly from ingestion of piscivorous fish in which MeHg has accumulated, with potential fetal damage ascribed to high fish diets during their mothers’ pregnancies (USEPA, 2001). Lesser human exposure occurs through ingestion of drinking water (USEPA, 2001), where concentrations of total Hg (THg; inorganic plus organic forms) typically are in the low nanograms-per-liter range[1] - , particularly from many groundwater sources, and concentrations at the microgram-per-liter level are rare.
\nFiltered total mercury (FTHg) concentrations in a rapidly urbanizing area ranged from 50 to 250 ng/L in surface waters of the Squankum Branch, a tributary to a major river (Great Egg Harbor River (GEHR)) traversing both urban and forested/wetland areas in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey. An unsewered residential area with Hg-contaminated well water (one of many in the region) is adjacent to the stream’s left bank. Although the region’s groundwater contains total Hg (THg) at background levels of <10 ng/L, water from about 700 domestic wells in urbanized areas completed in the acidic, quartzose unconfined aquifer typically at depths 20 to 30 m below land surface has been found to exceed 2,000 ng/L (the USEPA maximum contaminant level). Within urbanized areas, THg concentrations in shallow groundwater (<20 m below land surface at or near the water table) and the potential for Hg transport were not well known, representing a considerable knowledge gap. Sampling of streamwater in, and groundwater discharge to, the Squankum Branch watershed revealed that concentrations of THg generally were in the range of 1 to 10 ng/L, but narrow plumes (“plumelets”) of shallow groundwater discharging to the stream from the opposing banks contained FTHg at a concentration > 5,000 ng/L (left bank) and nearly 2,000 ng/L (right bank). The Hg content of bankside soils and sediments was high (up to 12 mg/kg) and mostly acid leachable where groundwater with high Hg concentrations discharged, indicating contributions of Hg by both runoff and shallow groundwater. Elevated concentrations of nutrients and chloride in some groundwater plumelets likely indicated inputs from septic-system effluent and (or) fertilizer applications. The Hg probably derives mainly from mercurial pesticide applications to the former agricultural land being urbanized. The study results show that soil disturbance and introduction of anthropogenic substances can mobilize Hg from soils to shallow groundwater and the Hg contamination travels in narrow plumelets to discharge points such as stream tributaries. In the entire GEHR watershed, THg concentrations in groundwater discharging to streams in urban areas tended to be higher than concentrations in water discharging to streams of forested areas, consistent with the results from this small watershed. Other areas with similar quartzose coastal aquifers, land-use history, and hydrogeology may be similarly vulnerable to Hg contamination of shallow groundwater and associated surface water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11270-013-1475-7","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J., Szabo, Z., Reilly, P.A., and Riskin, M.L., 2013, Variable contributions of mercury from groundwater to a first-order urban coastal plain stream in New Jersey, USA: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 224, no. 4, 1475, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-013-1475-7.","productDescription":"1475, 25 p.","ipdsId":"IP-024353","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"New Jersey Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.99017333984375,\n 40.26276066437183\n ],\n [\n -74.608154296875,\n 40.26276066437183\n ],\n [\n -75.49530029296875,\n 39.50615988027491\n ],\n [\n -75.50354003906249,\n 39.459523110465156\n ],\n [\n -75.11627197265625,\n 39.196076813671695\n ],\n [\n -74.674072265625,\n 39.191819549771694\n ],\n [\n -74.3170166015625,\n 39.436192999314095\n ],\n [\n -74.07806396484375,\n 39.79376521264885\n ],\n [\n -73.99017333984375,\n 40.26276066437183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"224","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Julia jbarring@usgs.gov","contributorId":169542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia","email":"jbarring@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":138827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riskin, Melissa L. 0000-0001-6499-3775 mriskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6499-3775","contributorId":654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riskin","given":"Melissa","email":"mriskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044415,"text":"sir20125287 - 2013 - Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-15T13:02:46","indexId":"sir20125287","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5287","title":"Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11","docAbstract":"Five streams in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH) watershed in southern New Jersey were sampled for nutrient concentrations and stable isotope composition under base-flow and stormflow conditions, and during the growing and nongrowing seasons, to help quantify and identify sources of nutrient loading. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and orthophosphate, and for nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios. Concentrations of total nitrogen in the five streams appear to be related to land use, such that streams in subbasins characterized by extensive urban development (and historical agricultural land use)—North Branch Metedeconk and Toms Rivers—exhibited the highest total nitrogen concentrations (0.84–1.36 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in base flow). Base-flow total nitrogen concentrations in these two streams were dominated by nitrate; nitrate concentrations decreased during storm events as a result of dilution by storm runoff. The two streams in subbasins with the least development—Cedar Creek and Westecunk Creek—exhibited the lowest total nitrogen concentrations (0.16–0.26 mg/L in base flow), with organic nitrogen as the dominant species in both base flow and stormflow. A large proportion of these subbasins lies within forested parts of the Pinelands Area, indicating the likelihood of natural inputs of organic nitrogen to the streams that increase during periods of storm runoff. Base-flow total nitrogen concentrations in Mill Creek, in a moderately developed basin, were 0.43 to 0.62 mg/L and were dominated by ammonia, likely associated with leachate from a landfill located upstream. Total phosphorus and orthophosphate were not found at detectable concentrations in most of the surface-water samples, with the exception of samples collected from the North Branch Metedeconk River, where concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 mg/L for total phosphorus and 0.008 to 0.011 mg/L for orthophosphate. Measurements of nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of nitrate in surface-water samples revealed that a mixture of multiple subsurface sources, which may include some combination of animal and septic waste, soil nitrogen, and commercial fertilizers, likely contribute to the base-flow nitrogen load. The results also indicate that atmospheric deposition is not a predominant source of nitrogen transported to the BB-LEH estuary from the watershed, although the contribution of nitrate from the atmosphere increases during stormflow. Atmospheric deposition of nitrate has a greater influence in the less developed subbasins within the BB-LEH watershed, likely because few other major sources of nitrogen (animal and septic waste, fertilizers) are present in the less developed subbasins. Atmospheric sources appear to contribute proportionally less of the overall nitrate as development increases within the BB-LEH watershed. Groundwater samples collected from five wells located within the BB-LEH watershed and screened in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system were analyzed for nutrient and stable isotope composition. Concentrations of nitrate ranged from not detected to 3.63 mg/L, with the higher concentrations occurring in the highly developed northern portion of the watershed, indicating the likelihood of anthropogenic sources of nitrogen. Isotope data for the two wells with the highest nitrate concentrations are more consistent with fertilizer sources than with animal or septic waste. Total phosphorus was not detected in any of the wells sampled, and orthophosphate was either not detected or measured at very low concentrations (0.005–0.009 mg/L) in each of the wells sampled.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125287","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Barnegat Bay Partnership","usgsCitation":"Wieben, C.M., Baker, R.J., and Nicholson, R.S., 2013, Nutrient concentrations in surface water and groundwater, and nitrate source identification using stable isotope analysis, in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed, New Jersey, 2010–11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5287, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125287.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2011-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5287.png"},{"id":268792,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5287/"},{"id":268793,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5287/support/sir2012-5287.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Barnegat Bay;Little Egg Harbor","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.56,38.93 ], [ -75.56,41.36 ], [ -73.9,41.36 ], [ -73.9,38.93 ], [ -75.56,38.93 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513713fbe4b02ab8869bffa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieben, Christine M. 0000-0001-5825-5119 cwieben@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-5119","contributorId":4270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieben","given":"Christine","email":"cwieben@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nicholson, Robert S. rnichol@usgs.gov","contributorId":2283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Robert","email":"rnichol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70041934,"text":"sir20125122 - 2012 - Simulation of groundwater flow and hydrologic effects of groundwater withdrawals from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the Pinelands of southern New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-19T13:01:59","indexId":"sir20125122","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5122","title":"Simulation of groundwater flow and hydrologic effects of groundwater withdrawals from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the Pinelands of southern New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is an important source of present and future water supply in southern New Jersey. Because this unconfined aquifer system also supports sensitive wetland and aquatic habitats within the New Jersey Pinelands (Pinelands), water managers and policy makers need up-to-date information, data, and projections that show the effects of potential increases in groundwater withdrawals on these habitats. Finite-difference groundwater flow models (MODFLOW) were constructed for three drainage basins (McDonalds Branch Basin, 14.3 square kilometers (km2); Morses Mill Stream Basin, 21.63 km2; and Albertson Brook Basin, 52.27 km2) to estimate the effects of potential increases in groundwater withdrawals on water levels and the base-flow portion of streamflow, in wetland and aquatic habitats. Three models were constructed for each drainage basin: a transient model consisting of twenty-four 1-month stress periods (October 2004 through September 2006); a transient model to simulate the 5- to 10-day aquifer tests that were performed as part of the study; and a high-resolution, steady-state model used to assess long-term effects of increased groundwater withdrawals on water levels in wetlands and on base flow. All models were constructed with the same eight-layer structure. The smallest horizontal cell dimensions among the three model areas were 150 meters (m) for the 24-month transient models, 10 m for the steady-state models, and 3 m for the transient aquifer-test models. Boundary flows of particular interest to this study and represented separately are those for wetlands, streams, and evapotranspiration. The final variables calibrated from both transient models were then used in steady-state models to assess the long-term effects of increased groundwater withdrawals on water levels in wetlands and on base flow. Results of aquifer tests conducted in the three study areas illustrate the effects of withdrawals on water levels in wetlands and on base flow. Pumping stresses at aquifer-test sites resulted in measurable drawdown in each observation well installed for the tests. The magnitude of drawdown in shallow wetland observation wells at the end of pumping ranged from 5.5 to 16.7 centimeters (cm). The stresses induced by the respective tests reduced the flow of the smallest stream (McDonalds Branch) by 75 percent and slightly reduced flow in a side channel of Morses Mill Stream, but did not measurably affect the flow of Morses Mill Stream or Albertson Brook. Results of aquifer-test simulations were used to refine the estimates of hydraulic properties used in the models and to confirm the ability of the model to replicate observed hydrologic responses to pumping. Steady-state sensitivity simulation results for a variety of single well locations and depths were used to define overall “best-case” (smallest effect on wetland water levels and base flow) and “worst-case” (greatest effect on wetland water levels and base flow) groundwater withdrawal configurations. “Best-case” configurations are those for which the extent of the wetland areas within a 1-kilometer (km) radius of the withdrawal well is minimized, the well is located at least 100 m and as far from wetland boundaries as possible, and the withdrawal is from a deep well (50–90 m deep). “Worst-case” configurations are those for which the extent of wetlands within a 1-km radius of the withdrawal well is maximized, the well is located 100 m or less from a wetland boundary, and the withdrawal is from a relatively shallow well (30–67 m deep). “Best-” and “worst-case” simulations were applied by locating hypothetical wells across the study areas and assigning groundwater withdrawals so that the sum of the withdrawals for the basin is equal to 5, 10, 15, and 30 percent of overall recharge. The results were compared to the results of simulations of no groundwater withdrawals. Results for withdrawals of 5 percent of recharge show that the area of wetland water-level decline that exceeded 15 cm was as much as 1.5 percent of the total wetland area for the “best-case” simulations and as much as 9.7 percent of the total wetland area for the “worst-case” simulations. For the same withdrawals, base-flow reduction was as much as 5.1 percent for the “best-case” simulations and as much as 8.6 percent for the “worst-case” simulations. Results for withdrawals of 30 percent of recharge show that the area of wetland water-level decline that exceeded 15 cm was as much as 70 percent of the total wetland area for the “best-case” simulations and as much as 84 percent of the total wetland area for the “worst-case” simulations. For the same withdrawals, base-flow reduction was as much as 30 percent for the “best-case” simulations and as much as 51 percent for the “worst-case” simulations. Results for withdrawals of 10 and 15 percent of recharge show decreased water levels and base flow that are intermediate between those simulated for 5 and 30 percent of recharge. Several approaches for applying the results of this study to other parts of the Pinelands were explored. An analytical-modeling technique based on the Thiem equation and image-well theory was developed to estimate local drawdown distributions resulting from withdrawals in other areas within the Pinelands. Results of example applications of this technique were compared with those of the numerical simulations used in this study and were shown to be useful. Differences among the three basins in the simulated percentage of basin wetlands affected by drawdown were found to be related to the proximity of wetlands to streams, the proximity of wetlands to pumped wells, and the vertical conductance of the aquifer system. These factors formed the basis for an index of wetland vulnerability to drawdown. An empirically-derived model based on the Gompertz function and the wetland vulnerability index was developed, tested, and shown to be an effective means to evaluate potential drawdown in wetlands at a basin scale throughout the Pinelands. Base-flow reduction can be estimated from generalized results of the numerical models, estimates of evapotranspiration reduction, or available regional groundwater flow models. These approaches could be used to evaluate alternative water-supply strategies and, in conjunction with ecological-modeling results, to determine maximum basin withdrawal rates within the limits of acceptable ecological change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission","usgsCitation":"Charles, E.G., and Nicholson, R.S., 2012, Simulation of groundwater flow and hydrologic effects of groundwater withdrawals from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the Pinelands of southern New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5122, xviii, 219 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); Apendices: 1-2, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125122.","productDescription":"xviii, 219 p.; col. ill.; maps (col.); Apendices: 1-2","startPage":"i","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"242","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5122.png"},{"id":264136,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5122/"},{"id":264137,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5122/support/sir2012-5122.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5598,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,41.3574 ], [ -73.9025,41.3574 ], [ -73.9025,38.9286 ], [ -75.5598,38.9286 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50d391d5e4b062c7914ebd9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Charles, Emmanuel G. 0000-0002-3338-4958 echarles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3338-4958","contributorId":4280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charles","given":"Emmanuel","email":"echarles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Robert S. rnichol@usgs.gov","contributorId":2283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Robert","email":"rnichol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70040698,"text":"sir20125187 - 2012 - Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-21T10:44:00","indexId":"sir20125187","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5187","title":"Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Groundwater is essential for water supply and plays a critical role in maintaining the environmental health of freshwater and estuarine ecosystems in the Atlantic Coastal basins of New Jersey. The unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system and the confined Atlantic City 800-foot sand are major sources of groundwater in the area, and each faces different water-supply concerns. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), conducted a study to simulate the effects of withdrawals in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Atlantic City 800-foot sand, and the Rio Grande water-bearing zone and to evaluate potential scenarios. The study area encompasses Atlantic County and parts of Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Ocean, Cape May, and Cumberland Counties. The major hydrogeologic units affecting water supply in the study area are the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, a thick diatomaceous clay confining unit in the upper part of Kirkwood Formation; the Rio Grande water-bearing zone; and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand of the Kirkwood Formation. Hydrogeologic data from 18 aquifer tests and specific capacity data from 230 wells were analyzed to provide horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifers. Groundwater withdrawals are greatest from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, and 65 percent of the water is used for public supply. Groundwater withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand are about half those from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. Ninety-five percent of the withdrawals from the Atlantic City 800-foot sand is used for public supply. Data from six streamgaging stations and 51 low-flow partial record sites were used to estimate base flow in the area. Base flow ranges from 60 to 92 percent of streamflow. A groundwater flow model of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand was developed and calibrated using water-level data from 148 wells and base-flow data from 22 gaging or low-flow partial record stations. The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system within the Great Egg Harbor River and the Mullica River Basins was simulated on a monthly basis from 1998 through 2006. An existing regional model of the New Jersey Coastal Plain was revised to provide boundary conditions for the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basin model (referred to as the Great Egg-Mullica model). In the Great Egg-Mullica model, monthly groundwater recharge rates used in the model ranged from 10-15 inches per year in 2001 to 20-25 inches per year in 2005. The mean-absolute error for 10 of the 14 long-term hydrographs used in model calibration was less than 5 ft. Groundwater flow budgets for the Great Egg-Mullica model calibration periods, May 2005 and September 2006, and for the entire model calibration period 1998 to 2006, showed that nearly 70 percent of the water entering the Atlantic City 800-foot sand came from the horizontal connection with the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in updip areas. The groundwater flow model was used to simulate scenarios under three possible conditions: average 1998 to 2006 withdrawals (Average scenario), full-allocation withdrawals (Full Allocation scenario), and projected 2050-demand withdrawals (2050 Demand scenario). Withdrawals in the Full Allocation scenario are nearly twice the withdrawals from the Average scenario, primarily because of the potential for large agricultural withdrawals if all allocations are used. Withdrawals for the 2050 Demand scenario are about 50 percent greater than those for the Average scenario, primarily due to expected increases in withdrawals for public supply. Monthly base-flow depletion criteria were determined using the Low-Flow Margin method, currently under consideration by NJDEP, to estimate available water on an annual basis at the Hydrologic Unit Code 11 (HUC11) level and to determine whether a water-supply deficit exists. Simulations of various groundwater-withdrawal scenarios were made using the calibrated model, and results were compared with baseline conditions (no withdrawals) to determine where and when base-flow deficits may be occurring and may be expected to occur in the future. Scenarios were simulated to assess base-flow depletion that could occur from different groundwater-withdrawal situations. In the Average scenario, deficits occurred in 7 of the 14 subbasins. In the Full Allocation scenario, deficits occurred in 11 of the subbasins. In the 2050 Demand scenario, deficits occurred in 9 of the 14 subbasins. The largest deficits occurred in the Absecon Creek subbasin because the base-flow depletion criteria for this subbasin is small due to the surface-water diversions that are already occurring there and because existing groundwater withdrawals in the subbasin have resulted in base-flow depletion under current (1998-2006) conditions. Three adjusted scenarios, variations of the Average, Full Allocation, and 2050 Demand scenarios, were simulated; for the adjusted scenarios, the withdrawals were modified in stages with the intent to successively eliminate or minimize the base-flow deficits. Modifications included shifting withdrawals to a deeper part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, implementing seasonal conjunctive use of shallow and deep aquifers, and specifying reductions in withdrawals within a HUC11 subbasin in deficit. The adjusted scenarios are intended to show the relative effectiveness of each of the three approaches in reducing the deficits. Most of the deficits under the Average, Full Allocation, and 2050 Demand scenarios were eliminated by reductions in withdrawals or allocations. Shifting withdrawals to a deeper part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system or seasonal conjunctive use did not eliminate deficits for any subbasin. Reductions in withdrawals accounted for more than 95 percent of the total reduction of deficits in all but one subbasin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Pope, D.A., Carleton, G.B., Buxton, D.E., Walker, R.L., Shourds, J.L., and Reilly, P.A., 2012, Simulated effects of alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5187, Report: x, 139 p.; Appendixes: 2-3, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125187.","productDescription":"Report: x, 139 p.; Appendixes: 2-3","numberOfPages":"153","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5187.png"},{"id":263086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187-appendix3.xls","text":"Appendix 3","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":263083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":263084,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":263085,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5187/support/sir2012-5187-appendix2.xls","text":"Appendix 2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":361403,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F70G3J3J","text":"MODFLOW-2000 model used to evaluate alternative withdrawal strategies on groundwater flow in the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, and the Atlantic City 800-foot sand in the Great Egg Harbor and Mullica River Basins, New Jersey"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Great Egg Harbor;Mullica River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.5,39.0 ], [ -75.5,40.25 ], [ -73.75,40.25 ], [ -73.75,39.0 ], [ -75.5,39.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"509e2607e4b0cbd9af3af711","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carleton, Glen B. 0000-0002-7666-4407 carleton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-4407","contributorId":3795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carleton","given":"Glen","email":"carleton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buxton, Debra E. dbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Debra","email":"dbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":468814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, Richard L.","contributorId":38961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shourds, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-7631-9734 jshourds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-9734","contributorId":5821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shourds","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshourds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70040406,"text":"sir20125115 - 2012 - Mercury in waters, soils, and sediments of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: A comparison of regional distribution and mobility with the mercury contamination at the William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-18T17:16:15","indexId":"sir20125115","displayToPublicDate":"2012-10-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5115","title":"Mercury in waters, soils, and sediments of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: A comparison of regional distribution and mobility with the mercury contamination at the William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Mercury in soils, surface water, and groundwater at the William J. Hughes Technical Center , Atlantic County, New Jersey, has been found at levels that exceed established background concentrations in Coastal Plain waters, and, in some cases, New Jersey State standards for mercury in various media. As of 2012, it is not known whether this mercury is part of regional mercury contamination or whether it is related to former military activities. Regionally, groundwater supplying about 700 domestic wells in the New Jersey Coastal Plain is contaminated with mercury that appears to be derived from anthropogenic inputs, such as agricultural pesticide use and atmospheric deposition. High levels of mercury occasionally are found in Coastal Plain soils, but disturbance during residential development on former agricultural land is thought to have mobilized any mercury applied during farming, a hypothesis borne out by experiments leaching mercury from soils. In the unsewered residential areas with mercury-contaminated groundwater, septic-system effluent is believed to create reducing conditions in which mercury sorbed to subsoils is mobilized to groundwater. In comparing the levels of mercury found in soils, sediments, streamwater, and groundwater at the William J. Hughes Technical Center site with those found regionally, mercury concentrations in groundwater in the region are, in some cases, substantially higher than those found in groundwater at the William J. Hughes Technical Center site. Nevertheless, concentrations of mercury in streamwater at the site are, in some instances, higher than most found regionally. The mercury contents in soils and sediment at the William J. Hughes Technical Center site are substantially higher than those found to date (2012) in the region, indicating that a source other than regional sources may be present at the site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125115","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J., Szabo, Z., and Reilly, P.A., 2012, Mercury in waters, soils, and sediments of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: A comparison of regional distribution and mobility with the mercury contamination at the William J. Hughes Technical Center, Atlantic County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5115, vii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125115.","productDescription":"vii, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5115.bmp"},{"id":262712,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5115/pdf/sir2012-5115.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":262711,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.559800,38.928600 ], [ -75.559800,41.357400 ], [ -73.902500,41.357400 ], [ -73.902500,38.928600 ], [ -75.559800,38.928600 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"508117cbe4b00e5d41d20a80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Julia L.","contributorId":59419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":468284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":468283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039975,"text":"sir20125118 - 2012 - Measurement and simulation of evapotranspiration at a wetland site in the New Jersey Pinelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-19T17:16:46","indexId":"sir20125118","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5118","title":"Measurement and simulation of evapotranspiration at a wetland site in the New Jersey Pinelands","docAbstract":"Evapotranspiration (ET) was monitored above a wetland forest canopy dominated by pitch-pine in the New Jersey Pinelands during November 10, 2004-February 20, 2007, using an eddy-covariance method. Twelve-month ET totals ranged from 786 to 821 millimeters (mm). Minimum and maximum ET rates occurred during December-February and in July, respectively. Relations between ET and several environmental variables (incoming solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and net radiation) were explored. Net radiation (r = 0.72) and air temperature (r = 0.73) were the dominant explanatory variables for daily ET. Air temperature was the dominant control on evaporative fraction with relatively more radiant energy used for ET at higher temperatures. Soil moisture was shown to limit ET during extended dry periods. With volumetric soil moisture below a threshold of about 0.15, the evaporative fraction decreased until rain ended the dry period, and the evaporative fraction sharply recovered. A modified Hargreaves ET model, requiring only easily obtainable daily temperature data, was shown to be effective at simulating measured ET values and has the potential for estimating historical or real-time ET at the wetland site. The average annual ET measured at the wetland site during 2005-06 (801 mm/yr) is about 32 percent higher than previously reported ET for three nearby upland sites during 2005-09. Periodic disturbance by fire and insect defoliation at the upland sites reduced ET. When only undisturbed periods were considered, the wetland ET was 17 percent higher than the undisturbed upland ET. Interannual variability in wetlands ET may be lower than that of uplands ET because the upland stands are more susceptible to periodic drought conditions, disturbance by fire, and insect defoliation. Precipitation during the study period at the nearby Indian Mills weather station was slightly higher than the long-term (1902-2011) annual mean of 1,173 millimeters (mm), with 1,325 and 1,396 mm of precipitation in 2005 and 2006, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., Nicholson, R.S., and Clark, K., 2012, Measurement and simulation of evapotranspiration at a wetland site in the New Jersey Pinelands: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5118, ix, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125118.","productDescription":"ix, 30 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5118.png"},{"id":261969,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5118/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":261970,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5118/pdf/sir2012-5118.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Mcdonalds Branch Basin;Pinelands","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.56666666666666,39.85 ], [ -74.56666666666666,39.916666666666664 ], [ -74.46666666666667,39.916666666666664 ], [ -74.46666666666667,39.85 ], [ -74.56666666666666,39.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52ece4b0c8380cd6c775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumner, David M. 0000-0002-2144-9304 dmsumner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-9304","contributorId":1362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"David","email":"dmsumner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Robert S. rnichol@usgs.gov","contributorId":2283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Robert","email":"rnichol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Kenneth L.","contributorId":55254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Kenneth L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039900,"text":"70039900 - 2012 - Temporal changes in aquatic-invertebrate and fish assemblages in streams of the north-central and northeastern U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-24T11:27:42","indexId":"70039900","displayToPublicDate":"2012-09-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal changes in aquatic-invertebrate and fish assemblages in streams of the north-central and northeastern U.S.","docAbstract":"Many management agencies seek to evaluate temporal changes in aquatic assemblages at monitoring sites, but few have sites with ecological time series that are long enough for this purpose. Trends in aquatic-invertebrate and fish assemblage composition were assessed at 27 long-term monitoring sites in the north-central and northeastern United States. Temporal changes were identified using serial trend analysis. Sites with significant serial trends were further evaluated by relating explanatory environmental variables (e.g., streamflow, habitat, and water chemistry) to changes in assemblage composition. Significant trends were found at 19 of 27 study sites; however, differences in the sensitivity of the aquatic fauna to environmental stressors were identified. For example, significant trends in fish assemblages were found at more sites (15 of 27) than for aquatic-invertebrate assemblages (10 of 27 sites). In addition, trends in the invertebrate assemblage were most often explained by changes in streamflow processes (e.g., duration and magnitude of low- and high-flows, streamflow variability, and annual rates of change), whereas trends in the fish assemblage were more related to changes in water chemistry. Results illustrate the value of long-term monitoring for the purpose of assessing temporal trends in aquatic assemblages. The ability to detect trends in assemblage composition and to attribute these changes to environmental factors is necessary to understand mechanistic pathways and to further our understanding of how incremental anthropogenic alterations modify aquatic assemblages over time. Finally, this study's approach to trends analysis can be used to better inform the design of monitoring programs as well as support the ongoing management needs of stakeholders, water-resource agencies, and policy makers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.11.022","usgsCitation":"Kennen, J., Sullivan, D.J., May, J., Bell, A.H., Beaulieu, K., and Rice, D.E., 2012, Temporal changes in aquatic-invertebrate and fish assemblages in streams of the north-central and northeastern U.S.: Ecological Indicators, v. 18, p. 312-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.11.022.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"312","endPage":"329","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261943,"rank":2,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.11.022","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":467174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rice, Donald E.","contributorId":70440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":467176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70039758,"text":"sim3221 - 2012 - Flood-inundation maps for the Saddle River from Rochelle Park to Lodi, New Jersey, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-31T01:01:45","indexId":"sim3221","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3221","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the Saddle River from Rochelle Park to Lodi, New Jersey, 2012","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 2.75-mile reach of the Saddle River from 0.2 mile upstream from the Interstate 80 bridge in Rochelle Park to 1.5 miles downstream from the U.S. Route 46 bridge in Lodi, New Jersey, were created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage at Saddle River at Lodi, New Jersey (station 01391500). Current conditions for estimating near real-time areas of inundation using USGS streamgage information may be obtained on the Internet at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=01391500. The National Weather Service (NWS) forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often collocated with USGS streamgages. NWS-forecasted peak-stage information may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation. In this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated using the most current stage-discharge relations at the Saddle River at Lodi, New Jersey streamgage and documented high-water marks from recent floods. The hydraulic model was then used to determine 11 water-surface profiles for flood stages at the Saddle River streamgage at 1-ft intervals referenced to the streamgage datum, North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88), and ranging from bankfull, 0.5 ft below NWS Action Stage, to the extent of the stage-discharge rating, which is approximately 1 ft higher than the highest recorded water level at the streamgage. Action Stage is the stage which when reached by a rising stream the NWS or a partner needs to take some type of mitigation action in preparation for possible significant hydrologic activity. The simulated water-surface profiles were then combined with a geographic information system 3-meter (9.84-ft) digital elevation model (derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data) in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level. The availability of these maps, along with Internet information regarding current stage from USGS streamgages and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, as well as for post-flood recovery efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Hoppe, H.L., and Watson, K.M., 2012, Flood-inundation maps for the Saddle River from Rochelle Park to Lodi, New Jersey, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3221, Pamphlet: vi, 7 p.; Sheets 1-11: 17 x 22 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3221.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 7 p.; Sheets 1-11: 17 x 22 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3221.png"},{"id":260012,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle08ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260013,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle09ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260016,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle14ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260017,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle15ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260007,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle10ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260008,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-pamphlet.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260009,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle05ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260010,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle06ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260011,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle07ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260014,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle11ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260015,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle12ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260005,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/downloads/pdf/sim3221-saddle13ft.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260006,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3221/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"12000","datum":"North American Datum of 1988","country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.1,40.86666666666667 ], [ -74.1,40.9 ], [ -74.06666666666666,40.9 ], [ -74.06666666666666,40.86666666666667 ], [ -74.1,40.86666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1167e4b0c8380cd53faa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoppe, Heidi L. hhoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoppe","given":"Heidi","email":"hhoppe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":466887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watson, Kara M. 0000-0002-2685-0260 kmwatson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-0260","contributorId":2134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Kara","email":"kmwatson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039301,"text":"70039301 - 2012 - Volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone from radioactive wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T14:21:20","indexId":"70039301","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone from radioactive wastes","docAbstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are often comingled with low-level radioactive wastes (LLRW), but little is known about subsurface VOC emanations from LLRW landfills. The current study systematically quantified VOCs associated with LLRW over an 11-yr period at the USGS Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS) in southwestern Nevada. Unsaturated-zone gas samples of VOCs were collected by adsorption on resin cartridges and analyzed by thermal desorption and GC/MS. Sixty of 87 VOC method analytes were detected in the 110-m-thick unsaturated zone surrounding a LLRW disposal facility. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were detected in 100% of samples collected. Chlorofluorocarbons are powerful greenhouse gases, deplete stratospheric ozone, and are likely released from LLRW facilities worldwide. Soil-gas samples collected from a depth of 24 m and a horizontal distance 100 m south of the nearest waste-disposal trench contained >60,000 ppbv total VOCs, including >37,000 ppbv CFCs. Extensive sampling in the shallow unsaturated zone (0–2 m deep) identified areas where total VOC concentrations exceeded 5000 ppbv at the 1.5-m depth. Volatile organic compound concentrations exceeded background levels up to 300 m from the facility. Maximum vertical diffusive fluxes of total VOCs were estimated to be 1 g m-2 yr-1. Volatile organic compound distributions were similar but not identical to those previously determined for tritium and elemental mercury. To our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the unsaturated zone distribution of VOCs emanating from a LLRW landfill. Our results may help explain anomalous transport of radionuclides at the ADRS and elsewhere.","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq2011.0480","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.J., Andraski, B.J., Stonestrom, D.A., and Luo, W., 2012, Volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone from radioactive wastes: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 41, no. 4, p. 1324-1336, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0480.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1324","endPage":"1336","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259515,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0480","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2c8e4b08c986b32ad6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":466003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luo, Wentai","contributorId":7551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Wentai","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041952,"text":"70041952 - 2012 - Comparison of stream invertebrate response models for bioassessment metric","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T13:32:42","indexId":"70041952","displayToPublicDate":"2012-06-01T09:24:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of stream invertebrate response models for bioassessment metric","docAbstract":"We aggregated invertebrate data from various sources to assemble data for modeling in two ecoregions in Oregon and one in California. Our goal was to compare the performance of models developed using multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques with models developed using three relatively new techniques: classification and regression trees (CART), random forest (RF), and boosted regression trees (BRT). We used tolerance of taxa based on richness (RICHTOL) and ratio of observed to expected taxa (O/E) as response variables and land use/land cover as explanatory variables. Responses were generally linear; therefore, there was little improvement to the MLR models when compared to models using CART and RF. In general, the four modeling techniques (MLR, CART, RF, and BRT) consistently selected the same primary explanatory variables for each region. However, results from the BRT models showed significant improvement over the MLR models for each region; increases in R2 from 0.09 to 0.20. The O/E metric that was derived from models specifically calibrated for Oregon consistently had lower R2 values than RICHTOL for the two regions tested. Modeled O/E R2 values were between 0.06 and 0.10 lower for each of the four modeling methods applied in the Willamette Valley and were between 0.19 and 0.36 points lower for the Blue Mountains. As a result, BRT models may indeed represent a good alternative to MLR for modeling species distribution relative to environmental variables.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00632.x","usgsCitation":"Waite, I.R., Kennen, J., May, J., Brown, L.R., Cuffney, T.F., Jones, K.A., and Orlando, J., 2012, Comparison of stream invertebrate response models for bioassessment metric: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 48, no. 3, p. 570-583, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00632.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"570","endPage":"583","ipdsId":"IP-030734","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281600,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Blue Mountains, Willamette Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.7035,32.53 ], [ -124.7035,46.2991 ], [ -114.13,46.2991 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.7035,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5216e4b0b290850f451a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, Ian R. 0000-0003-1681-6955 iwaite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-6955","contributorId":616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Ian","email":"iwaite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennen, Jonathan G. 0000-0002-5426-4445 jgkennen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-4445","contributorId":574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennen","given":"Jonathan G.","email":"jgkennen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":14791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Kimberly A. kjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Kimberly","email":"kjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":470462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orlando, James L. 0000-0002-0099-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7221","contributorId":95954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"James L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70007502,"text":"70007502 - 2012 - Microbial transformations of arsenic: Mobilization from glauconitic sediments to water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-06T01:01:36","indexId":"70007502","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-31T11:29:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial transformations of arsenic: Mobilization from glauconitic sediments to water","docAbstract":"In the Inner Coastal Plain of New Jersey, arsenic (As) is released from glauconitic sediment to carbon- and nutrient-rich shallow groundwater. This As-rich groundwater discharges to a major area stream. We hypothesize that microbes play an active role in the mobilization of As from glauconitic subsurface sediments into groundwater in the Inner Coastal Plain of New Jersey. We have examined the potential impact of microbial activity on the mobilization of arsenic from subsurface sediments into the groundwater at a site on Crosswicks Creek in southern New Jersey. The As contents of sediments 33–90 cm below the streambed were found to range from 15 to 26.4 mg/kg, with siderite forming at depth. Groundwater beneath the streambed contains As at concentrations up to 89 μg/L. Microcosms developed from site sediments released 23 μg/L of As, and active microbial reduction of As(V) was observed in microcosms developed from site groundwater. DNA extracted from site sediments was amplified with primers for the 16S rRNA gene and the arsenate respiratory reductase gene, arrA, and indicated the presence of a diverse anaerobic microbial community, as well as the presence of potential arsenic-reducing bacteria. In addition, high iron (Fe) concentrations in groundwater and the presence of iron-reducing microbial genera suggests that Fe reduction in minerals may provide an additional mechanism for release of associated As, while arsenic-reducing microorganisms may serve to enhance the mobility of As in groundwater at this site.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.044","usgsCitation":"Mumford, A., Barringer, J., Benzel, W., Reilly, P.A., and Young, L., 2012, Microbial transformations of arsenic: Mobilization from glauconitic sediments to water: Water Research, v. 46, no. 9, p. 2859-2868, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.044.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2859","endPage":"2868","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257210,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.044","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","volume":"46","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5661e4b0c8380cd6d564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mumford, Adam C.","contributorId":27307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mumford","given":"Adam C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barringer, Julia L.","contributorId":59419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benzel, William 0000-0002-4085-1876 wbenzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-1876","contributorId":3594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benzel","given":"William","email":"wbenzel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reilly, Pamela A. 0000-0002-2937-4490 jankowsk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-4490","contributorId":653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Pamela","email":"jankowsk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":356535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Young, L.Y.","contributorId":76547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70038407,"text":"ds667 - 2012 - Dissolved pesticides, dissolved organic carbon, and water-quality characteristics in selected Idaho streams, April--December 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-23T01:01:52","indexId":"ds667","displayToPublicDate":"2012-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"667","title":"Dissolved pesticides, dissolved organic carbon, and water-quality characteristics in selected Idaho streams, April--December 2010","docAbstract":"Water-quality samples were collected from April through December 2010 from four streams in Idaho and analyzed for a suite of pesticides, including fungicides, by the U.S. Geological Survey. Water samples were collected from two agricultural and two nonagricultural (control) streams approximately biweekly from the beginning of the growing season (April) through the end of the calendar year (December). Samples were analyzed for 90 pesticides using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-three pesticides, including 8 fungicides, 10 herbicides, 3 insecticides, and 2 pesticide degradates, were detected in 45 water samples. The most frequently detected compounds in the two agricultural streams and their detection frequencies were metolachlor, 96 percent; azoxystrobin, 79 percent; boscalid, 79 percent; atrazine, 46 percent; pendimethalin, 33 percent; and trifluralin, 33 percent. Dissolved-pesticide concentrations ranged from below instrumental limits of detection (0.5-1.0 nanograms per liter) to 771 nanograms per liter (hexazinone). The total number of pesticides detected in any given water sample ranged from 0 to 11. Only three pesticides (atrazine, fipronil, and simazine) were detected in samples from the control streams during the sampling period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds667","collaboration":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.J., Smalling, K., Wilson, E.R., and Battaglin, W.A., 2012, Dissolved pesticides, dissolved organic carbon, and water-quality characteristics in selected Idaho streams, April--December 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 667, vii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds667.","productDescription":"vii, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_667.jpg"},{"id":256935,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/667/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Canyon;Ada","city":"Parma;Boise","otherGeospatial":"Sand Run Gulch;Cottonwood Creek;Dry Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,43 ], [ -117,44 ], [ -116,44 ], [ -116,43 ], [ -117,43 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a023fe4b0c8380cd4ff78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Timothy J. 0000-0002-2939-3050 tjreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2939-3050","contributorId":1858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Timothy","email":"tjreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smalling, Kelly L.","contributorId":16105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalling","given":"Kelly L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Emma R.","contributorId":58499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Emma","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Battaglin, William A. 0000-0001-7287-7096 wbattagl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-7096","contributorId":1527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"William","email":"wbattagl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038146,"text":"sir20125047 - 2012 - Variations in statewide water quality of New Jersey streams, water years 1998-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:36","indexId":"sir20125047","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2012-5047","title":"Variations in statewide water quality of New Jersey streams, water years 1998-2009","docAbstract":"Statistical analyses were conducted for six water-quality constituents measured at 371 surface-water-quality stations during water years 1998-2009 to determine changes in concentrations over time. This study examined year-round concentrations of total dissolved solids, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen; concentrations of dissolved chloride were measured only from January to March. All the water-quality data analyzed were collected by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the cooperative Ambient Surface-Water-Quality Monitoring Network. Stations were divided into groups according to the 1-year or 2-year period that the stations were part of the Ambient Surface-Water-Quality Monitoring Network. Data were obtained from the eight groups of Statewide Status stations for water years 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2005-06, 2007-08, and 2009. The data from each group were compared to the data from each of the other groups and to baseline data obtained from Background stations unaffected by human activity that were sampled during the same time periods. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether median concentrations of a selected water-quality constituent measured in a particular 1-year or 2-year group were different from those measured in other 1-year or 2-year groups. If the median concentrations were found to differ among years or groups of years, then Tukey's multiple comparison test on ranks was used to identify those years with different or equal concentrations of water-quality constituents. A significance level of 0.05 was selected to indicate significant changes in median concentrations of water-quality constituents. More variations in the median concentrations of water-quality constituents were observed at Statewide Status stations (randomly chosen stations scattered throughout the State of New Jersey) than at Background stations (control stations that are located on reaches of streams relatively unaffected by human activity) during water years 1998-2009. Results of tests on concentrations of total dissolved solids, dissolved chloride, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen indicate a significant difference in water quality at Statewide Status stations but not at Background stations during the study period. Excluding water year 2009, all significant changes that were observed in the median concentrations were ultimately increases, except for total phosphorus, which varied significantly but in an inconsistent pattern during water years 1998-2009. Streamflow data aided in the interpretation of the results for this study. Extreme values of water-quality constituents generally followed inverse patterns of streamflow. Low streamflow conditions helped explain elevated concentrations of several constituents during water years 2001-02. During extreme drought conditions in 2002, maximum concentrations occurred for four of the six water-quality constituents examined in this study at Statewide Status stations (maximum concentration of 4,190 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids) and three of six constituents at Background stations (maximum concentration of 179 milligrams per liter of total dissolved solids). The changes in water quality observed in this study parallel many of the findings from previous studies of trends in New Jersey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20125047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Heckathorn, H.A., and Deetz, A., 2012, Variations in statewide water quality of New Jersey streams, water years 1998-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5047, vii, 36 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125047.","productDescription":"vii, 36 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1997-10-01","temporalEnd":"2009-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":254566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2012_5047.png"},{"id":254565,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc189e4b08c986b32a622","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heckathorn, Heather A. haheck@usgs.gov","contributorId":1728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heckathorn","given":"Heather","email":"haheck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":463518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deetz, Anna C.","contributorId":32764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deetz","given":"Anna C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037875,"text":"70037875 - 2012 - Estimated trichloroethene transformation rates due to naturally occurring biodegradation in a fractured-rock aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T11:58:06","indexId":"70037875","displayToPublicDate":"2012-03-26T12:08:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3249,"text":"Remediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimated trichloroethene transformation rates due to naturally occurring biodegradation in a fractured-rock aquifer","docAbstract":"Rates of trichloroethene (TCE) mass transformed by naturally occurring biodegradation processes in a fractured rock aquifer underlying a former Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) site in West Trenton, New Jersey, were estimated. The methodology included (1) dividing the site into eight elements of equal size and vertically integrating observed concentrations of two daughter products of TCE biodegradation–cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and chloride–using water chemistry data from a network of 88 observation wells; (2) summing the molar mass of cis-DCE, the first biodegradation product of TCE, to provide a probable underestimate of reductive biodegradation of TCE, (3) summing the molar mass of chloride, the final product of chlorinated ethene degradation, to provide a probable overestimate of overall biodegradation. Finally, lower and higher estimates of aquifer porosities and groundwater residence times were used to estimate a range of overall transformation rates. The highest TCE transformation rates estimated using this procedure for the combined overburden and bedrock aquifers was 945 kg/yr, and the lowest was 37 kg/yr. However, hydrologic considerations suggest that approximately 100 to 500 kg/yr is the probable range for overall TCE transformation rates in this system. Estimated rates of TCE transformation were much higher in shallow overburden sediments (approximately 100 to 500 kg/yr) than in the deeper bedrock aquifer (approximately 20 to 0.15 kg/yr), which reflects the higher porosity and higher contaminant mass present in the overburden. By way of comparison, pump-and-treat operations at the NAWC site are estimated to have removed between 1,073 and 1,565 kg/yr of TCE between 1996 and 2009.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remediation Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/rem.21307","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Lacombe, P., and Bradley, P.M., 2012, Estimated trichloroethene transformation rates due to naturally occurring biodegradation in a fractured-rock aquifer: Remediation Journal, v. 22, no. 2, p. 7-20, https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21307.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":246814,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.21307","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"West Trenton","otherGeospatial":"Naval Air Warfare Center","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-03-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0aa5e4b0c8380cd5240c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":462928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":462926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70007348,"text":"fs20103113 - 2012 - Principal aquifers can contribute radium to sources of drinking water under certain geochemical conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"fs20103113","displayToPublicDate":"2012-02-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3113","title":"Principal aquifers can contribute radium to sources of drinking water under certain geochemical conditions","docAbstract":"What are the most important factors affecting dissolved radium concentrations in principal aquifers used for drinking water in the United States? Study results reveal where radium was detected and how rock type and chemical processes control radium occurrence. Knowledge of the geochemical conditions may help water-resource managers anticipate where radium may be elevated in groundwater and minimize exposure to radium, which contributes to cancer risk. Summary of Major Findings: * Concentrations of radium in principal aquifers used for drinking water throughout the United States generally were below 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) for combined radium - radium-226 (Ra-226) plus radium-228 (Ra-228) - in public water supplies. About 3 percent of sampled wells had combined radium concentrations greater than the MCL. * Elevated concentrations of combined radium were more common in groundwater in the eastern and central United States than in other regions of the Nation. About 98 percent of the wells that contained combined radium at concentrations greater than the MCL were east of the High Plains. * The highest concentrations of combined radium were in the Mid-Continent and Ozark Plateau Cambro-Ordovician aquifer system and the Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system. More than 20 percent of sampled wells in these aquifers had combined radium concentrations that were greater than or equal to the MCL. * Concentrations of Ra-226 correlated with those of Ra-228. Radium-226 and Ra-228 occur most frequently together in unconsolidated sand aquifers, and their presence is strongly linked to groundwater chemistry. * Three common geochemical factors are associated with the highest radium concentrations in groundwater: (1) oxygen-poor water, (2) acidic conditions (low pH), and (3) high concentrations of dissolved solids.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20103113","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Fischer, J., and Hancock, T.C., 2012, Principal aquifers can contribute radium to sources of drinking water under certain geochemical conditions: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3113, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103113.","productDescription":"6 p.","temporalStart":"1990-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3113.jpg"},{"id":115789,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ba8e4b0c8380cd7e2c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":356300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fischer, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2996-9272 fischer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-9272","contributorId":573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Jeffrey M.","email":"fischer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":356299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hancock, Tracy Connell","contributorId":62295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hancock","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"Connell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":356301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039656,"text":"70039656 - 2012 - On modeling weak sinks in MODPATH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-30T10:35:22","indexId":"70039656","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:31:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On modeling weak sinks in MODPATH","docAbstract":"Regional groundwater flow systems often contain both strong sinks and weak sinks. A strong sink extracts water from the entire aquifer depth, while a weak sink lets some water pass underneath or over the actual sink. The numerical groundwater flow model MODFLOW may allow a sink cell to act as a strong or weak sink, hence extracting all water that enters the cell or allowing some of that water to pass. A physical strong sink can be modeled by either a strong sink cell or a weak sink cell, with the latter generally occurring in low resolution models. Likewise, a physical weak sink may also be represented by either type of sink cell. The representation of weak sinks in the particle tracing code MODPATH is more equivocal than in MODFLOW. With the appropriate parameterization of MODPATH, particle traces and their associated travel times to weak sink streams can be modeled with adequate accuracy, even in single layer models. Weak sink well cells, on the other hand, require special measures as proposed in the literature to generate correct particle traces and individual travel times and hence capture zones. We found that the transit time distributions for well water generally do not require special measures provided aquifer properties are locally homogeneous and the well draws water from the entire aquifer depth, an important observation for determining the response of a well to non-point contaminant inputs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00995.x","usgsCitation":"Abrams, D.B., Haitjema, H., and Kauffman, L.J., 2012, On modeling weak sinks in MODPATH: Ground Water, v. 51, no. 4, p. 597-602, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00995.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"597","endPage":"602","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-038474","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":275562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":275561,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00995.x"}],"volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f8e063e4b0cecbe8fa9894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abrams, Daniel B.","contributorId":45985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haitjema, Henk","contributorId":27769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haitjema","given":"Henk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":466681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70032665,"text":"70032665 - 2012 - Occurrence and geochemistry of radium in water from principal drinking-water aquifer systems of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-25T10:51:13","indexId":"70032665","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and geochemistry of radium in water from principal drinking-water aquifer systems of the United States","docAbstract":"A total of 1270 raw-water samples (before treatment) were collected from 15 principal and other major aquifer systems (PAs) used for drinking water in 45 states in all major physiographic provinces of the USA and analyzed for concentrations of the Ra isotopes 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra establishing the framework for evaluating Ra occurrence. The US Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 0.185Bq/L (5pCi/L) for combined Ra ( 226Ra plus 228Ra) for drinking water was exceeded in 4.02% (39 of 971) of samples for which both 226Ra and 228Ra were determined, or in 3.15% (40 of 1266) of the samples in which at least one isotope concentration ( 226Ra or 228Ra) was determined. The maximum concentration of combined Ra was 0.755Bq/L (20.4pCi/L) in water from the North Atlantic Coastal Plain quartzose sand aquifer system. All the exceedences of the MCL for combined Ra occurred in water samples from the following 7PAs (in order of decreasing relative frequency of occurrence): the Midcontinent and Ozark Plateau Cambro-Ordovician dolomites and sandstones, the North Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Floridan, the crystalline rocks (granitic, metamorphic) of New England, the Mesozoic basins of the Appalachian Piedmont, the Gulf Coastal Plain, and the glacial sands and gravels (highest concentrations in New England).The concentration of Ra was consistently controlled by geochemical properties of the aquifer systems, with the highest concentrations most likely to be present where, as a consequence of the geochemical environment, adsorption of the Ra was slightly decreased. The result is a slight relative increase in Ra mobility, especially notable in aquifers with poor sorptive capacity (Fe-oxide-poor quartzose sands and carbonates), even if Ra is not abundant in the aquifer solids. The most common occurrence of elevated Ra throughout the USA occurred in anoxic water (low dissolved-O 2) with high concentrations of Fe or Mn, and in places, high concentrations of the competing ions Ca, Mg, Ba and Sr, and occasionally of dissolved solids, K, SO 4 and HCO 3. The other water type to frequently contain elevated concentrations of the Ra radioisotopes was acidic (low pH), and had in places, high concentrations of NO 3 and other acid anions, and on occasion, of the competing divalent cations, Mn and Al. One or the other of these broad water types was commonly present in each of the PAs in which elevated concentrations of combined Ra occurred. Concentrations of 226Ra or 228Ra or combined Ra correlated significantly with those of the above listed water-quality constituents (on the basis of the non-parametric Spearman correlation technique) and loaded on principal components describing the above water types from the entire data set and for samples from the PAs with the highest combined Ra concentrations.Concentrations of 224Ra and 226Ra were significantly correlated to those of 228Ra (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, +0.236 and +0.326, respectively). Activity ratios of 224Ra/ 228Ra in the water samples were mostly near 1 when concentrations of both isotopes were greater than or equal to 0.037Bq/L (1pCi/L), the level above which analytical results were most reliable. Co-occurrence among these highest concentrations of the Ra radionuclides was most likely in those PAs where chemical conditions are most conducive to Ra mobility (e.g. acidic North Atlantic Coastal Plain). The concentrations of 224Ra were occasionally greater than 0.037Bq/L and the ratios of 224Ra/ 228Ra were generally highest in the PAs composed of alluvial sands and Cretaceous/Tertiary sandstones from the western USA, likely because concentrations of 224Ra are enhanced in solution relative to those of 228Ra by alpha recoil from the aquifer matrix. Rapid adsorption of the two Ra isotopes (controlled by the alkaline and oxic aquifer geochemistry) combined with preferential faster recoil of 224Ra generates a 224Ra/ 228Ra ratio much greater than ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., DePaul, V.T., Fischer, J., Kraemer, T.F., and Jacobsen, E., 2012, Occurrence and geochemistry of radium in water from principal drinking-water aquifer systems of the United States: Applied Geochemistry, v. 27, no. 3, p. 729-752, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002.","startPage":"729","endPage":"752","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":474677,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":241597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213923,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.11.002"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b6ce4b0c8380cd746a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Z. 0000-0002-0760-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":44302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DePaul, Vincent T. 0000-0002-7977-5217 vdepaul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-5217","contributorId":2778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePaul","given":"Vincent","email":"vdepaul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, J.M. 0000-0003-2996-9272","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-9272","contributorId":74419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kraemer, T. F.","contributorId":63400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jacobsen, E.","contributorId":101462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70206144,"text":"70206144 - 2011 - Demonstration/validation of the snap sampler passive groundwater sampling device at the former McClellan Air Force Base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-23T16:40:08","indexId":"70206144","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-31T16:23:53","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"ERDC/CRREL TR-11-3","title":"Demonstration/validation of the snap sampler passive groundwater sampling device at the former McClellan Air Force Base","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Parker, L., Mulherin, N., Hall, T., Scott, C., Gagnon, K., Clausen, J., Major, W., Gibs, J., Imbrigiotta, T.E., and Gronstal, D., 2011, Demonstration/validation of the snap sampler passive groundwater sampling device at the former McClellan Air Force Base: Technical Report ERDC/CRREL TR-11-3, 117 p.","productDescription":"117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"former McClellan Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.50990486145018,\n 38.51781768295271\n ],\n [\n -121.48200988769531,\n 38.51781768295271\n ],\n [\n -121.48200988769531,\n 38.53937126712423\n ],\n [\n -121.50990486145018,\n 38.53937126712423\n ],\n [\n -121.50990486145018,\n 38.51781768295271\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, L.","contributorId":219982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulherin, Nathan","contributorId":219978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulherin","given":"Nathan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, T.","contributorId":87659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, Constance","contributorId":219985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Constance","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gagnon, K.","contributorId":219984,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gagnon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clausen, Jay","contributorId":219986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clausen","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Major, William","contributorId":199844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Major","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gibs, Jacob jgibs@usgs.gov","contributorId":1729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"Jacob","email":"jgibs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":773725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. 0000-0003-1716-4768 timbrig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":152114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas","email":"timbrig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gronstal, Donald","contributorId":219981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gronstal","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ]}