The rapid expansion of wild pig (Sus scrofa) populations across North America, coupled with increased concern over disease transmission, has intensified the need for effective management strategies. Trapping is widely regarded as the most effective control method; however, trapping events often fail to capture entire sounders. The behavioral responses of untrapped individuals following partial sounder removal remain poorly understood, potentially undermining management efficiency. We evaluated the spatiotemporal movement responses of wild pigs that became socially isolated following trapping events.
We deployed GPS collars on 18 female wild pigs from multiple sounders and quantified post-trapping movement patterns using distance from trap site, step length, persistence velocity, space covered and overlap area over a 30-day period. Movement responses were highly variable among individuals, but wild pigs travelled an average of 1.2 km from the trap, with a maximum observed distance of 6.37 km. Space-use overlap was limited, and range sizes remained relatively stable. Individuals originating from sounders with a greater proportion of females moved farther from the trap, whereas wild pigs in better body condition exhibited lower movement velocities.
Socially isolated wild pigs generally remained close to trap sites following partial sounder removal and rarely dispersed from the area. This behavioral pattern suggests a predictable post-trapping window during which untrapped individuals remain spatially accessible. These findings provide critical empirical support for adaptive trapping strategies, indicating that follow-up removal efforts can be effectively concentrated near original trap locations to improve management efficiency and reduce the risk of population persistence or disease spread. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Plants have evolved stress tolerance strategies involving trade-offs in resource conservation, mycorrhizal collaboration and plant size, yet how these strategies promote drought resistance across different herbaceous plant groups remains unknown. Leveraging 63 globally distributed grassland and shrubland sites from the International Drought Experiment, we identified plant traits linked to drought resistance in 661 populations of 421 species after 1 year of extreme drought. We assessed how traits, site precipitation and drought severity affected cover change across growth forms and lifespans, and how trait–environment interactions influenced drought resistance. Across all species, leaf N (an acquisitive trait) was associated with drought resistance, whereas in forbs, drought resistance was also associated with a conservative root trait and plant size. In addition, interactions among traits mediated drought resistance; root traits predicted performance only in concert with other traits. 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Illegally traded turtles may be intercepted by several different agencies with separate jurisdictions. When turtles are confiscated, uncertainties may make releasing them back to the wild difficult. We used tools from decision analysis to achieve the following three objectives: (1) map elements of the decision process and their relationships in the illegal turtle trade using conceptual models, (2) outline the linked decisions for turtle confiscation and repatriation using decision trees, and (3) evaluate the decision trees for two example scenarios, one with moderate uncertainty and one with high uncertainty. We used the wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) as a case study, which is a species of conservation concern in part due to illegal wildlife trafficking. We conducted 23 semi-structured interviews of decision makers in law enforcement, biologists, land managers, and zoo staff. Interviews revealed that decisions regarding the disposition of confiscated turtles are complicated by uncertainty in disease status and origin. Decision makers that handle confiscated turtles also recognize that their decisions are often made in sequence and dependent on the outcome of antecedent decisions. In evaluating our decision trees, we found that the optimal decisions for example scenarios were similar and insensitive to uncertainty. Future applications of the decision trees by decision makers would involve a decision analyst to parameterize and interpret the choices and consequences involved in working through these decision trees. Collectively, our work shows how the use of decision trees can help structure and evaluate risky decisions for repatriating confiscated wildlife.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/csp2.70165","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., DiRenzo, G.V., Fleming, J.E., McEachran, M.C., and Campbell Grant, E.H., 2025, An analysis of the linked decisions in the confiscation of illegally traded turtles: Conservation Science and Practice, e70165, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70165.","productDescription":"e70165, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-166499","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498702,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70165","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498616,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.61952248598104,\n 51.579179045299185\n ],\n [\n -97.61952248598104,\n 37.42140161216963\n ],\n [\n -66.83408644894973,\n 37.42140161216963\n ],\n [\n -66.83408644894973,\n 51.579179045299185\n ],\n [\n -97.61952248598104,\n 51.579179045299185\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Desireé","contributorId":365126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Desireé","affiliations":[{"id":36396,"text":"University of Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DiRenzo, Graziella V.","contributorId":365127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DiRenzo","given":"Graziella","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":36396,"text":"University of Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleming, Jillian Elizabeth 0000-0003-2570-914X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-914X","contributorId":238931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Jillian","email":"","middleInitial":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McEachran, Margaret C.","contributorId":365130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEachran","given":"Margaret","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36396,"text":"University of Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell Grant, Evan H. 0000-0003-4401-6496 ehgrant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-6496","contributorId":150443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell Grant","given":"Evan","email":"ehgrant@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70273509,"text":"70273509 - 2025 - Recovery of Delaware Bay horseshoe crabs following harvest reductions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-21T15:03:39.197863","indexId":"70273509","displayToPublicDate":"2025-10-27T07:57:59","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20748,"text":"Marine and Coastal Fisheries: Dynamics, Management and Ecosystem Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of Delaware Bay horseshoe crabs following harvest reductions","docAbstract":"Objective
Horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus play a vital role in the Delaware Bay ecosystem. The migratory stopover of several shorebird species occurs during the horseshoe crab spawning season, and the eggs of horseshoe crabs provide an essential food source to fuel their northward migration to breeding areas. High commercial fishery use of horseshoe crabs as bait during the 1990s coincided with a decline in crabs and shorebirds, particularly the red knot Calidris canutus rufa, which has been listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act since 2015. In response to the population decline of shorebirds, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission began reducing the harvest of horseshoe crabs in 2000 with a goal of rebuilding the population of horseshoe crabs and shorebirds that depend upon them. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether horseshoe crab harvest management in the Delaware Bay region has increased the abundance of the species in recent years.
Methods
We analyzed data from fisheries-independent trawl surveys of horseshoe crab relative abundance using a Bayesian hierarchical model to determine whether harvest management has resulted in the rebuilding of the horseshoe crab population to levels seen in 1990—a period before the overuse of horseshoe crabs and the decline in the population of red knots.
Results
Data from multiple surveys showed that the horseshoe crab population in Delaware Bay declined from the 1990s through approximately 2005, was relatively low and stable until 2010, and then increased through 2023, with a 0.38 probability of exceeding the 1990 level.
Conclusions
The results of this analysis support the effectiveness of management decisions related to horseshoe crabs in the Delaware Bay region. In response to harvest restrictions, the abundance of horseshoe crabs has neared levels observed in the early 1990s—a period prior to high commercial use and a decline in both horseshoe crabs and shorebirds that depend on them for food during annual migrations.
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Theoretical and empirical studies suggest that the expression and magnitude of behavioral plasticity are likely facilitated or constrained primarily by two factors: environmental variation and endogenous traits such as body size. The contextual role of these factors on behavioral plasticity, however, is poorly understood; there are relatively few studies that have compared the magnitude and potential drivers of behavioral plasticity at different levels (i.e., population and individual) across species, especially in free-ranging animals with diverse behavioral traits such as large mammals. Here, we quantify and test potential hypotheses for the mechanisms underpinning behavioral plasticity at the individual and population level in response to variation in summer temperatures for 1068 animal-years in 17 populations across nine species of large mammals. All populations displayed behavioral plasticity in response to increased temperatures, modifying their relative selection for heat-relieving habitat attributes (e.g., elevation) and heat-generating behavior (i.e., movement speed). We found strong support for the hypothesis that the variability of the physical environment is an important driver of behavioral plasticity—both mean population behavioral plasticity and variation among individuals within each population in plasticity were lower with increased heterogeneity of habitat attributes such as tree cover. Yet, the variability in environmental conditions (i.e., the magnitude of the temperature increase) had no effect on behavioral plasticity within and among populations. We did not detect an effect of endogenous traits on the expression of behavioral plasticity; however, we note that data availability limited our tests of this hypothesis to a select few endogenous traits (body size, feeding guild, and sex of the tracked individuals) that predominantly vary at the species level, for which we had one to three replicate populations per species. Our results provide an integrative and generalizable understanding of the expression of behavioral plasticity among populations of large mammals in temperate environments and emphasize the important but nuanced role of environmental variation in determining the scope of behavioral plasticity in these populations.
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Yet, some ecosystems appear to acclimate to multiyear drought, with constant or diminishing reductions in productivity as drought duration increases. We quantified the combined effects of drought duration and intensity on aboveground productivity in 74 grasslands and shrublands distributed globally. Ecosystem acclimation with multiyear drought was observed overall, except when droughts were extreme (i.e., ≤1-in-100-year likelihood of occurrence). Productivity losses after four consecutive years of extreme drought increased by ~2.5-fold compared with those of the first year. These results portend a foundational shift in ecosystem behavior if drought duration and intensity increase, from maintenance of reduced functioning over time to progressive and profound losses of productivity when droughts are extreme.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.ads8144","usgsCitation":"Ohlert, T., Smith, M.D., Collins, S.L., Knapp, A.K., Dukes, J.S., Sala, O.E., Wilkins, K.D., Munson, S.M., Anderson, M.I., Avolio, M.L., Chen, A., Hayden, M.T., Holdrege, M.C., Slette, I.J., Wilfahrt, P.A., Beier, C., Fraser, L.H., Jentsch, A., Loik, M.E., Luo, Y., Maestre, F.T., Phillips, R.P., Power, S.A., Yahdjian, L., Yu, Q., Chen, A., Felton, A.J., Gherardi, L.A., Lyon, N.J., Abdoli, H., Abedi, M., Alberti, J., Arroyo, A.I., Asbjornsen, H., Auge, H., Bachle, S., Bahn, M., Bartholomew, D.C., Batbaatar, A., Bauerle, T.L., Beard, K.H., Behn, K., Beil, I., Biancari, L., Blindow, I., Bondaruk, V.F., Borer, E.T., Bork, E.W., Bruschetti, C.M., Byrne, K.M., Cahill, J.F., Calvo, D.A., Carbognani, M., Carlyle, C.N., Castillioni, K., Castillo-Garcia, M., Chandregowda, M.H., Chang, S.X., Chieppa, J., Churchill, A.C., Cianciaruso, M.V., Cordeiro, A.L., 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D.W., Sánchez, A.M., Santos, B.A., Schellenberg, M.P., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Seabloom, E.W., Shen, R., Shi, B., Souza, L., Stampfli, A., Standish, R.J., Sternberg, M., Sun, W., Sünnemann, M., Tedder, M., Terry, T., Thorvaldsen, P., Tielbörger, K., Tissink, M., Vadeboncoeur, M.A., Valdecantos, A., van den Brink, L., Vandvik, V., Velle, L.G., Wanke, S., Wardle, G.M., Wei, C., Werner, C., Wiehl, G., Williams, J.L., Wolf, A.A., Wu, H., Xu, C., Yang, X., Yost, J.L., Young, A.L., Yue, P., Zeberio, J.M., Zeiter, M., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., and Zuo, X., 2025, Drought intensity and duration interact to magnify losses in primary productivity: Science, v. 390, no. 6770, p. 284-289, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ads8144.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"289","ipdsId":"IP-173236","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research 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Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"In response to growing interest in beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin of northwestern Oregon, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with Clean Water Services, collected data from 2016–17 and completed a series of studies to: (1) inventory known locations of beaver dams and activity in the Tualatin River Basin, (2) estimate the number of beaver dams in the Tualatin River Basin as of 2017 and the potential number of beaver dams that could be supported with riparian vegetation improvements, and (3) assess the effects of beaver dams and ponds on storm hydrology, hydraulics, and floodplain inundation, suspended-sediment transport and deposition, and water quality along two urban stream reaches (Fanno Creek at Greenway Park and Bronson Creek between Kaiser and Saltzman Roads). This fact sheet summarizes the results of these studies and implications for beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20253022","usgsCitation":"Jones, K.L., Smith, C.D., White, J.S., Rounds, S.A., Doyle, M.C., and Leahy, E.K., Beaver dams and their effects on urban streams in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2025–3022, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20253022","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-138686","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496063,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2025/3022/fs20253022.XML"},{"id":496061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2025/3022/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":496062,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2025/3022/fs20253022.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2025-3022"},{"id":496206,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255039","text":"SIR 2025-5039","description":"SIR 2025-5039","linkHelpText":"- Beavers in the Tualatin River Basin, Northwestern Oregon"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
601 SW 2nd Ave., Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
American beavers (Castor canadensis) are native to the Pacific Northwest, and their populations have increased in many locations after being nearly removed by historical trapping. Beaver dams have well-documented effects on water quality in forested streams, but their effects on water quality in urban streams have not been well characterized. The study documented the water-quality effects of beaver dams and beaver activity in selected urban streams of the Tualatin River Basin in northwestern Oregon. Variations in water quality upstream, downstream, and within ponded areas behind beaver dams were quantified with continuous measurements of water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH from May 2016 to November 2017 in two intensively monitored reaches of urban streams (Fanno and Bronson Creeks). Five other urban stream reaches were monitored upstream and downstream from beaver ponds using water-temperature sensors to document water-temperature changes in additional beaver-affected reaches. Spatial water-quality variations within a beaver pond along Fanno Creek were characterized in more detail on four hot summer afternoons with numerous measurements of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Results from the study were used to document and derive insights from measured patterns in the water-quality data, such as the following:
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
This study investigated the effects of natural beaver dams and ponds on sediment transport and deposition in two urban beaver-affected reaches in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon. Data were collected during 2016–17 from Fanno Creek at Greenway Park (between SW Hall Boulevard and SW Pearson Court) and Bronson Creek (between NW Laidlaw Road and NW Kaiser Road); each study reach contained multiple beaver dams. Continuous turbidity, discrete suspended-sediment samples, and streamflow measurements were collected during storms and baseflow periods to calculate suspended-sediment loads (SSLs) and to compare differences in SSLs upstream and downstream from the two beaver-affected reaches. Turbidity was measured continuously upstream, within, and downstream from these reaches to evaluate seasonal and longitudinal turbidity patterns and fluctuations. The volume and mass of sediment deposited in a large pond along the Fanno Creek study reach were also estimated. Study results include:
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
Beaver dams can help streams connect to their floodplains. These floodplain connections can expand the range of available aquatic habitats and aid in the restoration of stream and floodplain function and processes. American beavers (Castor canadensis) occupy a wide variety of aquatic habitats; however, their ability to build dams, the agent of stream and floodplain change, is constrained in large part by three physical variables—local vegetation, topography, and hydrology.
These three physical variables are combined in the Beaver Restoration Assessment Tool (BRAT), a geographic information system-based utility that uses a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) to estimate the capacity of each reach within a stream network to support beaver dams. In this study, version 1.0 of BRAT was adapted and applied to the entire perennial stream network of Tualatin River Basin in northwestern Oregon. Beaver-dam locations in the Tualatin River Basin were compiled to (1) define the distribution of dams in the basin during 2013–16 and (2) provide necessary data for calibrating and validating BRAT predictions. BRAT was calibrated to the current known distribution of dams, as compiled in the inventory. The input FIS equations of the original BRAT model were adjusted to account for local topographic conditions; specifically, the low gradient of many streams in the basin, although subsequent updates to BRAT may obviate the need for these changes.
Results from this modified BRAT model reasonably simulated the dam inventory. Results show that beavers can currently build the greatest density of dams, defined as number of dams per kilometer of stream, in the higher-gradient forested streams of the basin, whereas they can build the fewest number of dams per kilometer in urban streams along the lower-gradient valley floor. Estimated dam density was generally 5-15 dams per kilometer (km) for forested streams and 2-4 dams/km for urban streams. Improving riparian vegetation along urban streams may allow beavers to build on average four additional dams per kilometer compared to current conditions. Results from this study may help inform local stream and stormwater management by (1) identifying stream reaches with the most potential to support beaver dams, (2) determining the likely factors limiting potential for dam building, and (3) identifying potential areas where dam building may affect human infrastructure.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255039A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Clean Water Services","usgsCitation":"White, J.S., Smith, C.D., Jones, K.L., and Rounds, S.A., 2025, Stream network capacity to support beaver dams in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon, chap. A of Jones, K.L., and Smith, C.D., eds., Beavers in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5039–A, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255039A.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 20 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102303","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":495850,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/sir20255039a.pdf","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5039-A"},{"id":495854,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/sir20255039a.XML"},{"id":495852,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1SURYZ4","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream network capacity to support beaver dams, Tualatin River Basin, northwest Oregon"},{"id":496245,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PZ57QP","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Beaver dam locations and beaver activity in the Tualatin Basin, Oregon"},{"id":495851,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255039A/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5039-A"},{"id":495853,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
Growing interest in beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin of northwestern Oregon motivated a series of studies by the U.S. Geological Survey to assess the capacity of the stream network to support beaver dams and to evaluate the effects of beaver dams and ponds on urban streams. This multichapter volume describes the data collection from 2016–17 and the findings of these studies, which were done in partnership with Clean Water Services. Chapter A documents the locations of beaver dams in the Tualatin River Basin and how many beaver dams the stream network could support with existing and improved riparian vegetation. Beaver dam capacity was estimated by modifying existing tools to account for the low gradient of many streams in the Tualatin River Basin. Chapter B describes the effects of beaver dams and ponds on hydrologic and hydraulic responses of storm flows. Hydrologic and hydraulic responses for two urban stream reaches were compared with and without beaver dams and ponds and for a range of streamflow conditions using two-dimensional hydraulic models. Chapter C characterizes the effects of beaver dams and ponds on the transport and deposition of suspended sediment. Continuous turbidity, discrete suspended-sediment samples, and streamflow measurements collected during storms and base-flow periods were used to assess: (1) suspended-sediment loads upstream and downstream from two beaver-affected reaches, and (2) seasonal and longitudinal turbidity patterns. Chapter D describes the effects of beaver dams and ponds on longitudinal, spatial, and seasonal water-quality patterns. Continuous and synoptic water-quality data were collected along urban stream reaches, and net ecosystem production was calculated for two beaver-affected reaches. The findings of these studies illustrate that the effects of beaver dams and ponds on hydrology, hydraulics, suspended-sediment transport and deposition, and water quality are dependent on the characteristics of a stream reach (for example, channel gradient, groundwater exchange, and riparian vegetation) and the characteristics of beaver dams and ponds along that reach. This information can be used to consider the implications of beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin and the effects of beaver dams and ponds in urban streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255039","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Clean Water Services","usgsCitation":"Jones, K.L, and Smith, C.D., eds., Beavers in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5039, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255039.","productDescription":"Chapters A-D","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":496209,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20253022","text":"Fact Sheet 2025-3022","description":"FS 2025-3022","linkHelpText":"- Beaver dams and their effects on urban streams in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon"},{"id":496091,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
Field surveys form the basis of many research efforts and are the foundation for estimates of population size and density that inform conservation and management practices for imperiled species. As a result, evaluating the performance of different survey methods across a range of conditions that may be encountered in the field can increase understanding of the time and effort that may be required to ensure that survey results are sufficiently accurate and reliable for conservation goals. We used a spatially explicit agent-based model to simulate four commonly used freshwater mussel field survey methodologies: simple random sampling (SRS), transect random sampling (TRS), adaptive cluster sampling (ACS), and qualitative timed searches (QTS) to investigate the influence of sampling method, spatial distribution, and mussel density on the performance (i.e., accuracy, precision, and detection rate) of survey techniques. Our analysis suggests that mussel density, spatial distribution, and sampling effort influence sampling accuracy, precision, and species detection for all sampling methods. QTS produces highly variable catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) metrics when mussels are dense and/or clustered, indicating the technique may be unreliable as a proxy for density. Quantitative methods like SRS and TRS may be well-suited for estimating population characteristics, but a high level of effort may be needed to obtain reasonable accuracy when mussels occur at low densities. ACS may be more efficient for mussels at low densities, but it can be challenging to plan for the level of effort required to complete an ACS protocol. Designing an ecological survey requires careful consideration of research objectives and available resources. Future research may consider the performance of qualitative and quantitative surveys in combination as a means of overcoming some of the practical challenges of applying individual survey methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114172","usgsCitation":"Foxfoot, I.R., Cushway, K.C., Schwalb, A.N., Smith, D.R., and Swannack, T.M., 2025, Evaluating freshwater mussel sampling methodologies using a simulation model: Ecological Indicators, v. 179, 114172, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114172.","productDescription":"114172, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-181659","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114172","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":499174,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"179","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxfoot, Iris R.","contributorId":336806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foxfoot","given":"Iris","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12537,"text":"USACE","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushway, Kiara C.","contributorId":365735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cushway","given":"Kiara","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":87200,"text":"US Army Engineer Research and Development Center; UIC Government Services LLC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwalb, Astrid N.","contributorId":333385,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalb","given":"Astrid","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6677,"text":"Texas State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swannack, Todd M.","contributorId":336813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swannack","given":"Todd","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12537,"text":"USACE","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70271358,"text":"70271358 - 2025 - Origin of the high Pd/Pt ratio of the J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex Montana USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-17T15:50:42.913471","indexId":"70271358","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-12T10:47:37","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"Origin of the high Pd/Pt ratio of the J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex Montana USA","docAbstract":"The J-M Reef of the Stillwater Complex exhibits a high and consistent Pd/Pt ratio (~3.8). This ratio results from the equilibration of an immiscible sulfide liquid with a relatively high Pd/Pt silicate melt rather than an unusually Pd- and Pt-enriched parental melt. Numerical modeling suggests that the original silicate melt contained typical mantle-derived concentrations of Pd and Pt (~10–20 ppb Pd/Pt ~1). The partitioning of Pt and Pd between sulfide liquid and silicate melt alone cannot explain the consistently high Pd/Pt ratio across variable melt-to-sulfide mass ratios (R factors). Instead Pt-depletion caused by the early fractionation of Pt-alloy from S-undersaturated silicate magma likely established the high Pd/Pt signature. High Pd/Pt ratios can form through batch equilibration of sulfide liquid with silicate melt if partition coefficients are extremely high (>10⁶). Alternatively Pd enrichment may result from sulfide upgrading within the resident footwall mush under smaller partition coefficients (10⁴–10⁶) in this model the instantaneous R factors remain low (R ≈ 100–700). This limits the impact of Pt and Pd partitioning on sulfide composition and helps explain the Pd-enriched character of the J-M Reef.
","conferenceTitle":"18th SGA Biennial Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 3-7, 2025","conferenceLocation":"Golden, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, M., and Smith, W.D., 2025, Origin of the high Pd/Pt ratio of the J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex Montana USA, 18th SGA Biennial Meeting, v. II, Golden, CO, August 3-7, 2025, p. 603-606.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"606","ipdsId":"IP-175537","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":495640,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.e-sga.org/publications/conference-proceedings","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"J-M Reef Stillwater Complex","volume":"II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, Michael 0000-0002-4261-409X mjenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4261-409X","contributorId":172433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Michael","email":"mjenkins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":948210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, William D.","contributorId":361061,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"William","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":36909,"text":"CSIRO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":948211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70273047,"text":"70273047 - 2025 - Invasive predatory fish occupies highest trophic position leading to expansion of isotopic niches in a riverine food web","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-12T16:46:35.692791","indexId":"70273047","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-04T09:39:53","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invasive predatory fish occupies highest trophic position leading to expansion of isotopic niches in a riverine food web","docAbstract":"Invasive species are drivers of ecological change with the potential to reshape the structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The invasive flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) is an opportunistic predator that has established a rapidly growing population in the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, USA, since they were first detected in 2002. Although the predatory effects of invasive catfishes on native fish communities have been documented, the effects of invasion on riverine food webs are poorly understood. This study quantified the effects of invasive flathead catfish on the trophic position (TP) and isotopic niche of the river's food web by comparing invaded and non-invaded sites. In addition to flathead catfish, the food web components examined included crayfish, minnows, and two ecologically and socioeconomically important fish species: the smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). We found that flathead catfish occupied the highest TP, with a posterior mean TP of 3.08 (95% credible interval = [2.71, 3.42]), exceeding that of the two resident fish predators, the smallmouth bass and channel catfish. The TP of the resident channel catfish, which occupies a similar ecological niche, declined after flathead catfish invasion. In fact, there was a 0.92 posterior probability that channel catfish TP was lower in invaded sites than at non-invaded sites. Using a Bayesian bivariate ellipses analysis, we found overwhelming evidence of isotopic niche expansion and overlap for all components of the food web in the presence of flathead catfish. These findings support the “trophic disruption hypothesis,” where an introduced species prompts resident species to change diets in an attempt to avoid competition and predation following invasion. Our results indicate that flathead catfish invasion is altering food web structure and energy flow in a large riverine ecosystem and contributes to the breadth of knowledge regarding how ecosystems may respond to the introduction of a large predatory fish species.
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In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to temporary closure of national parks in the United States, offering a pseudonatural experiment to tease apart the effects of permanent infrastructure and transient human presence on animals. We compiled GPS tracking data from 229 individuals of 10 mammal species in 14 parks and used third-order hierarchical resource selection functions to evaluate the influence of the human footprint on animal space use in 2019 and 2020. Averaged across all parks and species, animals avoided the human footprint, whether the park was open or closed. However, although animals in remote areas showed consistent avoidance, on average those in more developed areas switched from avoidance to selection when protected areas were closed. Findings varied across species: some responded consistently negatively to the footprint (wolves, mountain goats), some positively (mule deer, red fox) and others had a strong exposure-mediated response (elk, mountain lion). 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Defaulting to a prevalent method can mask methodological variation and potential improvement in decision quality. We applied and compared methods for multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in real-world environmental planning. Decision makers at a global conservation organization formed teams to review and prioritize the allocation of resources across a set of existing strategies across seven teams. Each team evaluated and rated strategies based on a common scale composed of weighted objectives and criteria. Sensitivity analysis included implementing two different MCDA methods, varying strategy ratings, and using two different criteria weighting techniques. The MCDA methods were SMART (Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique) and ELECTRE (ELimination and Choice Expressing The REality). We tested user satisfaction between methods, overall rankings between methods, and whether MCDA improved the decision-making process. The methods did not differ in most comparisons, although participants were more likely to use the SMART method in future tradeoff decisions. We found evidence of rank correlation between methods. Lastly, the teams’ final recommendations were consistent with MCDA results. This study highlights the advantages and disadvantages of MCDA in real-world applications.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.indic.2025.100764","usgsCitation":"Martin, D.M., and Smith, D.R., 2025, Comparing SMART and ELECTRE methods for multi-criteria decision analysis: A case study evaluating conservation strategies: Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, v. 27, 100764, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2025.100764.","productDescription":"100764, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-153399","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2025.100764","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":493000,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, David M. 0000-0002-1514-5734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-5734","contributorId":210575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35215,"text":"Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":944094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70268380,"text":"70268380 - 2025 - Assimilation of reduced carbon triggers platinum alloy saturation in mafic and ultramafic magmas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T15:53:27.169903","indexId":"70268380","displayToPublicDate":"2025-06-12T09:09:33","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assimilation of reduced carbon triggers platinum alloy saturation in mafic and ultramafic magmas","docAbstract":"It is generally observed that magmatic sulfide ores have higher ratios of Pd/Pt than the mantle-like values of their parental magmas. This discrepancy has defied simple explanation because the partitioning behavior of both elements between sulfide and silicate liquids is very similar. Assimilation of sulfur- and carbon-rich country rocks by mafic and ultramafic magmas is considered a critical, if not essential, step in the formation of magmatic base metal sulfide deposits. Although there is general consensus that the assimilation of external sulfur and carbon promotes sulfide saturation, the effect of carbon assimilation on the solubilities of platinum-group elements in natural S-bearing silicate melt has been overlooked. In this study, we investigate the variations of platinum and palladium solubilities during assimilation of graphite and methane through thermodynamic modeling, in comparison with data from an array of highly distinctive magmatic sulfide ore systems representing ages from Archean to Paleozoic, melt compositions from komatiite to basalt, and magmatic settings including lavas, hypabyssal intrusions, plutonic continental arc roots, and plutonic layered intrusions, namely: Raglan, Norilsk-Talnakh, Lac des Iles, and the J-M Reef of the Stillwater Complex. We model assimilation-fractional crystallization processes to estimate the reduction of oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the melt due to incorporation of graphite and methane. The simulations show that although Pd remains highly soluble during the progressive assimilation of reduced carbon, Pt solubility decreases significantly as the silicate melt becomes increasingly reduced. With less than 8% of sediment assimilation, Pt alloy may saturate and then deviate from sulfide-undersaturated silicate melts, concomitantly increasing the Pd/Pt value of the remaining melts of the Raglan and Norilsk-Talnakh systems. For the Lac des Iles and Stillwater systems, a higher extent of assimilation is needed to reach Pt saturation because of the relatively carbon-poor nature of the lower crustal rocks. The assimilation of methane volatiles is shown to be more effective than graphite assimilation, and it provides a pathway to Pt alloy fractionation in the absence of detectable amounts of bulk host-rock assimilation. High Pd/Pt values have been documented in many world-class magmatic sulfide deposits whose parental magmas have demonstrably experienced crustal contamination. Our model suggests that although anomalous Pd/Pt values may be explained by other mechanisms such as incongruent melting of preexisting sulfide or differences in the diffusivities of the metals within achieving equilibration, the assimilation of graphite or methane may play an important role in the global occurrence of magmatic sulfide ores with elevated Pd/Pt values.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/econgeo.5165","usgsCitation":"Li, Y., Smith, W.D., Jenkins, M., Yao, Z., and Mungall, J.E., 2025, Assimilation of reduced carbon triggers platinum alloy saturation in mafic and ultramafic magmas: Economic Geology, v. 120, no. 4, p. 1025-1036, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5165.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1025","endPage":"1036","ipdsId":"IP-151208","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Ying Zhou","contributorId":357308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Ying Zhou","affiliations":[{"id":85402,"text":"Carleton University; Saskatchewan Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":941157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, William D.","contributorId":335361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":941158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenkins, Michael 0000-0002-4261-409X mjenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4261-409X","contributorId":172433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Michael","email":"mjenkins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":941159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yao, Zhuosen","contributorId":357309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yao","given":"Zhuosen","affiliations":[{"id":12433,"text":"China University of Geosciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":941160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mungall, James E. 0000-0001-9726-8545","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9726-8545","contributorId":269537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mungall","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":941161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70266893,"text":"sir20255024 - 2025 - Managing water for birds—A tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70259779,"text":"70259779 - 2024 - Managing water for birds— A tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge","indexId":"70259779","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"title":"Managing water for birds— A tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70266893,"text":"sir20255024 - 2025 - Managing water for birds—A tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon","indexId":"sir20255024","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"title":"Managing water for birds—A tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T13:47:31.053089","indexId":"sir20255024","displayToPublicDate":"2025-05-16T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5024","displayTitle":"Managing Water for Birds—A Tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Southeastern Oregon","title":"Managing water for birds—A tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon","docAbstract":"The “Water for Birds Tool” is a spreadsheet-based tool (using Microsoft Excel) designed to help resource managers assess the spatial extent and types of bird habitats in the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon. The tool quantifies the areas of open water, partial water, and water depths on a monthly timescale during the irrigation season (April–July) from 2021 to 2024. This tool combines previously published datasets and models but also incorporates new measurements collected by partners. Results show that the relation between the amount of bird habitat and the extent (partial and open water) of Malheur Lake varies by bird guild. The Donner und Blitzen River supplied all or most of the surface water inflow to Malheur Lake during the analysis years, emphasizing the importance of informed management of the river. Additional gaging of inflows and diversions and better estimates of recharge and irrigated areas can help refine estimates of water use on the refuge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, High Desert Partnership, and Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.D., 2025, Managing water for birds—A tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, southeastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5024, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255024.\n[Supersedes preprint https://doi.org/10.32942/X2N03N.]","productDescription":"Report: vii, 21 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-169682","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485975,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5024/images"},{"id":485974,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1AJAYVS","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water for Birds—A spreadsheet-based tool for the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge for irrigation months in 2021–2024"},{"id":485973,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255024/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5024"},{"id":485972,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5024/sir20255024.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5024"},{"id":485971,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5024/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":485976,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5024/sir20255024.XML"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Malheur National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.5,\n 43.75\n ],\n [\n -119.5,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 42.75\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 43.75\n ],\n [\n -119.5,\n 43.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW Second Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
Objective
Translocation is a tool being explored to restart extirpated populations or facilitate new populations of endangered spring-dependent fish populations. Our objective was to provide information on habitat requirements for endangered White River Spinedace Lepidomeda albivallis during all seasons of the year and the population demographics that are necessary to plan conservation translocations of this species
Methods
We tagged and released White River Spinedace with passive integrated transponders during four twice-a-year events. Fish were subsequently recaptured or detected on six passive antennas placed throughout the Flag Springs Complex, Nevada. We evaluated movement data to understand seasonal habitat use patterns, used a Barker model to estimate monthly survival rates, adjusted counts to account for capture probability and estimate abundance, and applied reverse-time mark–recapture models to estimate recruitment to 70 mm total length.
Results
White River Spinedace were more active but used similar habitats during spawning seasons than during nonspawning seasons. Median life expectancy was about 5 months after tagging, and only 1% of adult White River Spinedace survived 3–4 years posttagging. The estimated population size in the Flag Springs Complex during our sampling period (November 2020 to June 2022) was fewer than a thousand White River Spinedace, and this estimate has been steady or slightly increasing.
Conclusions
Complex spring habitats with water temperatures ranging about 13°C to 21°C that are free from piscivorous fish are appropriate for White River Spinedace. The White River Spinedace population at Flag Springs is small but stable or increasing in size.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/tafafs/vnaf007","usgsCitation":"Burdick, S.M., Harter, J.F., Beckstrand, M., Paul-Wilson, R.K., Hayes, B., Perry, R.W., and Smith, C.D., 2025, Seasonal movements and demographics of the endangered White River Spinedace to inform restoration and translocation: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 154, no. 3, p. 246-261, https://doi.org/10.1093/tafafs/vnaf007.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"246","endPage":"261","ipdsId":"IP-165644","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499182,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burdick, Summer M. 0000-0002-3480-5793 sburdick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-5793","contributorId":3448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdick","given":"Summer","email":"sburdick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harter, James F.","contributorId":365736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harter","given":"James","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":87201,"text":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Las Vegas, Nevada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckstrand, Mark","contributorId":365737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckstrand","given":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":87202,"text":"Nevada Department of Wildlife, Eli, Nevada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paul-Wilson, Rachael Katelyn 0000-0002-8213-1084","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-1084","contributorId":298894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul-Wilson","given":"Rachael","email":"","middleInitial":"Katelyn","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hayes, Brian S. 0000-0001-8229-4070","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-4070","contributorId":37022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Brian S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":954699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, Russell W. 0000-0003-4110-8619","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-8619","contributorId":214553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Russell","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, Collin D. 0000-0003-4184-5686 cdsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4184-5686","contributorId":3111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Collin","email":"cdsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70268343,"text":"70268343 - 2025 - C4 photosynthesis, trait spectra, and the fast-efficient phenotype","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T14:52:23.53561","indexId":"70268343","displayToPublicDate":"2025-03-25T09:49:37","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"C4 photosynthesis, trait spectra, and the fast-efficient phenotype","title":"C4 photosynthesis, trait spectra, and the fast-efficient phenotype","docAbstract":"It has been 60 years since the discovery of C4 photosynthesis, an event that rewrote our understanding of plant adaptation, ecosystem responses to global change, and global food security. 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2025 - Recovering the American horseshoe crab through a commitment to collaboration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T15:19:10.816449","indexId":"70264607","displayToPublicDate":"2025-01-22T07:53:36","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovering the American horseshoe crab through a commitment to collaboration","docAbstract":"American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus populations are recovering because of cooperation among diverse stakeholders and data-driven collective action. Limulus polyphemus is one of four extant species facing common threats, and conservation successes and limitations hold lessons applicable to all the species. We review the advancement in management and monitoring over recent decades, discuss the current population status throughout the species’ range, and describe the potential future status and recovery based on recent assessments. In retrospect, L. polyphemus conservation has followed the frameworks promoted by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature: mobilize networks to increase assessment capacity, engage diverse stakeholders, measure impacts, and amplify successes. Data show significantly increased populations in the Delaware Bay region and improved status in the Northeast. The average abundance of adults in Delaware Bay over the recent decade (2013–2022) is more than twice that in the previous decade (2003–2012). In 2022, the abundances for adult females and males in the Delaware Bay population were estimated to be 16 million and 40 million, respectively. However, reversing persistent poor conditions in some regions and mitigating the widespread threat of habitat loss from coastal development and sea level rise will rely on collaboration among diverse stakeholders to build upon the current conservation successes. Scientists and conservationists working on the horseshoe crab species indigenous to Asia are advancing along a similar track, establishing a monitoring network and mobilizing diverse stakeholders. However, there is a need for capacity building for robust assessment of the species in Asia to measure the impact of conservation, just as that need remains unmet for L. polyphemus in the Gulf of Mexico. The importance of partnerships and collaborations is apparent in their absence. The regions where partnerships and collaborations among researchers, conservationists, and agency scientists do not exist are those where the capacity for monitoring and assessment is notably lacking.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/fshmag/vuae021","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.R., Botton, M., and Shin, P., 2025, Recovering the American horseshoe crab through a commitment to collaboration: Fisheries, v. 50, no. 6, p. 255-267, https://doi.org/10.1093/fshmag/vuae021.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"267","ipdsId":"IP-168316","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":483452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.4111673628184,\n 45.59557363731551\n ],\n [\n -72.79604028478602,\n 43.2885548171144\n ],\n [\n -79.18376394472423,\n 33.98021634745319\n ],\n [\n -87.16366759369707,\n 30.59299121506301\n ],\n [\n -91.00483741761445,\n 19.98230416811475\n ],\n [\n -86.10209271501805,\n 20.250947939742574\n ],\n [\n -86.48390972813229,\n 21.472770822927\n ],\n [\n -80.01996169377958,\n 25.202938179984592\n ],\n [\n -66.81672247791515,\n 44.529009105659156\n ],\n [\n -68.4111673628184,\n 45.59557363731551\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":930940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Botton, Mark","contributorId":352360,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Botton","given":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":84189,"text":"Fordham University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":930941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shin, Paul","contributorId":352361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shin","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":84190,"text":"University of Hong Kong,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":930942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70269033,"text":"70269033 - 2025 - Predictability and behavior of water transfers across basin boundaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-15T15:23:21.548418","indexId":"70269033","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-31T10:12:34","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictability and behavior of water transfers across basin boundaries","docAbstract":"Inter-basin water transfers (IBTs) are important components of water balances of basins, and they can have substantial impact on regional water availability. Flow information is often not available at locations with known IBTs, which is a drawback in several published IBT databases. Few, if any, studies examine whether IBT flow behavior can be generalized, and if these behaviors can be predicted at undocumented locations or known IBT locations with no flow information. In this study, we employ a clustering method based on image matching to identify similar classes of flow behavior of IBTs. Machine learning models are used to assess how well IBT flow characteristics (e.g., average flow) associated with these behaviors can be predicted. These evaluations of IBTs are done for two regions in the United States. Three primary classes of IBTs (seasonal, nonseasonal/not mixed, and seasonal/mixed) are identified across the two regions analyzed. The IBT flow characteristics are accurately predicted in the northeast region. In the Colorado region, however, only the flow characteristics related to timing were accurately predicted. These results indicate that the proposed modeling framework can be used to identify generalizable IBT flow characteristics. This framework is shown to predict flow characteristics with a reasonable amount of accuracy to undocumented locations and improves previously published IBT databases by backfilling flow information to locations with a known IBT presence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13250","usgsCitation":"Eng, K., Medalie, L., Skinner, K.D., Ivahnenko, T., Heilman, J.A., and Smith, J.D., 2025, Predictability and behavior of water transfers across basin boundaries: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 61, e13250, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13250.","productDescription":"e13250, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-147952","costCenters":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13250","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":492245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.75734409961451,\n 45.09868924907843\n ],\n [\n -80.97443752275147,\n 45.09868924907843\n ],\n [\n -80.97443752275147,\n 38.117403832345445\n ],\n [\n -72.75734409961451,\n 38.117403832345445\n ],\n [\n -72.75734409961451,\n 45.09868924907843\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.52129035595209,\n 41.629774044376546\n ],\n [\n -110.52129035595209,\n 35.490831922925224\n ],\n [\n -100.9978185470249,\n 35.490831922925224\n ],\n [\n -100.9978185470249,\n 41.629774044376546\n ],\n [\n -110.52129035595209,\n 41.629774044376546\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eng, Ken 0000-0001-6838-5849 keng@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-5849","contributorId":3580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eng","given":"Ken","email":"keng@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - 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Electric dispersal barriers were installed in the Chicago Sanitary Ship Canal, within CAWS, to prevent invasive fish from reaching the Great Lakes. Despite the high efficiency of these barriers, occasional maintenance events create a vulnerability that fish can exploit to access the Great Lakes. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a carbon dioxide (CO2) infusion system to deter fish during the maintenance of the electric barriers. An algebraic slip mixture model was implemented in the OpenFOAM solver to represent the underwater CO2 bubble plume and predict the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the canal. Simulations under three canal flowrates and two sparger systems were conducted assuming a constant gas flowrate. Numerical results indicate that, for all simulated conditions, the CO2 concentration is not fully mixed creating passageways that invasive fish could potentially use to migrate upstream. Injecting 4-mm bubbles induces two large-scale recirculations that are expected to synergistically improve fish avoidance. On the other hand, injection of 20
Consideration of the full annual cycle population dynamics can provide useful insight for conservation efforts, but collecting data needed to estimate demographic parameters is often logistically difficult. For species that breed in remote areas, monitoring is often conducted during migratory stopover or at nonbreeding sites, and the recruitment rate of new breeding adults can be difficult to estimate directly. Here, we present an integrated population model that uses mark-resight and count data to estimate survival probability, population growth rate, and recruitment rate for an Arctic-breeding shorebird of conservation concern, the red knot (Calidris canutus rufa), from data collected during spring stopover in Delaware Bay, USA, from 2005 to 2018. At this site, red knots feed primarily on the eggs of spawning horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus), a legally harvested species. We used this model to estimate the relationship between horseshoe crab abundance and red knot demographics, which informed a recent revision to the framework used to establish horseshoe crab harvest regulations. Our analysis indicates that the red knot population was most likely stable from 2005 to 2018 (average λ = 1.03, 95% credible interval [CRI]: 0.961, 1.15) despite low recruitment rates (average ρ = 0.088, 95% CRI: 0.012, 0.18). Adult survival probability was positively associated with horseshoe crab abundance in the same year (β = 0.35, 95% CRI: 0.09, 0.63), but we found no effect of horseshoe crab abundance two years previously on recruitment of new adults (β = −0.08, 95% CRI: −0.41, 0.38). Our approach demonstrates the utility of integrated population models for understanding population dynamics, even when data are only available from migratory stopover monitoring.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.4439","usgsCitation":"Tucker, A.M., McGowan, C., Nuse, B., Lyons, J.E., Moore, C.T., Smith, D.R., Sweka, J., Anstead, K., DeRose-Wilson, A., and Clark, N., 2025, Estimating recruitment rate and population dynamics at a migratory stopover site using an integrated population model: Ecosphere, v. 14, no. 2, e4439, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4439.","productDescription":"e4439, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-139218","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4439","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":466429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New 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