In August 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, did a hydrogeologic and geophysical investigation to characterize the hydrostratigraphy (hydrostratigraphic zones) and also the hydrogeologic features (karst features such as sinkholes and caves) of the Edwards aquifer in a 16-square-kilometer area of northeastern Bexar County, Texas, undergoing urban development. Existing hydrostratigraphic information, enhanced by local-scale geologic mapping in the area, and surface geophysics were used to associate ranges of electrical resistivities obtained from capacitively coupled (CC) resistivity surveys, frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) surveys, time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) soundings, and two-dimensional direct-current (2D-DC) resistivity surveys with each of seven hydrostratigraphic zones (equivalent to members of the Kainer and Person Formations) of the Edwards aquifer. The principal finding of this investigation is the relation between electrical resistivity and the contacts between the hydrostratigraphic zones of the Edwards aquifer and the underlying Trinity aquifer in the area. In general, the TDEM data indicate a two-layer model in which an electrical conductor underlies an electrical resistor, which is consistent with the Trinity aquifer (conductor) underlying the Edwards aquifer (resistor). TDEM data also show the plane of Bat Cave fault, a well-known fault in the area, to be associated with a local, nearly vertical zone of low resistivity that provides evidence, although not definitive, for Bat Cave fault functioning as a flow barrier, at least locally. In general, the CC resistivity, FDEM survey, and 2D-DC resistivity survey data show a sharp electrical contrast from north to south, changing from high resistivity to low resistivity across Bat Cave fault as well as possible karst features in the study area. Interpreted karst features that show relatively low resistivity within a relatively high-resistivity area likely are attributable to clay or soil filling a sinkhole. In general, faults are inferred where lithologic incongruity indicates possible displacement. Along most inferred faults, displacement was not sufficient to place different members of the Kainer or Person Formations (hydrostratigraphic zones) adjacent across the inferred fault plane. In general, the Kainer Formation (hydrostratigraphic zones V through VIII) has a higher resistivity than the Person Formation (hydrostratigraphic zones II through IV). Although resistivity variations from the CC resistivity, FDEM, and 2D-DC resistivity surveys, with mapping information, were sufficient to allow surface mapping of the lateral extent of hydrostratigraphic zones in places, resistivity variations from TDEM data were not sufficient to allow vertical delineation of hydrostratigraphic zones; however, the Edwards aquifer-Trinity aquifer contact could be identified from the TDEM data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20085181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Shah, S., Smith, B.D., Clark, A.K., and Payne, J., 2008, An Integrated Hydrogeologic and Geophysical Investigation to Characterize the Hydrostratigraphy of the Edwards Aquifer in an Area of Northeastern Bexar County, Texas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5181, Report: vi, 26 p.; Plate: 24 x 18 inches; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085181.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 26 p.; Plate: 24 x 18 inches; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-08-01","temporalEnd":"2007-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5181.jpg"},{"id":12108,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":327655,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5181/pdf/sir2008-5181.pdf","size":"8.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327656,"rank":102,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5181/pdf/sir2008-5181-pl1.pdf","size":"26.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.43416666666667,29.634166666666665 ], [ -98.43416666666667,29.683333333333334 ], [ -98.36666666666666,29.683333333333334 ], [ -98.36666666666666,29.634166666666665 ], [ -98.43416666666667,29.634166666666665 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Sachin D.","contributorId":60174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Sachin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Allan K. 0000-0003-0099-1521 akclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1521","contributorId":1279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allan","email":"akclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Payne, Jason 0000-0003-4294-7924 jdpayne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4294-7924","contributorId":1062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Jason ","email":"jdpayne@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":301098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97135,"text":"ofr20081358 - 2008 - Analytical Results for Municipal Biosolids Samples from a Monitoring Program near Deer Trail, Colorado (U.S.A.), 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr20081358","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1358","title":"Analytical Results for Municipal Biosolids Samples from a Monitoring Program near Deer Trail, Colorado (U.S.A.), 2007","docAbstract":"Since late 1993, the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District of Denver (Metro District), a large wastewater treatment plant in Denver, Colorado, has applied Grade I, Class B biosolids to about 52,000 acres of nonirrigated farmland and rangeland near Deer Trail, Colorado (U.S.A.). In cooperation with the Metro District in 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began monitoring ground water at part of this site. In 1999, the USGS began a more comprehensive monitoring study of the entire site to address stakeholder concerns about the potential chemical effects of biosolids applications to water, soil, and vegetation. This more comprehensive monitoring program recently has been extended through 2010. Monitoring components of the more comprehensive study include biosolids collected at the wastewater treatment plant, soil, crops, dust, alluvial and bedrock ground water, and streambed sediment. Streams at the site are dry most of the year, so samples of streambed sediment deposited after rain were used to indicate surface-water effects. This report will present only analytical results for the biosolids samples collected at the Metro District wastewater treatment plant in Denver and analyzed during 2007. We have presented earlier a compilation of analytical results for the biosolids samples collected and analyzed for 1999 through 2006. More information about the other monitoring components is presented elsewhere in the literature. Priority parameters for biosolids identified by the stakeholders and also regulated by Colorado when used as an agricultural soil amendment include the total concentrations of nine trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc), plutonium isotopes, and gross alpha and beta activity. Nitrogen and chromium also were priority parameters for ground water and sediment components.\r\n\r\nIn general, the objective of each component of the study was to determine whether concentrations of priority parameters (1) were higher than regulatory limits, (2) were increasing with time, or (3) were significantly higher in biosolids-applied areas than in a similar farmed area where biosolids were not applied.\r\n\r\nPrevious analytical results indicate that the elemental composition of the biosolids from the Denver plant was consistent during 1999-2006 and this consistency continues with the samples for 2007; total concentrations of regulated trace elements remained consistently lower than the regulatory limits for the entire monitoring period.\r\n\r\nOur previously reported data (1999-2006) and data presented in this report were used to compile an inorganic-chemical biosolids signature that can be contrasted with the geochemical signature for this site. The biosolids signature and an understanding of the geology and hydrology of the site can be used to separate biosolids effects from natural geochemical effects. Elements of particular interest for a biosolids signature include bismuth, copper, silver, mercury, phosphorus, and silver.\r\n\r\nAn alternative method of digestion of biosolids was also recently investigated, and the results are presented in this report. A microwave digestion using only nitric acid at controlled elevated temperature and pressure was tested to replace the much more time-consuming and labor-intensive, traditional four-acid, hotplate method for the preparation of solutions to be analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Elements of concern determined by ICP-MS following digestion include cadmium, copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc. The microwave 'digestion' proved to be a strong acid leach, and it was less efficient at digesting the biosolids samples with consistently lower recoveries (compared to the four-acid digestion value) for most elements, but especially for the elements of concern - copper, nickel, and zinc. Other elements traditionally associated with the silicate or oxide minerals demonstrated low recoveries, especially titaniu","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081358","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., Smith, D.B., Yager, T.J., Berry, C., and Adams, M.G., 2008, Analytical Results for Municipal Biosolids Samples from a Monitoring Program near Deer Trail, Colorado (U.S.A.), 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1358, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081358.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12118,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1358/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,39.3675 ], [ -104,39.73444444444444 ], [ -103.7,39.73444444444444 ], [ -103.7,39.3675 ], [ -104,39.3675 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eb63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yager, T. J. B.","contributorId":77256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berry, C. J.","contributorId":52680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, M. G.","contributorId":84812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":86269,"text":"ofr20081306 - 2008 - Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from northern California: Results from the Geochemical Landscapes Project pilot study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:31:56.782111","indexId":"ofr20081306","displayToPublicDate":"2008-10-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1306","title":"Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from northern California: Results from the Geochemical Landscapes Project pilot study","docAbstract":"In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), and the Mexican Geological Survey (Servicio Geologico Mexicano, or SGM) initiated pilot studies in preparation for a soil geochemical survey of North America called the Geochemical Landscapes Project. The purpose of this project is to provide a better understanding of the variability in chemical composition of soils in North America. The data produced by this survey will be used to construct baseline geochemical maps for regions within the continent. Two initial pilot studies were conducted: (1) a continental-scale study involving a north-south and east-west transect across North America and (2) a regional-scale study. The pilot studies were intended to test and refine sample design, sampling protocols, and field logistics for the full continental soils geochemical survey. Smith and others (2005) reported the results from the continental-scale pilot study. The regional-scale California study was designed to represent more detailed, higher resolution geochemical investigations in a region of particular interest that was identified from the low-sample-density continental-scale survey. \r\n\r\nA 20,000-km2 area of northern California (fig. 1), representing a wide variety of topography, climate, and ecoregions, was chosen for the regional-scale pilot study. This study area also contains diverse geology and soil types and supports a wide range of land uses including agriculture in the Sacramento Valley, forested areas in portions of the Sierra Nevada, and urban/suburban centers such as Sacramento, Davis, and Stockton. Also of interest are potential effects on soil geochemistry from historical hard rock and placer gold mining in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, historical mercury mining in the Coast Range, and mining of base-metal sulfide deposits in the Klamath Mountains to the north. This report presents the major- and trace-element concentrations from the regional-scale soil geochemical survey in northern California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081306","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J.M., Goldhaber, M.B., Holloway, J.M., and Smith, D., 2008, Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from northern California: Results from the Geochemical Landscapes Project pilot study (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1306, Report; iv, 7 p.; Metadata; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081306.","productDescription":"Report; iv, 7 p.; Metadata; Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402878,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_84596.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":11852,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1306/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.14025878906249,\n 37.74031329210266\n ],\n [\n -119.84985351562499,\n 37.74031329210266\n ],\n [\n -119.84985351562499,\n 39.52099229357195\n ],\n [\n -123.14025878906249,\n 39.52099229357195\n ],\n [\n -123.14025878906249,\n 37.74031329210266\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64982a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, Jean M. 0000-0002-6614-8783 jmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-8783","contributorId":994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jean","email":"jmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, Martin B. 0000-0002-1785-4243 mgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":1339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"Martin","email":"mgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holloway, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-3603-7668 jholloway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"JoAnn","email":"jholloway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":297347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":86227,"text":"sir20085131 - 2008 - Three-Dimensional Geologic Model of Complex Fault Structures in the Upper Seco Creek Area, Medina and Uvalde Counties, South-Central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:55:10.78366","indexId":"sir20085131","displayToPublicDate":"2008-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-5131","title":"Three-Dimensional Geologic Model of Complex Fault Structures in the Upper Seco Creek Area, Medina and Uvalde Counties, South-Central Texas","docAbstract":"This multimedia report shows and describes digital three-dimensional faulted geologic surfaces and volumes of the lithologic units of the Edwards aquifer in the upper Seco Creek area of Medina and Uvalde Counties in south-central Texas. This geologic framework model was produced using (1) geologic maps and interpretations of depositional environments and paleogeography; (2) lithologic descriptions, interpretations, and geophysical logs from 31 drill holes; (3) rock core and detailed lithologic descriptions from one drill hole; (4) helicopter electromagnetic geophysical data; and (5) known major and minor faults in the study area. These faults were used because of their individual and collective effects on the continuity of the aquifer-forming units in the Edwards Group. Data and information were compared and validated with each other and reflect the complex relationships of structures in the Seco Creek area of the Balcones fault zone. \r\n\r\nThis geologic framework model can be used as a tool to visually explore and study geologic structures within the Seco Creek area of the Balcones fault zone and to show the connectivity of hydrologic units of high and low permeability between and across faults. The software can be used to display other data and information, such as drill-hole data, on this geologic framework model in three-dimensional space.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20085131","usgsCitation":"Pantea, M.P., Cole, J., Smith, B.D., Faith, J.R., Blome, C.D., and Smith, D.V., 2008, Three-Dimensional Geologic Model of Complex Fault Structures in the Upper Seco Creek Area, Medina and Uvalde Counties, South-Central Texas (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5131, Available online and on DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20085131.","productDescription":"Available online and on DVD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":229,"text":"Earth Surface Processes Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11805,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5131/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2008_5131.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pantea, Michael P. mpantea@usgs.gov","contributorId":1549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pantea","given":"Michael","email":"mpantea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":21539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Faith, Jason R.","contributorId":92758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faith","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":81822,"text":"ofr20081172 - 2008 - Analytical Results for Municipal Biosolids Samples from a Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA), 1999 through 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20081172","displayToPublicDate":"2008-06-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1172","title":"Analytical Results for Municipal Biosolids Samples from a Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA), 1999 through 2006","docAbstract":"Since late 1993, Metro Wastewater Reclamation District of Denver (Metro District), a large wastewater treatment plant in Denver, Colorado, has applied Grade I, Class B biosolids to about 52,000 acres of non-irrigated farmland and rangeland near Deer Trail, Colorado. In cooperation with the Metro District in 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began monitoring ground water at part of this site (Yager and Arnold, 2003). In 1999, the USGS began a more comprehensive monitoring study of the entire site to address stakeholder concerns about the potential chemical effects of biosolids applications. This more comprehensive monitoring program has recently been extended through 2010. Monitoring components of the more comprehensive study include biosolids collected at the wastewater treatment plant, soil, crops, dust, alluvial and bedrock ground water, and stream bed sediment. Streams at the site are dry most of the year, so samples of stream bed sediment deposited after rain were used to indicate surface-water effects. This report will present only analytical results for the biosolids samples collected at the Metro District wastewater treatment plant in Denver and analyzed during 1999 through 2006. More information about the other monitoring components is presented elsewhere in the literature (e.g., Yager and others, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2004d). Priority parameters for biosolids identified by the stakeholders and also regulated by Colorado when used as an agricultural soil amendment include the total concentrations of nine trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc), plutonium isotopes, and gross alpha and beta activity. Nitrogen and chromium also were priority parameters for ground water and sediment components.\r\nIn general, the objective of each component of the study was to determine whether concentrations of priority parameters (1) were higher than regulatory limits, (2) were increasing with time, or (3) were significantly higher in biosolids-applied areas than in a similar farmed area where biosolids were not applied.\r\nAnalytical results indicate that the elemental composition of the biosolids from the Denver plant was consistent during 1999-2006, and total concentrations of regulated trace elements were consistently lower than the regulatory limits. Plutonium isotopes were not detected in any of the biosolids samples for the entire sampling period. Analytical results for gross and were highly imprecise and erratic. As a result of the cancelation of regulation requiring their monitoring in biosolids, the determination of both was discontinued mid-study.\r\nData from this study were used to compile an inorganic-chemical biosolids signature that can be contrasted with the geochemical signature for this site. The biosolids signature and an understanding of the geology and hydrology of the site can be used to separate biosolids effects from natural geochemical effects. Elements of particular interest for a biosolids signature include bismuth, copper, silver, mercury, and phosphorus.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081172","usgsCitation":"Crock, J., Smith, D.B., Yager, T.J., Brown, Z.A., and Adams, M.G., 2008, Analytical Results for Municipal Biosolids Samples from a Monitoring Program Near Deer Trail, Colorado (USA), 1999 through 2006 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1172, iv, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081172.","productDescription":"iv, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11385,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,39.43333333333333 ], [ -104,39.75 ], [ -103.7,39.75 ], [ -103.7,39.43333333333333 ], [ -104,39.43333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yager, T. J. B.","contributorId":77256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Z. A.","contributorId":82708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, M. G.","contributorId":84812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":81254,"text":"ofr20081018 - 2008 - Helicopter Electromagnetic and Magnetic Geophysical Survey Data, Oakland, Ashland, and Firth Study Areas, Eastern Nebraska, March 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:32","indexId":"ofr20081018","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1018","title":"Helicopter Electromagnetic and Magnetic Geophysical Survey Data, Oakland, Ashland, and Firth Study Areas, Eastern Nebraska, March 2007","docAbstract":"This report is a digital data release for a helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey that was conducted during March 2007 in three 93-square-kilometer (36-square-mile) areas of eastern Nebraska as part of a joint State of Nebraska and U.S. Geological Survey study. The objective of the survey is to improve the understanding of the relationship between surface-water and ground-water systems critical to developing water resource management programs. The electromagnetic equipment consisted of six different coil-pair orientations that measured electrical resistivity at separate frequencies from about 400 hertz to about 115,000 hertz. The electromagnetic data were converted to electrical resistivity geo-referenced grids and maps, each representing different approximate depths of investigation for each area. The range of subsurface investigation is comparable to the depth of shallow aquifers. The three areas selected for the study, Ashland, Firth, and Oakland, have glacial terrains and bedrock that typify different hydrogeologic settings for surface water and ground water in eastern Nebraska. The geophysical and hydrologic information from U.S. Geological Survey studies are being used by resource managers to develop ground-water resource plans for the area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081018","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Nebraska, Conservation and Surveys Division","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Abraham, J., Cannia, J.C., Steele, G.V., and Hill, P.L., 2008, Helicopter Electromagnetic and Magnetic Geophysical Survey Data, Oakland, Ashland, and Firth Study Areas, Eastern Nebraska, March 2007 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1018, Report: iv, 16 p.; 2 Appendices; Metadata; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081018.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 16 p.; 2 Appendices; Metadata; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-03-01","temporalEnd":"2007-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11297,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1018/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635ddb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abraham, Jared D.","contributorId":42630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"Jared D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cannia, James C.","contributorId":94356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steele, Gregory V. gvsteele@usgs.gov","contributorId":783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Gregory","email":"gvsteele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":294972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":81158,"text":"sir20075191 - 2008 - Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:55:46.967026","indexId":"sir20075191","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5191","title":"Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data","docAbstract":"A high-resolution aeromagnetic survey was flown in 2001 over Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as part of a multi-disciplinary investigation of the geohydrologic framework of the Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas. The objective of the survey was to assist in mapping structural features that influence aquifer recharge and ground-water flow. The survey revealed hundreds of magnetic anomalies associated with igneous rocks that had previously been unmapped. This report presents an interpretation of the outcrops and subcrops of igneous rocks, based upon procedures of matched-filtering and potential field modeling.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sir20075191","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.V., McDougal, R., Smith, B.D., and Blome, C.D., 2008, Distribution of Igneous Rocks in Medina and Uvalde Counties, Texas, as Inferred from Aeromagnetic Data (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5191, Report: iv, 12 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075191.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Plate: 17 x 11 inches; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11188,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6491d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDougal, Robert R.","contributorId":53418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blome, Charles D. 0000-0002-3449-9378 cblome@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-9378","contributorId":1246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blome","given":"Charles","email":"cblome@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033548,"text":"70033548 - 2008 - Evaluating sampling designs by computer simulation: A case study with the Missouri bladderpod","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:32","indexId":"70033548","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3103,"text":"Population Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating sampling designs by computer simulation: A case study with the Missouri bladderpod","docAbstract":"To effectively manage rare populations, accurate monitoring data are critical. Yet many monitoring programs are initiated without careful consideration of whether chosen sampling designs will provide accurate estimates of population parameters. Obtaining accurate estimates is especially difficult when natural variability is high, or limited budgets determine that only a small fraction of the population can be sampled. The Missouri bladderpod, Lesquerella filiformis Rollins, is a federally threatened winter annual that has an aggregated distribution pattern and exhibits dramatic interannual population fluctuations. Using the simulation program SAMPLE, we evaluated five candidate sampling designs appropriate for rare populations, based on 4 years of field data: (1) simple random sampling, (2) adaptive simple random sampling, (3) grid-based systematic sampling, (4) adaptive grid-based systematic sampling, and (5) GIS-based adaptive sampling. We compared the designs based on the precision of density estimates for fixed sample size, cost, and distance traveled. Sampling fraction and cost were the most important factors determining precision of density estimates, and relative design performance changed across the range of sampling fractions. Adaptive designs did not provide uniformly more precise estimates than conventional designs, in part because the spatial distribution of L. filiformis was relatively widespread within the study site. Adaptive designs tended to perform better as sampling fraction increased and when sampling costs, particularly distance traveled, were taken into account. The rate that units occupied by L. filiformis were encountered was higher for adaptive than for conventional designs. Overall, grid-based systematic designs were more efficient and practically implemented than the others. ?? 2008 The Society of Population Ecology and Springer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10144-008-0100-x","issn":"14383","usgsCitation":"Morrison, L., Smith, D., Young, C., and Nichols, D., 2008, Evaluating sampling designs by computer simulation: A case study with the Missouri bladderpod: Population Ecology, v. 50, no. 4, p. 417-425, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-008-0100-x.","startPage":"417","endPage":"425","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214429,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-008-0100-x"},{"id":242153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bf2e4b0c8380cd52964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, L.W.","contributorId":39482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":441393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, C.","contributorId":67709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, D.W.","contributorId":107115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182105,"text":"70182105 - 2008 - Survival estimates and tailrace egress of yearling Chinook salmon through The Dalles Dam spillway using radiotelemetry, 2006: Final report of research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T11:23:45","indexId":"70182105","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Survival estimates and tailrace egress of yearling Chinook salmon through The Dalles Dam spillway using radiotelemetry, 2006: Final report of research","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Puls, A., and Smith, C.D., 2008, Survival estimates and tailrace egress of yearling Chinook salmon through The Dalles Dam spillway using radiotelemetry, 2006: Final report of research, 37 p. .","productDescription":"37 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c836e4b025c4642862a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puls, A.L.","contributorId":68978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puls","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, C. D.","contributorId":29785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032156,"text":"70032156 - 2008 - Estimation of successful breeding pairs for wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:29","indexId":"70032156","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of successful breeding pairs for wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA","docAbstract":"Under the Endangered Species Act, documenting recovery and federally mandated population levels of wolves (Canis lupus) in the Northern Rocky Mountains (NRM) requires monitoring wolf packs that successfully recruit young. United States Fish and Wildlife Service regulations define successful breeding pairs as packs estimated to contain an adult male and female, accompanied by ???2 pups on 31 December of a given year. Monitoring successful breeding pairs will become more difficult following proposed delisting of NRM wolves; alternatives to historically intensive methods, appropriate to the different ecological and regulatory context following delisting, are required. Because pack size is easier to monitor than pack composition, we estimated probability a pack would contain a successful breeding pair based on its size for wolf populations inhabiting 6 areas in the NRM. We also evaluated the extent to which differences in demography of wolves and levels of human-caused mortality among the areas influenced the probability of packs of different sizes would contain successful breeding pairs. Probability curves differed among analysis areas, depending primarily on levels of human-caused mortality, secondarily on annual population growth rate, and little on annual population density. Probabilities that packs contained successful breeding pairs were more uniformly distributed across pack sizes in areas with low levels of human mortality and stable populations. Large packs in areas with high levels of human-caused mortality and high annual growth rates had relatively high probabilities of containing breeding pairs whereas those for small packs were relatively low. Our approach can be used by managers to estimate number of successful breeding pairs in a population where number of packs and their sizes are known. Following delisting of NRM wolves, human-caused mortality is likely to increase, resulting in more small packs with low probabilities of containing breeding pairs. Differing contributions of packs to wolf population growth based on their size suggests monitoring successful breeding pairs will provide more accurate insights into population dynamics of wolves than will monitoring number of packs or individuals only.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2007-157","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, M., Ausband, D., Sime, C., Bangs, E., Gude, J., Jimenez, M., Mack, C., Meier, T., Nadeau, M., and Smith, D., 2008, Estimation of successful breeding pairs for wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 4, p. 881-891, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-157.","startPage":"881","endPage":"891","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214755,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-157"},{"id":242505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb1e4b0c8380cd52825","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, M.S.","contributorId":26724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ausband, D.E.","contributorId":83752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ausband","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sime, C.A.","contributorId":54413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sime","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bangs, E.E.","contributorId":49614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bangs","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gude, J.A.","contributorId":101092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gude","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jimenez, M.D.","contributorId":10242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jimenez","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mack, C.M.","contributorId":26534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Meier, T.J.","contributorId":66632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nadeau, M.S.","contributorId":71016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nadeau","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Smith, D.W.","contributorId":24726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70032146,"text":"70032146 - 2008 - An adaptive two-stage sequential design for sampling rare and clustered populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:25","indexId":"70032146","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3103,"text":"Population Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An adaptive two-stage sequential design for sampling rare and clustered populations","docAbstract":"How to design an efficient large-area survey continues to be an interesting question for ecologists. In sampling large areas, as is common in environmental studies, adaptive sampling can be efficient because it ensures survey effort is targeted to subareas of high interest. In two-stage sampling, higher density primary sample units are usually of more interest than lower density primary units when populations are rare and clustered. Two-stage sequential sampling has been suggested as a method for allocating second stage sample effort among primary units. Here, we suggest a modification: adaptive two-stage sequential sampling. In this method, the adaptive part of the allocation process means the design is more flexible in how much extra effort can be directed to higher-abundance primary units. We discuss how best to design an adaptive two-stage sequential sample. ?? 2008 The Society of Population Ecology and Springer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10144-008-0089-1","issn":"14383896","usgsCitation":"Brown, J., Salehi, M., Moradi, M., Bell, G., and Smith, D., 2008, An adaptive two-stage sequential design for sampling rare and clustered populations: Population Ecology, v. 50, no. 3, p. 239-245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-008-0089-1.","startPage":"239","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476759,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-008-0089-1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214595,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-008-0089-1"},{"id":242335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9e2e4b0c8380cd484eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J.A.","contributorId":43079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Salehi, M.M.","contributorId":14210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salehi","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moradi, M.","contributorId":69376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moradi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bell, G.","contributorId":21777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":434725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033750,"text":"70033750 - 2008 - Do non-native plant species affect the shape of productivity-diversity relationships?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:33","indexId":"70033750","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do non-native plant species affect the shape of productivity-diversity relationships?","docAbstract":"The relationship between ecosystem processes and species richness is an active area of research and speculation. Both theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted in numerous ecosystems. One finding of these studies is that the shape of the relationship between productivity and species richness varies considerably among ecosystems and at different spatial scales, though little is known about the relative importance of physical and biological mechanisms causing this variation. Moreover, despite widespread concern about changes in species' global distributions, it remains unclear if and how such large-scale changes may affect this relationship. We present a new conceptual model of how invasive species might modulate relationships between primary production and species richness. We tested this model using long-term data on relationships between aboveground net primary production and species richness in six North American terrestrial ecosystems. We show that primary production and abundance of non-native species are both significant predictors of species richness, though we fail to detect effects of invasion extent on the shapes of the relationship between species richness and primary production.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Midland Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[55:DNPSAT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Drake, J., Cleland, E., Horner-Devine, M.C., Fleishman, E., Bowles, C., Smith, M.D., Carney, K., Emery, S., Gramling, J., Vandermast, D., and Grace, J., 2008, Do non-native plant species affect the shape of productivity-diversity relationships?: American Midland Naturalist, v. 159, no. 1, p. 55-66, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[55:DNPSAT]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"55","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214496,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[55:DNPSAT]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":242229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"159","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0364e4b0c8380cd50482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, J.M.","contributorId":9881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleland, E.E.","contributorId":20127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleland","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horner-Devine, M. C.","contributorId":107514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horner-Devine","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleishman, E.","contributorId":77373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleishman","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowles, C.","contributorId":102284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowles","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, M. D.","contributorId":25724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carney, K.","contributorId":47992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Emery, S.","contributorId":90553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Gramling, J.","contributorId":68125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gramling","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Vandermast, D.B.","contributorId":66500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandermast","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70031974,"text":"70031974 - 2008 - Sandwave migration in Monterey Submarine Canyon, Central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70031974","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sandwave migration in Monterey Submarine Canyon, Central California","docAbstract":"Repeated high-resolution multibeam bathymetric surveys from 2002 through 2006 at the head of the Monterey Submarine Canyon reveal a sandwave field along the canyon axis between 20 and 250??m water depth. These sandwaves range in wavelength from 20 to 70??m and 1 to 3??m in height. A quantitative measure was devised to determine the direction of sandwave migration based on the asymmetry of their profiles. Despite appreciable spatial variation the sandwaves were found to migrate in a predominantly down-canyon direction, regardless of season and tidal phases. A yearlong ADCP measurement at 250??m water depth showed that intermittent internal tidal oscillations dominated the high-speed canyon currents (50-80??cm/s), which are not correlated with the spring-neap tidal cycle. Observed currents of 50??cm/s or higher were predominantly down-canyon. Applying a simple empirical model, flows of such magnitudes were shown to be able to generate sandwaves of a size similar to the observed ones. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2007.11.005","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Xu, J.P., Wong, F.L., Kvitek, R., Smith, D., and Paull, C.K., 2008, Sandwave migration in Monterey Submarine Canyon, Central California: Marine Geology, v. 248, no. 3-4, p. 193-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.11.005.","startPage":"193","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215053,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.11.005"},{"id":242822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86aee4b08c986b31608d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xu, J. P.","contributorId":74528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, F. L.","contributorId":87515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvitek, R.","contributorId":65683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvitek","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D.P.","contributorId":64911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70032034,"text":"70032034 - 2008 - Physical and chemical changes in the foreshore of an estuarine beach: Implications for viability and development of horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus eggs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:27","indexId":"70032034","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical and chemical changes in the foreshore of an estuarine beach: Implications for viability and development of horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus eggs","docAbstract":"Knowledge of conditions that favor development of eggs is important for management of species whose population growth is sensitive to early life history survival. Viability and development of the eggs of horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus on a sand and gravel beach were evaluated using data gathered on Delaware Bay, USA, from 18 May to 19 June 2004. Eggs were transplanted to pouches and buried in the foreshore for up to 6 wk. Viability and developmental stage were estimated as a function of oxygen and temperature gradients across the foreshore. These gradients were related to the characteristics of the intertidal foreshore sediments, beach water table changes, and frequency of inundation due to tide and swash/backwash processes. Results demonstrate the importance of interstitial temperature for development to larvae and the passive role of sediment characteristics on moisture retention and temperature. Percentage of eggs remaining in egg stage was similar across the foreshore, but more eggs developed to embryos at 0.45 of foreshore width, where moisture and gravel content were greater and interstitial temperature was lower. More eggs developed to larvae at 0.60 and 0.75 of foreshore width, where moisture and gravel content were less but interstitial temperature was higher. The beach above 0.75 of foreshore width came under the influence of wave action or full tidal inundation only during high wave heights or spring tides, and pouches at 0.75 of foreshore width were inundated only 19% of the time. Periodic wetting at this elevation did not reduce overall viability of the eggs. High wave energy events resulted in sediment activation depths to pouches at 0.30 of foreshore width, where loss of eggs due to wave activation was the most important control on the development of eggs. ?? Inter-Research 2008.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3354/meps07211","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Jackson, N., Smith, D., and Nordstrom, K., 2008, Physical and chemical changes in the foreshore of an estuarine beach: Implications for viability and development of horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus eggs: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 355, p. 209-218, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07211.","startPage":"209","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476882,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":214932,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07211"},{"id":242693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"355","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a6ee4b0c8380cd78ee1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, N.L.","contributorId":104189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":434246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, K.F.","contributorId":17733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033494,"text":"70033494 - 2008 - Factors affecting detection of burrowing owl nests during standardized surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033494","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting detection of burrowing owl nests during standardized surveys","docAbstract":"Identifying causes of declines and evaluating effects of management practices on persistence of local populations of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) requires accurate estimates of abundance and population trends. Moreover, regulatory agencies in the United States and Canada typically require surveys to detect nest burrows prior to approving developments or other activities in areas that are potentially suitable for nesting burrowing owls. In general, guidelines on timing of surveys have been lacking and surveys have been conducted at different times of day and in different stages of the nesting cycle. We used logistic regression to evaluate 7 factors that could potentially affect probability of a surveyor detecting a burrowing owl nest. We conducted 1,444 detection trials at 323 burrowing owl nests within 3 study areas in Washington and Wyoming, USA, between February and August 2000-2002. Detection probability was highest during the nestling period and increased with ambient temperature. The other 5 factors that we examined (i.e., study area, time of day, timing within the breeding season, wind speed, % cloud cover) interacted with another factor to influence detection probability. Use of call-broadcast surveys increased detection probability, even during daylight hours when we detected >95% of owls visually. Optimal timing of surveys will vary due to differences in breeding phenology and differences in nesting behavior across populations. Nevertheless, we recommend ???3 surveys per year: one that coincides with the laying and incubation period, another that coincides with the early nestling period, and a third that coincides with the late nestling period. In northern latitudes, surveys can be conducted throughout the day.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2007-321","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Conway, C., Garcia, V., Smith, M.D., and Hughes, K., 2008, Factors affecting detection of burrowing owl nests during standardized surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 72, no. 3, p. 688-696, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-321.","startPage":"688","endPage":"696","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214247,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-321"},{"id":241947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e9fe4b0c8380cd5353d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conway, C.J.","contributorId":33417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, V.","contributorId":95707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, M. D.","contributorId":25724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, K.","contributorId":23754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70033701,"text":"70033701 - 2008 - Age-class structure and variability of two populations of the bluemask darter etheostoma (Doration) sp.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T15:02:58.068715","indexId":"70033701","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age-class structure and variability of two populations of the bluemask darter etheostoma (Doration) sp.","docAbstract":"The bluemask darter Etheostoma (Doration) sp. is an endangered fish endemic to the upper Caney Fork system in the Cumberland River drainage in central Tennessee. Darters (Etheostoma spp.) are typically short-lived and exhibit rapid growth that quickly decreases with age. Consequently, estimating age of darters from length-frequency distributions can be difficult and subjective. We used a nonparametric kernel density estimator to reduce subjectivity in estimating ages of bluemask darters. Data were collected from a total of 2926 bluemask darters from the Collins River throughout three growing seasons. Additionally, data were collected from 842 bluemask darters from the Rocky River during one growing season. Analysis of length-frequencies indicated the presence of four age classes in both rivers. In each river, the majority of the population was comprised of fish <3 y old. Some age-one individuals were sexually mature, but the majority of the reproductive population was comprised of older fish. Differences in age-class structure among years reflected variable year-class strength in the Collins River that seemed related to summer discharge. Male and female growth rates differed significantly (P < 0.05); males were typically larger than females of the same age after the first growing season and the majority of age-three individuals were males. Growth rates in the Collins and Rocky Rivers were similar for each sex (P > 0.05). In both rivers, females were more abundant than males.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[300:ASAVOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Simmons, J., Layzer, J.B., and Smith, D., 2008, Age-class structure and variability of two populations of the bluemask darter etheostoma (Doration) sp.: American Midland Naturalist, v. 160, no. 2, p. 300-309, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[300:ASAVOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Caney Fork, Cumberland River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.77781677246094,\n 35.88626858855547\n ],\n [\n -85.60684204101562,\n 35.88626858855547\n ],\n [\n -85.60684204101562,\n 35.97800618085566\n ],\n [\n -85.77781677246094,\n 35.97800618085566\n ],\n [\n -85.77781677246094,\n 35.88626858855547\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"160","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8fde4b0c8380cd48010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simmons, J.W.","contributorId":93715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Layzer, James B. jim_layzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layzer","given":"James","email":"jim_layzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":442049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D.D.","contributorId":85539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033234,"text":"70033234 - 2008 - Reply to Bridge (2008) Discussion of articles in \"Sedimentary features of tsunami deposits\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:34","indexId":"70033234","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to Bridge (2008) Discussion of articles in \"Sedimentary features of tsunami deposits\"","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.08.006","issn":"00370","usgsCitation":"Jaffe, B.E., Morton, R., Kortekaas, S., Dawson, A., Smith, D., Gelfenbaum, G., Foster, I., Long, D., and Shi, S., 2008, Reply to Bridge (2008) Discussion of articles in \"Sedimentary features of tsunami deposits\": Sedimentary Geology, v. 211, no. 3-4, p. 95-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.08.006.","startPage":"95","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":476697,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/5320/1/Reply_all_Bridge_SedGeol.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":240956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213340,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.08.006"}],"volume":"211","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa760e4b0c8380cd8539d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, R.A.","contributorId":53849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kortekaas, S.","contributorId":78943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kortekaas","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, A.G.","contributorId":107939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.E.","contributorId":44109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Foster, I.D.L.","contributorId":19376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"I.D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Long, D.","contributorId":25766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shi, S.","contributorId":69367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shi","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":439954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70031893,"text":"70031893 - 2008 - Using HEM surveys to evaluate disposal of by-product water from CBNG development in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:26","indexId":"70031893","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using HEM surveys to evaluate disposal of by-product water from CBNG development in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Production of methane from thick, extensive coal beds in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming has created water management issues. Since development began in 1997, more than 650 billion liters of water have been produced from approximately 22,000 wells. Infiltration impoundments are used widely to dispose of by-product water from coal bed natural gas (CBNG) production, but their hydrogeologic effects are poorly understood. Helicopter electromagnetic surveys (HEM) were completed in July 2003 and July 2004 to characterize the hydrogeology of an alluvial aquifer along the Powder River. The aquifer is receiving CBNG produced water discharge from infiltration impoundments. HEM data were subjected to Occam's inversion algorithms to determine the aquifer bulk conductivity, which was then correlated towater salinity using site-specific sampling results. The HEM data provided high-resolution images of salinity levels in the aquifer, a result not attainable using traditional sampling methods. Interpretation of these images reveals clearly the produced water influence on aquifer water quality. Potential shortfalls to this method occur where there is no significant contrast in aquifer salinity and infiltrating produced water salinity and where there might be significant changes in aquifer lithology. Despite these limitations, airborne geophysical methods can provide a broadscale (watershed-scale) tool to evaluate CBNG water disposal, especially in areas where field-based investigations are logistically prohibitive. This research has implications for design and location strategies of future CBNG water surface disposal facilities within the Powder River Basin. ?? 2008 2008 Society of ExplorationGeophysicists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1190/1.2901200","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Lipinski, B., Sams, J., Smith, B.D., and Harbert, W., 2008, Using HEM surveys to evaluate disposal of by-product water from CBNG development in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming: Geophysics, v. 73, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2901200.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214839,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2901200"},{"id":242591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc012e4b08c986b329ef0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipinski, B.A.","contributorId":53185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipinski","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sams, J.I.","contributorId":76903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sams","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, B. D.","contributorId":71123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harbert, W.","contributorId":28441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbert","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80607,"text":"ds299 - 2007 - Major- and Trace-Element Concentrations in Soils from Two Geochemical Surveys (1972 and 2005) of the Denver, Colorado, Metropolitan Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:33:29.824984","indexId":"ds299","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"299","title":"Major- and Trace-Element Concentrations in Soils from Two Geochemical Surveys (1972 and 2005) of the Denver, Colorado, Metropolitan Area","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThis report contains major- and trace-element concentration data for soil samples collected in 1972 and 2005 from the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area. A total of 405 sites were sampled in the 1972 study from an area approximately bounded by the suburbs of Golden, Thornton, Aurora, and Littleton to the west, north, east, and south, respectively. This data set included 34 duplicate samples collected in the immediate vicinity of the primary sample. In 2005, a total of 464 sites together with 34 duplicates were sampled from the same approximate localities sampled in 1972 as well as additional sites in east Aurora and the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Sample density for both surveys was on the order of 1 site per square mile. At each site, sample material was collected from a depth of 0-5 inches. Each sample collected was analyzed for near-total major- and trace-element composition by the following methods: (1) inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) for aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, iron, lanthanum, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, sulfur, tellurium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, and zinc; and (2) hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry for selenium. The samples collected in 2005 were also analyzed by a cold vapor-atomic absorption method for mercury. This report makes available the analytical results of these studies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ds299","usgsCitation":"Kilburn, J.E., Smith, D., Closs, L.G., and Smith, S.M., 2007, Major- and Trace-Element Concentrations in Soils from Two Geochemical Surveys (1972 and 2005) of the Denver, Colorado, Metropolitan Area (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 299, Report: iii, 5 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds299.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 5 p.; Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10427,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649863","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilburn, James E.","contributorId":40189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilburn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Closs, L. Graham","contributorId":89236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Closs","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Graham","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Steven M. 0000-0003-3591-5377 smsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-5377","contributorId":1460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"smsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80492,"text":"ofr20071305 - 2007 - Bathymetry, substrate and circulation in Westcott Bay, San Juan Islands, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-27T09:53:11","indexId":"ofr20071305","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1305","title":"Bathymetry, substrate and circulation in Westcott Bay, San Juan Islands, Washington","docAbstract":"Nearshore bathymetry, substrate type, and circulation patterns in Westcott Bay, San Juan Islands, Washington, were mapped using two acoustic sonar systems, video and direct sampling of seafloor sediments. The goal of the project was to characterize nearshore habitat and conditions influencing eelgrass (Z. marina) where extensive loss has occurred since 1995. A principal hypothesis for the loss of eelgrass is a recent decrease in light availability for eelgrass growth due to increase in turbidity associated with either an increase in fine sedimentation or biological productivity within the bay. To explore sources for this fine sediment and turbidity, a dual-frequency Biosonics sonar operating at 200 and 430 kHz was used to map seafloor depth, morphology and vegetation along 69 linear kilometers of the bay. The higher frequency 430 kHz system also provided information on particulate concentrations in the water column. A boat-mounted 600 kHz RDI Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) was used to map current velocity and direction and water column backscatter intensity along another 29 km, with select measurements made to characterize variations in circulation with tides. An underwater video camera was deployed to ground-truth acoustic data. Seventy one sediment samples were collected to quantify sediment grain size distributions across Westcott Bay. Sediment samples were analyzed for grain size at the Western Coastal and Marine Geology Team sediment laboratory in Menlo Park, Calif. These data reveal that the seafloor near the entrance to Westcott Bay is rocky with a complex morphology and covered with dense and diverse benthic vegetation. Current velocities were also measured to be highest at the entrance and along a deep channel extending 1 km into the bay. The substrate is increasingly comprised of finer sediments with distance into Westcott Bay where current velocities are lower. This report describes the data collected and preliminary findings of USGS Cruise B-6-07-PS conducted between May 31, 2007 and June 5, 2007.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071305","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Washington State Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Grossman, E., Stevens, A.W., Curran, C., Smith, C.D., and Schwartz, A., 2007, Bathymetry, substrate and circulation in Westcott Bay, San Juan Islands, Washington (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1305, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071305.","productDescription":"42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20071305.PNG"},{"id":10316,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1305/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":293070,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1305/of2007-1305.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Islands;Westcott Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.175,48.5875 ], [ -123.175,48.604167 ], [ -123.1375,48.604167 ], [ -123.1375,48.5875 ], [ -123.175,48.5875 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e195","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, Eric E. 0000-0003-0269-6307 egrossman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-6307","contributorId":2334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Eric E.","email":"egrossman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, Andrew W. astevens@usgs.gov","contributorId":3199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Andrew","email":"astevens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":292752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curran, Chris","contributorId":61520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Chris","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Collin D. 0000-0003-4184-5686 cdsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4184-5686","contributorId":3111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Collin","email":"cdsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schwartz, Andrew","contributorId":14906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70200422,"text":"70200422 - 2007 - Geologic controls on movement of produced-water releases at US geological survey research Site A, Skiatook lake, Osage county, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T09:00:27","indexId":"70200422","displayToPublicDate":"2007-10-01T08:59:41","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic controls on movement of produced-water releases at US geological survey research Site A, Skiatook lake, Osage county, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"
Highly saline produced water was released from multiple sources during oil field operations from 1913 to 1973 at the USGS research Site A on Skiatook Lake in northeastern Oklahoma. Two pits, designed to hold produced water and oil, were major sources for release of these fluids at the site. Produced water spills from these and other features moved downslope following topography and downdip by percolating through permeable eolian sand and colluvium, underlying permeable sandstone, and, to a lesser extent, through shales and mudstones. Saline water penetrated progressively deeper units as it moved through the gently dipping bedrock to the north and NW. A large eroded salt scar north of the pits coincides with underlying fine-grained rocks that have retained substantial concentrations of salt, causing slow revegetation. Where not eroded, thick eolian sand or permeable sandstone bedrock is near the surface, and vegetation has been little affected or has reestablished itself after the introduced salt was flushed by precipitation. The extent of salt-contaminated bedrock extends well beyond existing surface salt scars. These results indicate that one of the legacies of surface salt spills can be a volume of subsurface salinization larger than the visible surface disturbance.