A year-long study of four western Montana streams (two impacted by mining and two “pristine”) evaluated surface water geochemical dynamics on various time scales (monthly, daily, and bi-hourly). Monthly changes were dominated by snowmelt and precipitation dynamics. On the daily scale, post-rain surges in some solute and particulate concentra tions were similar to those of early spring runoff flushing characteristics on the monthly scale. On the bi-hourly scale, we observed diel (diurnal−nocturnal) cycling for pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, dissolved inorganic carbon, total suspended sediment, and some total recoverable metals at some or all sites. A comparison of the cumulative geochemical variability within each of the temporal groups reveals that for many water quality parameters there were large overlaps of concentration ranges among groups. We found that short-term (daily and bi-hourly) variations of some geochemical parameters covered large proportions of the variations found on a much longer term (monthly) time scale. These results show the importance of nesting short-term studies within long-term geochemical study designs to separate signals of environmental change from natural variability.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es025983","usgsCitation":"Nagorski, S., Moore, J., McKinnon, T.E., and Smith, D.B., 2003, Scale-dependent temporal variations in stream water geochemistry: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 37, no. 5, p. 859-864, https://doi.org/10.1021/es025983.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"864","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 44.933696389694674\n ],\n [\n -110.19287109375,\n 44.933696389694674\n ],\n [\n -110.19287109375,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 44.933696389694674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b870fe4b08c986b3162aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagorski, S.A.","contributorId":95499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagorski","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.N.","contributorId":22795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinnon, Temple E.","contributorId":40238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinnon","given":"Temple","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D. 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Nili Fossae has been interpreted as a complex of grabens and fractures related to the formation of the Isidis impact basin. We propose that post-impact faulting of this area has exposed subsurface layers rich in olivine. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Smith, C.D., Liedtke, T., Hausmann, B., Schei, J., Lyng, J., Gee, L., and Beeman, J., 2002, Egress of yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead following juvenile bypass system passage at John Day Dam, 2002.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333359,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"John Day dam ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.67245483398438,\n 45.744526980468436\n ],\n [\n -120.74798583984375,\n 45.71145365435455\n ],\n [\n -120.79742431640625,\n 45.69946573221641\n ],\n [\n -120.79742431640625,\n 45.674042835203494\n ],\n [\n -120.66558837890626,\n 45.714330373140186\n ],\n [\n -120.6182098388672,\n 45.73014967964109\n ],\n [\n -120.5474853515625,\n 45.7066587939899\n ],\n [\n -120.50971984863283,\n 45.679799974696635\n ],\n [\n -120.49736022949219,\n 45.7176863579072\n ],\n [\n -120.55503845214842,\n 45.75698431353718\n ],\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 45.75602615586017\n ],\n [\n -120.65322875976562,\n 45.74883944887109\n ],\n [\n -120.67245483398438,\n 45.744526980468436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d9ae4b01dfadfff15b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, C. D.","contributorId":29785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liedtke, T.L.","contributorId":32800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hausmann, B.J.","contributorId":177770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hausmann","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schei, J.L.","contributorId":178420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schei","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyng, J.R.","contributorId":178421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyng","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gee, L.P.","contributorId":50062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Beeman, J.W.","contributorId":32646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":32363,"text":"ofr0249 - 2002 - Aeromagnetic survey of Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:58:14.876635","indexId":"ofr0249","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-49","title":"Aeromagnetic survey of Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0249","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.V., Smith, B.D., and Hill, P.L., 2002, Aeromagnetic survey of Medina and Uvalde counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-49, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0249.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163929,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3344,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0049/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Medina, Uvalde","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689d38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David V. 0000-0003-0426-4401 dvsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-4401","contributorId":1306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"dvsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Pat L.","contributorId":35784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Pat","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216509,"text":"70216509 - 2002 - Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:29:20.90626","indexId":"70216509","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:41","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","docAbstract":"Ground electromagnetic and dc resistivity geophysical surveys were used to interpret the subsurface distribution of salinized soil, water, and bedrock at two sites (A and B) and to characterize the larger scale hydrologic setting. Measurements were made on grids of about 1000 square meters using a very shallow penetrating (less than 10 m) electromagnetic (EM) geophysical system (EM31). At site A, high subsurface conductivities (more than 100 millisiemens per meter) found below disposal ponds extended down the local hydrologic gradient to below the normal level of near by Lake Skiatook. At site B, areas of highest subsurface electrical conductivity were offset about 10 m from the center of salt scars. The area of high subsurface electrical conductivity extends in the subsurface below the normal level of Skiatook Lake. DC resistivity soundings were made in and around the two sites in order to characterize deeper (30-60 m) electrical properties of the subsurface lithology and ground water. These soundings indicate that the tight shale that dominates the local lithology is moderately electrically conductive (5 milliseimems per meter). DC soundings done in several areas at the Skiatook Lake shoreline indicate an electrically conductive (less than 10 millisiemens per meter) zone exists below the shore even away from the oil production sites. This conductive zone may indicate a mixing between fresh lake water and local ground water that has high dissolved solids. Borehole geophysical logs at site B and laboratory rock property measurements are currently being used to refine interpretation of ground geophysical measurements.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Bisdorf, R.J., Horton, R., Otton, J.K., and Hutton, R.S., 2002, Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, Robert 0000-0001-5578-3733 rhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-3733","contributorId":612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Robert","email":"rhorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hutton, Raymond S.","contributorId":79001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025114,"text":"70025114 - 2002 - Advances in directional borehole radar data analysis and visualization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025114","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Advances in directional borehole radar data analysis and visualization","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is developing a directional borehole radar (DBOR) tool for mapping fractures, lithologic changes, and underground utility and void detection. An important part of the development of the DBOR tool is data analysis and visualization, with the aim of making the software graphical user interface (GUI) intuitive and easy to use. The DBOR software system consists of a suite of signal and image processing routines written in Research Systems' Interactive Data Language (IDL). The software also serves as a front-end to many widely accepted Colorado School of Mines Center for Wave Phenomena (CWP) Seismic UNIX (SU) algorithms (Cohen and Stockwell, 2001). Although the SU collection runs natively in a UNIX environment, our system seamlessly emulates a UNIX session within a widely used PC operating system (MicroSoft Windows) using GNU tools (Noer, 1998). Examples are presented of laboratory data acquired with the prototype tool from two different experimental settings. The first experiment imaged plastic pipes in a macro-scale sand tank. The second experiment monitored the progress of an invasion front resulting from oil injection. Finally, challenges to further development and planned future work are discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"9th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","conferenceDate":"29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Santa Barbara, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.462230","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., and Brown, P., 2002, Advances in directional borehole radar data analysis and visualization, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4758, Santa Barbara, CA, 29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002, p. 251-255, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462230.","startPage":"251","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209370,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462230"},{"id":235721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4758","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e703e4b0c8380cd477c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D.V.G.","contributorId":57249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, P.J. II 0000-0002-2415-7462","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2415-7462","contributorId":83723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"P.J.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025061,"text":"70025061 - 2002 - Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70025061","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","docAbstract":"A new high-resolution directional borehole radar-logging tool (DBOR tool) was used to log three wells at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The radar system uses identical directional cavity-backed monopole transmitting and receiving antennas that can be mechanically rotated while the tool is stationary or moving slowly in a borehole. Faster reconnaissance logging with no antenna rotation was also done to find zones of interest. The microprocessor-controlled motor/encoder in the tool can rotate the antennas azimuthally, to a commanded angle, accurate to a within few degrees. The three logged wells in the unsaturated zone at the INEEL had been cored with good core recovery through most zones. After coring, PVC casing was installed in the wells. The unsaturated zone consists of layered basalt flows that are interbedded with thin layers of coarse-to-fine grained sediments. Several zones were found that show distinctive signatures consistent with fractures in the basalt. These zones may correspond to suspected preferential flow paths. The DBOR data were compared to core, and other borehole log information to help provide better understanding of hydraulic flow and transport in preferential flow paths in the unsaturated zone basalts at the INEEL.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"9th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","conferenceDate":"29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Santa Barbara, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.462208","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Moulton, C., Wright, D., Hutton, S., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2002, Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4758, Santa Barbara, CA, 29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002, p. 13-18, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462208.","startPage":"13","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209567,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462208"},{"id":236170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4758","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efc2e4b0c8380cd4a433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulton, C.W.","contributorId":81681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutton, S.R.","contributorId":50337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D.V.G.","contributorId":57249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1014982,"text":"1014982 - 2002 - Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T16:57:43.636246","indexId":"1014982","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","docAbstract":"Concern for the status of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) has increased as harvest for conch and eel bait has increased and spawning habitat has decreased. In early 1999 a workshop was held at the behest of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission to design a statistically valid survey of horseshoe crab spawning in Delaware Bay. The survey that resulted was a redesign of a volunteer-based spawning survey that began in 1990, and its network of volunteers was relied on to implement the three-stage sampling design in 1999. During May and June of 1999, 163 participants surveyed during the highest of the daily high tides on 16 beaches (8 on each site of Delaware Bay). During the first half of the spawning season, spawning was associated with lunar phases, but moderated by wave height. Disproportionately more spawning occurred within 3 d of the first new and full moons, and spawning activity (measured by an index of female density) was correlated inversely to the percent of beaches with waves ≥0.3 m. Spawning was heaviest on the Delaware shore around the full moon in May in spite of low waves in New Jersey during the new and full moons in May. Number of beaches sampled was the most important factor in determining the precision of the spawning index and power to detect a decline. Explicit consideration of statistical power has been absent from the current debate on horseshoe crab status and harvest. Those who argue against harvest restrictions because of a lack of statistically significant declines take on a burden to show that the surveys they cite have high statistical power. We show the Delaware Bay spawning survey will achieve high statistical power with sufficient sampling intensity and duration. We recommend that future Delaware Bay spawning surveys sample on 3 d around each new and full moon in May and June and increase the number of beaches to ensure high statistical power to detect trends in baywide spawning activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02696055","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Pooler, P., Swan, B., Michels, S., Hall, W., Himchak, P., and Millard, M.J., 2002, Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 1, p. 115-125, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02696055.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.081040177486095\n ],\n [\n -75.30853271484374,\n 38.88889501576177\n ],\n [\n -75.2178955078125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -75.08880615234375,\n 38.777640223073355\n ],\n [\n -74.9761962890625,\n 38.82045110711473\n ],\n [\n -74.96246337890625,\n 38.953001345359894\n ],\n [\n -74.89654541015625,\n 39.08530414503412\n ],\n [\n -74.90203857421875,\n 39.22587043822116\n ],\n [\n -75.43762207031251,\n 39.281167913914636\n ],\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.081040177486095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pooler, P.S.","contributorId":78686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooler","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swan, B.L.","contributorId":92204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swan","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michels, S.F.","contributorId":34867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michels","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hall, W.R.","contributorId":22284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Himchak, P.J.","contributorId":90252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himchak","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Millard, M. J.","contributorId":40555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millard","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024819,"text":"70024819 - 2002 - Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70024819","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams","docAbstract":"We conducted a comparative study in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area to determine the potential long-term impacts of hemlock forest decline on stream benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Hemlock forests throughout eastern North America have been declining because of the hemlock woolly adelgid, an exotic insect pest. We found aquatic invertebrate community structure to be strongly correlated with forest composition. Streams draining hemlock forests supported significantly more total taxa than streams draining mixed hardwood forests, and over 8% of the taxa were strongly associated with hemlock. In addition, invertebrate taxa were more evenly distributed (i.e., higher Simpson's evenness values) in hemlock-drained streams. In contrast, the number of rare species and total densities were significantly lower in streams draining hemlock, suggesting that diversity differences observed between forest types were not related to stochastic factors associated with sampling and that streams draining mixed hardwood forests may be more productive. Analysis of stream habitat data indicated that streams draining hemlock forests had more stable thermal and hydrologic regimes. Our findings suggest that hemlock decline may result in long-term changes in headwater ecosystems leading to reductions in both within-stream (i.e., alpha) and park-wide (i.e., gamma) benthic community diversity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f02-003","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Snyder, C., Young, J., Lemarie, D.P., and Smith, D., 2002, Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 59, no. 2, p. 262-275, https://doi.org/10.1139/f02-003.","startPage":"262","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-003"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b2ce4b0c8380cd622bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, C.D.","contributorId":73540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, J.A. 0000-0002-4500-3673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":37674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024469,"text":"70024469 - 2002 - A terrain-based paired-site sampling design to assess biodiversity losses from eastern hemlock decline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024469","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A terrain-based paired-site sampling design to assess biodiversity losses from eastern hemlock decline","docAbstract":"Biodiversity surveys are often hampered by the inability to control extraneous sources of variability introduced into comparisons of populations across a heterogenous landscape. If not specifically accounted for a priori, this noise can weaken comparisons between sites, and can make it difficult to draw inferences about specific ecological processes. We developed a terrain-based, paired-site sampling design to analyze differences in aquatic biodiversity between streams draining eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests, and those draining mixed hardwood forests in Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (USA). The goal of this design was to minimize variance due to terrain influences on stream communities, while representing the range of hemlock dominated stream environments present in the park. We used geographic information systems (GIS) and cluster analysis to define and partition hemlock dominated streams into terrain types based on topographic variables and stream order. We computed similarity of forest stands within terrain types and used this information to pair hemlock-dominated streams with hardwood counterparts prior to sampling. We evaluated the effectiveness of the design through power analysis and found that power to detect differences in aquatic invertebrate taxa richness was highest when sites were paired and terrain type was included as a factor in the analysis. Precision of the estimated difference in mean richness was nearly doubled using the terrain-based, paired site design in comparison to other evaluated designs. Use of this method allowed us to sample stream communities representative of park-wide forest conditions while effectively controlling for landscape variability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1015530712600","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Young, J., Smith, D., Snyder, C., and Lemarie, D.P., 2002, A terrain-based paired-site sampling design to assess biodiversity losses from eastern hemlock decline: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 76, no. 2, p. 167-183, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015530712600.","startPage":"167","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207865,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015530712600"},{"id":233121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5f6e4b0c8380cd47069","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, J.A. 0000-0002-4500-3673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":37674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, C.D.","contributorId":73540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179957,"text":"70179957 - 2002 - Passage behavior of radio-tagged yearling Chinook salmon and steelhead at Bonneville Dam 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T13:49:02","indexId":"70179957","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Passage behavior of radio-tagged yearling Chinook salmon and steelhead at Bonneville Dam 2002","docAbstract":"Abstract not available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","publisherLocation":"Portland OR","usgsCitation":"Evans, S., Wright, L., Smith, C.D., Wardell, R., Adams, N., and Rondorf, D., 2002, Passage behavior of radio-tagged yearling Chinook salmon and steelhead at Bonneville Dam 2002, 58 p. .","productDescription":"58 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333609,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58833029e4b0d002316377e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, S.D.","contributorId":69282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, L.S","contributorId":178349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wright","given":"L.S","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, C. D.","contributorId":29785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wardell, R.E.","contributorId":178491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wardell","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, N.S.","contributorId":178351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":659299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024058,"text":"70024058 - 2002 - Distribution of metals in water and bed sediment in a mineral-rich watershed, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:39:44.836291","indexId":"70024058","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2745,"text":"Mine Water and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of metals in water and bed sediment in a mineral-rich watershed, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"We sampled the Blackfoot River (Montana) and its major tributaries from the headwaters of the basin to near its confluence with the Clark Fork River over the course of 5 days in August 1998. We measured streamflow, collected fine-grained (<63 μm) streambed sediment, and sampled the dissolved (operationally defined as < 0.2 μm) phase of the surface water using clean techniques. Water and sediment collected from near the historic Heddleston mining district contained the highest concentrations of most trace elements in the basin. Many solute trace metals were at their highest several kilometers downstream from the mining district, where the river flows through an unremediated marsh system that has collected mine wastes in the past. Downstream on the headwaters area, water and bed sediment metal concentrations declined sharply. Comparison of sediment samples with those collected by other workers in August 1989 and August 1995 do not show evidence of basin-scale long term changes, despite the onset of remediation efforts in 1993. The area of the proposed McDonald gold deposit near the confluence of the Landers Fork with the Blackfoot River was not contributing anomalous concentrations of naturally-occurring dissolved and bed-sediment metals into the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s102300200033","usgsCitation":"Nagorski, S.A., Moore, J.N., and Smith, D., 2002, Distribution of metals in water and bed sediment in a mineral-rich watershed, Montana, USA: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 21, no. 3, p. 121-136, https://doi.org/10.1007/s102300200033.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231795,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Blackfoot River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -112.03857421875,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -112.03857421875,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 46.255846818480315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02e2e4b0c8380cd50241","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagorski, Sonia A.","contributorId":32940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagorski","given":"Sonia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Johnnie N","contributorId":289527,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"N","affiliations":[{"id":62170,"text":"Group for Quantitative Study of Snow and Ice, Department of Geosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001732,"text":"1001732 - 2002 - Leadership behavior in relation to dominance and reproductive status in gray wolves, Canis lupus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T13:01:15","indexId":"1001732","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leadership behavior in relation to dominance and reproductive status in gray wolves, Canis lupus","docAbstract":"We analyzed the leadership behavior of breeding and nonbreeding gray wolves (Canis lupus) in three packs during winter in 19971999. Scent-marking, frontal leadership (time and frequency in the lead while traveling), initiation of activity, and nonfrontal leadership were recorded during 499 h of ground-based observations in Yellowstone National Park. All observed scent-marking (N = 158) was done by breeding wolves, primarily dominant individuals. Dominant breeding pairs provided most leadership, consistent with a trend in social mammals for leadership to correlate with dominance. Dominant breeding wolves led traveling packs during 64% of recorded behavior bouts (N = 591) and 71% of observed travel time (N = 64 h). During travel, breeding males and females led packs approximately equally, which probably reflects high parental investment by both breeding male and female wolves. Newly initiated behaviors (N = 104) were prompted almost 3 times more often by dominant breeders (70%) than by nonbreeders (25%). Dominant breeding females initiated pack activities almost 4 times more often than subordinate breeding females (30 vs. 8 times). Although one subordinate breeding female led more often than individual nonbreeders in one pack in one season, more commonly this was not the case. In 12 cases breeding wolves exhibited nonfrontal leadership. Among subordinate wolves, leadership behavior was observed in subordinate breeding females and other individuals just prior to their dispersal from natal packs. Subordinate wolves were more often found leading packs that were large and contained many subordinate adults.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Pres","doi":"10.1139/z02-124","usgsCitation":"Peterson, R.O., Jacobs, A.K., Drummer, T.D., Mech, L.D., and Smith, D.W., 2002, Leadership behavior in relation to dominance and reproductive status in gray wolves, Canis lupus: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 80, no. 8, p. 1405-1412, https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-124.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1405","endPage":"1412","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Rolf O.","contributorId":166963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Rolf","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobs, Amy K.","contributorId":174754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacobs","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drummer, Thomas D.","contributorId":174755,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drummer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Douglas W.","contributorId":95727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024350,"text":"70024350 - 2002 - Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: Interactions with beach characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024350","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: Interactions with beach characteristics","docAbstract":"We used results from a survey of horseshoe crab reproductive activity that was conducted in 1999 throughout Delaware Bay to examine the relationship between estimates of spawning females and egg deposition and analyze how that relationship varies with geography, time within a spawning season, beach morphology, and wave energy. We found that beach morphology and wave energy interacted with density of spawning females to explain variation in the density and distribution of eggs and larvae. For example, the quantity of eggs in surface sediment (i.e., eggs that are potentially available to foraging shorebirds) was associated with the density of spawning females, beach morphology, and wave energy. The association between beach morphology and live eggs in surface sediment was strong especially in late May (Percent Reduction in Error = 86% from regression tree model) where egg density was an order of magnitude higher on beaches <15 m wide (3.38*105 m-2; 90% CI: 2.29*105, 4.47*105) compared to wider beaches (1.49*104 m-2; 90% CI: 4.47*103, 2.53*104). Results also indicate that, among bay-front beaches, horseshoe crabs prefer to spawn on narrow beaches, possibly because of reduced wave energy. At peak periods of spawning activity, density of spawning females was inversely related to foreshore width on mid-latitude beaches within Delaware Bay (t = -2.68, 7 df, p = 0.03). Because the distribution of eggs across the foreshore varied with beach morphology and widened as the spawning season progressed, methods used to sample eggs need to be robust to variation in beach morphology and applicable regardless of when the samples are taken. Because beach morphology and wave energy were associated with the quantity of eggs in surface sediment, certain beach types may be critical to the conservation of shorebird foraging habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Pooler, P., Loveland, R., Botton, M., Michels, S., Weber, R., and Carter, D.B., 2002, Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) reproductive activity on Delaware Bay beaches: Interactions with beach characteristics: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 4, p. 730-740.","startPage":"730","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a322ae4b0c8380cd5e594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pooler, P.S.","contributorId":78686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooler","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, R.E.","contributorId":49158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Botton, M.L.","contributorId":104682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botton","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Michels, S.F.","contributorId":34867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michels","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weber, R.G.","contributorId":38686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carter, Daniel B.","contributorId":18880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":44611,"text":"wri024261 - 2002 - Simulation of the ground-water flow system at Naval Submarine Base Bangor and vicinity, Kitsap County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"wri024261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4261","title":"Simulation of the ground-water flow system at Naval Submarine Base Bangor and vicinity, Kitsap County, Washington","docAbstract":"An evaluation of the interaction between ground-water flow on Naval Submarine Base Bangor and the regional-flow system shows that for selected alternatives of future ground-water pumping on and near the base, the risk is low that significant concentrations of on-base ground-water contamination will reach off-base public-supply wells and hypothetical wells southwest of the base. The risk is low even if worst-case conditions are considered ? no containment and remediation of on-base contamination. The evaluation also shows that future saltwater encroachment of aquifers below sea level may be possible, but this determination has considerable uncertainty associated with it. The potential effects on the ground-water flow system resulting from four hypothetical ground-water pumping alternatives were considered, including no change in 1995 pumping rates, doubling the rates, and 2020 rates estimated from population projections with two different pumping distributions. All but a continuation of 1995 pumping rates demonstrate the possibility of future saltwater encroachment in the Sea-level aquifer on Naval Submarine Base Bangor. The amount of time it would take for encroachment to occur is unknown. For all pumping alternatives, future saltwater encroachment in the Sea-level aquifer also may be possible along Puget Sound east and southeast of the base. Future saltwater encroachment in the Deep aquifer also may be possible throughout large parts of the study area. Projections of saltwater encroachment are least certain outside the boundaries of Naval Submarine Base Bangor. The potential effects of the ground-water pumping alternatives were evaluated by simulating the ground-water flow system with a three-dimensional uniform-density ground-water flow model. The model was calibrated by trial-and-error by minimizing differences between simulated and measured or estimated variables. These included water levels from prior to January 17, 1977 (termed 'predevelopment'), water-level drawdowns since predevelopment until April 15, 1995, ground-water discharge to streams in water year 1995, and residence times of ground water in different parts of the flow system that were estimated in a separate but related study. Large amounts of ground water were pumped from 1977 through 1980 from the Sea-level aquifer on Naval Submarine Base Bangor to enable the construction of an off-shore drydock. Records of the flow-system responses to the applied stresses were used to help calibrate the model. Errors in the calibrated model were significant. The poor agreement between simulated and measured values could be improved by making many local changes to hydraulic parameters but these changes were not supported by other data. Model errors may have resulted in errors in the simulated effects of ground-water pumping alternatives.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024261","usgsCitation":"Heeswijk, M.V., and Smith, D.T., 2002, Simulation of the ground-water flow system at Naval Submarine Base Bangor and vicinity, Kitsap County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4261, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024261.","productDescription":"153 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3713,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024261/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heeswijk, Marijke van","contributorId":37201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heeswijk","given":"Marijke","email":"","middleInitial":"van","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Daniel T.","contributorId":11878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44604,"text":"wri024109 - 2002 - State of flood plain vegetation within the meander belt of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River, Deer Lodge Valley, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"wri024109","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4109","title":"State of flood plain vegetation within the meander belt of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River, Deer Lodge Valley, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024109","usgsCitation":"Griffin, E.R., and Smith, J.D., 2002, State of flood plain vegetation within the meander belt of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River, Deer Lodge Valley, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4109, iv, 17 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024109.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99311,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4109/report.pdf","size":"4839","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4109/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e4080","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, James Dungan","contributorId":47008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Dungan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44598,"text":"wri024070 - 2002 - Relation between geomorphic stability and the density of large shrubs on the flood plain of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"wri024070","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4070","title":"Relation between geomorphic stability and the density of large shrubs on the flood plain of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024070","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.D., and Griffin, E.R., 2002, Relation between geomorphic stability and the density of large shrubs on the flood plain of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4070, iv, 25 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024070.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4070/report.pdf","size":"5662","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4070/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c328","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James Dungan","contributorId":47008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Dungan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":61461,"text":"mf2374 - 2001 - Geologic map of the Saint Joseph area, Missouri and Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T17:12:39.680094","indexId":"mf2374","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2374","title":"Geologic map of the Saint Joseph area, Missouri and Kansas","docAbstract":"This map was prepared as a collaborative effort with the Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey, the Kansas Geological Survey, and the Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division.
Map units and preliminary contacts between units were identified using stereoscopic pairs of high altitude, false color infrared, aerial photographs. Contacts were drawn on twelve USGS 7.5-minute topographic maps, and were checked in the field. U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Survey maps at a scale of 1:62,500 for Buchanan County, Andrew County, Platte County, and Doniphan County were used to provide a general overview of the soils of the area. A U.S. Geological Survey map at a scale of 1:24,000 showing the geohydrology of Doniphan County, Kansas; soil surveys at a scale of 1:24,000 for Buchanan County, Andrew County, and Platte County; and soil survey at a scale of 1:20,000 for Doniphan were used to corroborate map contacts and field observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2374","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey, the Kansas Geological Survey, and the Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., Brady, L.L., Smith, D., and Melick, R.A., 2001, Geologic map of the Saint Joseph area, Missouri and Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2374, 1 Plate: 62.00 x 44.00 inches; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2374.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 62.00 x 44.00 inches; Metadata","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110387,"rank":699,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54460.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"54460"},{"id":386993,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2374/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","city":"St. Joseph","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -94.625,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -94.625,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6114e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":265695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, Lawrence L.","contributorId":192492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brady","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David","contributorId":56303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Melick, Roger A.","contributorId":54302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melick","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31223,"text":"ofr0159 - 2001 - Geochemical baseline studies and relations between water quality and streamflow in the Upper Blackfoot watershed, Montana: Data for July 1997-December 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:40:15.165949","indexId":"ofr0159","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-59","title":"Geochemical baseline studies and relations between water quality and streamflow in the Upper Blackfoot watershed, Montana: Data for July 1997-December 1998","docAbstract":"We used ultraclean sampling techniques to study the solute (operationally defined as\r\n<0.2 ?m) surface water geochemistry at five sites along the Upper Blackfoot River and\r\nfour sites along the Landers Fork, some in more detail and more regularly than others. We\r\ncollected samples also from Hogum Creek, a tributary to the Blackfoot, from Copper\r\nCreek, a tributary to the Landers Fork, and from ground water seeps contributing to the\r\nflow along the Landers Fork. To better define the physical dynamics of the hydrologic\r\nsystem and to determine geochemical loads, we measured streamflow at all the sites where\r\nwe took samples for water quality analysis. The Upper Blackfoot River, which drains\r\nhistoric mines ca. 20 Km upstream of the study area, had higher trace metal concentrations\r\nthan did the Landers Fork, which drains the pristine Scapegoat Wilderness area. In both\r\nrivers, many of the major elements were inversely related to streamflow, and at some sites,\r\nseveral show a hysteresis effect in which the concentrations were lower on the rising limb\r\nof the hydrograph than on the falling limb. However, many of the trace elements followed\r\nfar more irregular trends, especially in the Blackfoot River. Elements such as As, Cu, Fe,\r\nMn, S, and Zn exhibited complex and variable temporal patterns, which included almost no\r\nresponse to streamflow differences, increased concentrations following a summer storm\r\nand at the start of snowmelt in the spring, and/or increased concentrations throughout the\r\ncourse of spring runoff. In summary, complex interactions between the timing and\r\nmagnitude of streamflow with physical and chemical processes within the watershed\r\nappeared to greatly influence the geochemistry at the sites, and streamflow values alone\r\nwere not good predictors of solute concentrations in the rivers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0159","usgsCitation":"Nagorski, S.A., Moore, J.N., and Smith, D., 2001, Geochemical baseline studies and relations between water quality and streamflow in the Upper Blackfoot watershed, Montana: Data for July 1997-December 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-59, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0159.","productDescription":"99 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406783,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37217.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2794,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0059/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Blackfoot watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.61,\n 46.949\n ],\n [\n -112.498,\n 46.949\n ],\n [\n -112.498,\n 47.017\n ],\n [\n -112.61,\n 47.017\n ],\n [\n -112.61,\n 46.949\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nagorski, Sonia A.","contributorId":32940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagorski","given":"Sonia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Johnnie N.","contributorId":102532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":205367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38275,"text":"pp1648 - 2001 - Geochemical landscapes of the conterminous United States — New map presentations for 22 elements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T19:34:28.676161","indexId":"pp1648","displayToPublicDate":"2001-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1648","title":"Geochemical landscapes of the conterminous United States — New map presentations for 22 elements","docAbstract":"Geochemical maps of the conterminous United States have been prepared for seven major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Ti) and 15 trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Hg, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V, Y, Zn, and Zr). The maps are based on an ultra low-density geochemical survey consisting of 1,323 samples of soils and other surficial materials collected from approximately 1960-1975. The data were published by Boerngen and Shacklette (1981) and black-and-white point-symbol geochemical maps were published by Shacklette and Boerngen (1984). The data have been reprocessed using weighted-median and Bootstrap procedures for interpolation and smoothing.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1648","usgsCitation":"Gustavsson, N., Bolviken, B., Smith, D.B., and Severson, R.C., 2001, Geochemical landscapes of the conterminous United States — New map presentations for 22 elements: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1648, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1648.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1648/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394532,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44847.htm"},{"id":3504,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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