In February and March of 1978, filter samplers mounted on an aircraft were used to collect the aerosol fraction of the eruption clouds from three active Guatemalan volcanoes (Fuego, Pacaya, and Santiaguito). The samples were collected on Teflon (Fluoropore) filters with a nominal pore diameter of 0.5μm. The mass of air sampled by the filters ranged from 0.15 to 6.6 kg. The particulate material collected consisted of fragments of angular silicate ash and droplets of what is interpreted as dilute H2SO4 and HCl. After collection of the samples, each filter was rinsed with 60 ml of distilled-deionized water. Splits of each extract were centrifuged to remove particles greater than or equal to 0.1 μm in diameter, acidified, and analyzed for B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, Si, Sr, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectroscopy. Separate splits were analyzed for F and Cl by specific-ion-electrode methods and for U by a fission track technique. The elements dissolved in the aqueous extracts represent components of water-soluble material either formed directly in the eruption cloud or derived from interaction of ash particles and aerosol components of the plume. Calculations of enrichment factors, based upon concentration ratios, showed the elements most enriched in the extracts relative to bulk ash composition were Cd, Cu, V, F, Cl, Zn, and Pb. These elements represent a subset (with the addition of Cl and F) of elements previously reported enriched in atmospheric aerosols in remote regions as well as in volcanic areas. This suggests that some of the enriched elements were widely dispersed as volatile halides emitted from a volcanic source.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JC087iC07p04963","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.B., Zielinski, R.A., Rose, W., and Huebert, B., 1982, Water-soluble material on aerosols collected within volcanic eruption clouds: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, v. 87, no. C7, p. 4963-4972, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC07p04963.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"4963","endPage":"4972","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"C7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcef3e4b08c986b32e64e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":361654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, W.I. Jr.","contributorId":25275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.I.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huebert, B.J.","contributorId":6189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebert","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221646,"text":"5221646 - 1981 - Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast. I. Nestling chronology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:59:34.316282","indexId":"5221646","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast. I. Nestling chronology","docAbstract":"1. Sixteen Common Tern colonies in Rhode Island, New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina were studied from May through July 1980 by four investigators. Nests were marked during egg laying and were monitored every 5-7 days until fledging of young. 2. Results from 1980 indicate that ambient temperature differences in the four study areas account for differences in the onset of egg laying with North Carolina and Virginia colonies beginning 12-16 days before New Jersey and Rhode Island birds. Temperature alone, however, does not seem to have a significant effect on either median egg-laying dates or total duration of the season. 3. The low frequency of late-season nesting was not correlated with colony size or success of peak nests in 1980, but renesting (or late nesting) in all study areas was rare because of the benign weather conditions during the spring. Similarly, no significant correlation was found between success of nests and colony size.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521131","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.C., Erwin, R., Custer, T., and Fussell, J., 1981, Common tern colonies along the mid-Atlantic coast. I. Nestling chronology: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 4, no. 1, p. 160-165, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521131.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. C. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":31057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":334352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fussell, J.O. III","contributorId":69265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fussell","given":"J.O.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":11218,"text":"ofr81118 - 1981 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":11218,"text":"ofr81118 - 1981 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"ofr81118","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"70011897","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70011897,"text":"70011897 - 1982 - Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","indexId":"70011897","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T19:49:48.648787","indexId":"ofr81118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-118","title":"Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash","docAbstract":"A study of leaching of freshly erupted basaltic and dacitic air-fall ash and bomb fragment samples, unaffected by rain, shows that glass dissolution is the dominant orocess by which uranium is initially mobilized from air-fall volcanic ash. Si, Li, and V are also Preferentially mobilized by glass dissolution. Gaseous transfer followed by fixation of soluble uranium species on volcanic-ash particles is not an important process affecting uranium mobility. Gaseous transfer, however, may be important in forming water-soluble phases, adsorbed to ash surfaces, enriched in the economically and environmentally important elements Zn, Cu, Cd, Ph, B, F, and Ba. Quick removal of these adsorbed elements by the first exposure of freshly erupted ash to rain and surface water may pose short-term hazards to certain forms of aquatic and terrestrial life. Such rapid release of material may also represent the first step in transportation of economically important elements to environments favorable for precipitation into deposits of commercial interest.
Ash samples collected from the active Guatemalan volcanoes Fuego and Pacaya (high-Al basalts) and Santiaguito (hornblende-hypersthene dacite); bomb fragments from Augustine volcano (andesite-dacite), Alaska, and Heimaey (basalt), Vestmann Islands, Iceland; and fragments of \"rhyolitic\" pumice from various historic eruptions were subjected to three successive leaches with a constant water-to-ash weight ratio of 4:1. The volcanic material was successively leached by (1) distilled-deionized water (pH = 5.0-5.5) at room temperature for 24 hours, which removes water-soluble cases and salts adsorbed on ash surfaces during eruption; (2) dilute HC1 solution (pH = 3.5-4.0) at room temperature for 24 hours, which continues the attack initiated by the water and also attacks acid-soluble sulfides and oxides; '3) a solution 0.05 M in both Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 (pH = 9.9) at 80°C for one week, which preferentially dissolves volcanic class. The first two leaches mimic interaction of ash with rain produced in the vicinity of an active eruption. The third leach accelerates the effect of prolonged contact of volcanic ash with alkaline ground water present during ash diagenesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81118","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Zielinski, R.A., and Rose, W.I., 1981, Leachability of uranium and other elements from freshly erupted volcanic ash: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-118, iii, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81118.","productDescription":"iii, 95 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144547,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":162750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":162751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":40769,"text":"ofr80297 - 1980 - Description and preliminary map of airborne electromagnetic survey of parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickinson Counties, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-06T19:15:54.211888","indexId":"ofr80297","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-297","title":"Description and preliminary map of airborne electromagnetic survey of parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickinson Counties, Michigan","docAbstract":"The data presented herein is from an airborne electromagnetic INPUT* survey conducted by Geoterrex Limited of Canada for the U.S. Geological Survey. The survey area is located in the central part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, within parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickinson Counties. The general area covered is between 46°00' and 46°30' latitude and 88°00' and 88°30' longitude (fig. 1).
The INPUT survey was flown as part of a U.S. Geological Survey CUSMAP (Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program) project focusing on the Iron River 2° quadrangle. The survey was flown in order to provide geophysical information which will aid in an integrated geological assessment of mineral potentials of this part of the Iron River 2 quadrangle. The flight-line spacing was chosen to maximize the aerial coverage without a loss of resolution of major lithologic and structural features.
East-west flight lines were flown 400 feet above ground at 1/2-mile intervals. Aerial photos were used for navigation and the flight path was recorded on continuous-strip film. A continuously recording total field ground magnetic station was used to monitor variations in the Earth's magnetic field. One north-south line was flown to provide a tie for the magnetic data which was recorded simultaneously with the electromagnetic data by a sensor mounted in the tail of the aircraft.
This report is one of two open-file reports. The map in the present report contains locations of the fiducial points, the flight lines, and preliminary locations of anomalies and conductive zones, all plotted on an air photomosaic. The latitude and longitude ticks marked on this map are only approximate due to distortion in air photos used to recover the flight line position. This map is preliminary and is not to be considered a final interpretation. The other report (Reran and Smith, 1980) contains a description of the instrument specifications, a copy of the ground station magnetic data, and a microfilm record of the electromagnetic and magnetic data, with reference to the digital data of the flight records. The purpose of two reports is to make the analog and digital records available separate from the anomaly map.
The following sections on the general description of the INPUT system are abridged from a typical interpretation report prepared by Geoterrex Limited of Ottawa, Canada for the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80297","usgsCitation":"Heran, W.D., and Smith, B.D., 1980, Description and preliminary map of airborne electromagnetic survey of parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickinson Counties, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-297, Report: ii, 9 p.; 1 Plate: 34.41 x 41.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80297.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 9 p.; 1 Plate: 34.41 x 41.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":78082,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0297/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":78083,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0297/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0297/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":390287,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11598.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Baraga County, Dickinson County, Iron County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.5,\n 46.031\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 46.031\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 46.453\n ],\n [\n -88.5,\n 46.453\n ],\n [\n -88.5,\n 46.031\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heran, William D. wheran@usgs.gov","contributorId":2246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heran","given":"William","email":"wheran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":223920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":223919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48489,"text":"ofr80296 - 1980 - Instrument specifications and geophysical records for airborne electromagnetic survey of parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickson Counties, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-30T12:44:15","indexId":"ofr80296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-296","title":"Instrument specifications and geophysical records for airborne electromagnetic survey of parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickson Counties, Michigan","docAbstract":"The data presented herein is from an airborne electromagnetic INPUT* survey conducted by Geoterrex Limited of Canada for the U.S. Geological Survey. The survey area is located in the central part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, within parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickinson Counties. The general area covered is between 46°00' and 46°30' latitude and 88°00' and 88°30' longitude (fig. 1).
The INPUT survey was flown as part of a U.S. Geological Survey CUSMAP (Conterminous United States Mineral Appraisal Program) project focusing on the Iron River 2° quadrangle. The survey was flown in order to provide geophysical information which will aid in an integrated geological assessment of mineral potentials of this part of the Iron River 2° quadrangle. The flight line spacing was chosen to maximize the areal coverage without a loss of resolution of major lithologic and structural features.
East-west flight lines were flown 400 feet above ground at 1/2 mile intervals. Aerial photos were used for navigation, and the flight path was recorded on continuous-strip film. A continuously recording total field ground magnetic station was used to monitor variations in the Earth's magnetic field. One north-south line was flown to provide a tie for the magnetic data, which was recorded simultaneously with the electromagnetic data by a sensor mounted in the tail of the aircraft.
This report is one of two open-file reports. The map in the other report Heran and Smith (1980) shows locations of the fiducial points, the flight lines, preliminary locations of anomalies and conductive zones; all plotted on an air photomosaic. The latitude and longitude ticks marked on this map are only approximate due to distortion in air photos used to recover the flight line position. This map is preliminary and is not to be considered a final interpretation. The present report contains a description of the instrument specifications, a copy of the ground station magnetic data, and a record of the electromagnetic and magnetic data, with reference to the digital data of the flight records. The purpose of two reports is to make the analog and magnetic records available separate from the anomaly map.
The following sections on the general description of the INPUT system are abridged from a typical interpretation report prepared by Geoterrex Limited of Ottawa, Canada for the U.S. Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr80296","usgsCitation":"Heran, W.D., and Smith, B.D., 1980, Instrument specifications and geophysical records for airborne electromagnetic survey of parts of Iron, Baraga, and Dickson Counties, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-296, iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80296.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349502,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0296/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0296/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Baraga County, Dickinson County, Iron County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.75,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -88.75,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -88.75,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heran, William D. wheran@usgs.gov","contributorId":2246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heran","given":"William","email":"wheran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":237611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":237610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43280,"text":"ofr79940 - 1979 - Geophysical data from the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Flathead County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T22:50:42.694727","indexId":"ofr79940","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-940","title":"Geophysical data from the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Flathead County, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr79940","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, L.J., Smith, B.D., and Scott, J.H., 1979, Geophysical data from the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Flathead County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-940, Report: 23 p.; 11 Plates: 39.67 × 24.03 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr79940.","productDescription":"Report: 23 p.; 11 Plates: 39.67 × 24.03 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":81059,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81058,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81057,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81056,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81055,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81054,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81053,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81052,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81051,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81050,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81049,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":81060,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393815,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_11429.htm"},{"id":172524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1979/0940/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Flathead County","otherGeospatial":"Blacktail Mountain drilling site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.3694,\n 48.0028\n ],\n [\n -114.3667,\n 48.0028\n ],\n [\n -114.3667,\n 48.0056\n ],\n [\n -114.3694,\n 48.0056\n ],\n [\n -114.3694,\n 48.0028\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, Louis J.","contributorId":48571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, B. D.","contributorId":71123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, James Henry","contributorId":60211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10870,"text":"ofr79849 - 1979 - Principal facts for borehole gravity stations in wells DC-3, DC-5, and DC-7 at the Hanford Site, Washington, and in well RSH No. 1 on Rattlesnake Hills, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T16:02:09.421899","indexId":"ofr79849","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"79-849","title":"Principal facts for borehole gravity stations in wells DC-3, DC-5, and DC-7 at the Hanford Site, Washington, and in well RSH No. 1 on Rattlesnake Hills, Washington","docAbstract":"Borehole gravity surveys were carried out in four wells in the State of Washington by the U.S. Geological Survey (U.S.G.S.) in September and October of 1978 using the U.S.G.S. - LaCoste and Romberg borehole gravity meter G-95 (BHGM) (McCulloh and others, 1967a; McCulloh and others, 1967b). The primary objective of this study was to obtain data for the determination of accurate in-situ formation densities in the Umtanum Flow and other flows that might be considered for storage of radioactive wastes (Atlantic Richfield Hanford Co., 1976). Another objective was to obtain accurate densities of the sediments above the basalts and of the basalt interbeds for use in making more accurate interpretations of surface gravity studies throughout the Columbia Plateau.
Removal of slime from 25% of the body caused no deaths among smolts of coho salmon in fresh water or in seawater (28‰). Removal of slime and scales from the same percentage of body area caused no deaths in fresh water, but 75% mortality within 10 days in seawater. The 10-day median tolerance limit was 10% scale removal immediately before the smolts entered seawater. Mortality was highest when the scales were removed from the area of the rib cage. Recovery of smolts in fresh water from a loss of scales that would be lethal in seawater occurred rapidly; 90% of the fish regained tolerance to seawater within 1 day.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1979)108<67:MOEDSO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bouck, G.R., and Smith, S., 1979, Mortality of experimentally descaled smolts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in fresh and salt water: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 108, no. 1, p. 67-69, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1979)108<67:MOEDSO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"69","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f4be4b0961cf2811c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bouck, Gerald R.","contributorId":152420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouck","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Stanley D.","contributorId":83417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanley D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012532,"text":"70012532 - 1979 - The flow mechanism in the Chalk based on radio-isotope analyses of groundwater in the London Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:22:10.414366","indexId":"70012532","displayToPublicDate":"1979-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The flow mechanism in the Chalk based on radio-isotope analyses of groundwater in the London Basin","docAbstract":"14C analyses of groundwaters from the Chalk of the London Basin are re-interpreted and the age of the groundwater is revised. Radio-isotope analyses are used to examine the flow mechanism in the aquifer. The evidence supports the view that a network of micro-fissures and larger intergranular pores in the matrix provides a significant part of the water pumped from Chalk wells and the major fissures distribute the water to the wells. Most of the matrix is fine-grained and contains a very old water. This diffuses into the micro-fissures and larger pores and is carried to the wells by the major fissures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90088-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Downing, R., Pearson, F., and Smith, D.B., 1979, The flow mechanism in the Chalk based on radio-isotope analyses of groundwater in the London Basin: Journal of Hydrology, v. 40, no. 1-2, p. 67-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90088-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221830,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England","otherGeospatial":"southeast England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -0.2450492943921745,\n 51.789943291380695\n ],\n [\n -0.2450492943921745,\n 51.5027068477811\n ],\n [\n 1.0281677944668104,\n 51.5027068477811\n ],\n [\n 1.0281677944668104,\n 51.789943291380695\n ],\n [\n -0.2450492943921745,\n 51.789943291380695\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac1ae4b08c986b32328c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downing, R.A.","contributorId":25293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, F.J.","contributorId":58262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9087,"text":"ofr7759 - 1977 - Summary of results from electromagnetic and galvanic soundings on Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:18","indexId":"ofr7759","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-59","title":"Summary of results from electromagnetic and galvanic soundings on Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr7759","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Zablocki, C., Frischknecht, F., and Flanigan, V.J., 1977, Summary of results from electromagnetic and galvanic soundings on Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-59, 10 [i.e. 28] leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.; (27 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7759.","productDescription":"10 [i.e. 28] leaves :ill., map ;28 cm.; (27 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698a10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":159038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zablocki, C.J.","contributorId":52178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frischknecht, F.C.","contributorId":63384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frischknecht","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flanigan, V. J.","contributorId":81097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanigan","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":159041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70009887,"text":"70009887 - 1977 - The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:58:16.607618","indexId":"70009887","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism","docAbstract":"Groundwater samples from the Lincolnshire Limestone have been analysed for tritium, radiocarbon, and the stable-isotope ratios
The δ 18O and δ D ratios imply that recharge of the aquifer during the late Pleistocene took place in the spring and autumn rather than the winter as at present. The data are interpreted by assuming that movement of water through the saturated zone is a combination of flow in fissures and “piston flow” through the micro-fissures and pores of the rock. The mechanism of water movement in the saturated zone is dominated by relatively rapid flow in fissures, but the fissure flow includes a contribution of much older water from “intergranular” storage which enters the fissures from the rock matrix by pressure differentials in the fissure distribution system and by diffusion. The distribution of water of different ages in the aquifer is closely related to recent groundwater abstraction patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(77)90035-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Downing, R., Smith, D.B., Pearson, F., Monkhouse, R., and Otlet, R., 1977, The age of groundwater in the Lincolnshire Limestone, England and its relevance to the flow mechanism: Journal of Hydrology, v. 33, no. 3-4, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(77)90035-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219493,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -1.569367198611502,\n 55.83344865674502\n ],\n [\n -4.00421712081976,\n 54.53734668289741\n ],\n [\n -2.7970653838435595,\n 51.74310947717444\n ],\n [\n -3.0625949000342825,\n 51.38897089027556\n ],\n [\n -4.598480869790404,\n 51.135281217092206\n ],\n [\n -6.286147946606356,\n 49.94852677318424\n ],\n [\n -3.7972539932850147,\n 50.10098547629013\n ],\n [\n -1.569367198611502,\n 50.64508635165089\n ],\n [\n 1.2405774951434125,\n 50.83804783552037\n ],\n [\n 2.008712239038232,\n 52.58363962347701\n ],\n [\n 0.5593430736501261,\n 54.18134611667105\n ],\n [\n -1.569367198611502,\n 55.83344865674502\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9aee4b08c986b322427","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Downing, R.A.","contributorId":25293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downing","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. B. davidsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":12840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.","email":"davidsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearson, F.J.","contributorId":58262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monkhouse, R.A.","contributorId":15071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monkhouse","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Otlet, R.L.","contributorId":76998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otlet","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":7910,"text":"ofr7617 - 1976 - Schlumberger soundings in Clayton Valley, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T15:06:03.714964","indexId":"ofr7617","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-17","title":"Schlumberger soundings in Clayton Valley, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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