Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) expands the portfolio of public water supply and improves resiliency to drought and future water demand. This study investigated the feasibility of ASR in the Bedell Flat Hydrographic Area using land-based methods including in-channel managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and rapid infiltration basins (RIB). Bedell Flat, one of two flow-through groundwater basins near Reno, Nevada, was a likely candidate for ASR because of its deep basin fill, proximity to supplemental water sources and infrastructure, and lack of development. In-channel MAR feasibility was determined from seepage losses along the Bird Springs ephemeral channel measured using Parshall flumes and heat-as-a-tracer inverse modeling. The feasibility of RIB was evaluated by characterizing vadose zone boreholes installed with roto-sonic drilling to water table. Field characterization of sediment and lithologic descriptions was accomplished at 1-foot (ft) increments. Bulk sediment samples were collected every 5 ft and cores from a split spoon were sampled at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 100 ft below land surface (bls). Collected samples were analyzed for texture, moisture content, and geochemistry.
Infiltration rates in Bird Springs channel increased downgradient with the hydraulic conductivity of the upper reaches ranging from 0.002 to 0.14 meter per hour (m/h) and the lower reaches from 0.5 to 1.5 m/h. Differences in discharge measurements indicate that seepage losses also increase down channel. When normalized to 1 ft of channel stage, modeled seepage loss rates ranged from 0.02 to 5.34 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) per mile (mi). Perched zones of soil moisture residing on top of dry fine-textured, clay-rich layers were prevalent in the Bird Springs drainage, indicating complicated flow paths for any supplement recharge water. Characterization of boreholes in Bird Springs drainage indicates low permeability clay layers 1–10 ft thick interbedded within extensive, grussy sands of high permeability. The presence of low permeability clay layers (1–10 ft thick) prompted a shift in analysis to the adjacent Sand Hills drainage where four additional boreholes indicated fewer perched water zones and at greater depths. Nitrates in the sediment pore-water (a condition that would discourage ASR) were integrated with depth to the aquifer 180 ft bls. Wells BF-MW-04 (Bird Springs) and BF-MW-07 (Sand Hills) contained 4,270 and 2,436 kilograms per hectare of nitrogen, respectively, which could potentially load excessive nitrogen to a receiving aquifer.
An economically viable ASR project requires a minimum input of 2 million gallons per day (approximately 3 ft3/s), which either channel appears to have the sufficient capacity to infiltrate such a volume before reaching the valley bottom of Bedell Flat. However, the trajectory of the infiltrated water is complicated by the lithology and lateral transmissivity of the underlying sediments. There is also concern that this volume of infiltrated water may cause undesirable groundwater levels at the outflow in less than 5 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Truckee Meadows Water Authority","programNote":"Water Availability and Use Science Program","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, T., Naranjo, R., Smith, D., and Kropf, C., 2021, Surface infiltration and unsaturated zone characterization in support of managed aquifer recharge in Bedell Flat, Washoe County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5137, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215137.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 52 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"66","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-108566","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502283,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_112066.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":393672,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OAF8L8","linkHelpText":"Supplemental data—Surface infiltration and unsaturated zone characterization in support of managed aquifer recharge, Bedell Flat, Washoe County, Nevada"},{"id":393670,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5137/sir20215137.xml"},{"id":393667,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5137/covrthb.png"},{"id":393671,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U9Q5PC","linkHelpText":"Documentation of VS2DH seepage models—Surface infiltration and unsaturated zone characterization in support of managed aquifer recharge, Washoe County, Nevada"},{"id":393669,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5137/images"},{"id":393668,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5137/sir20215137.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Washoe County","otherGeospatial":"Bedell Flat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.96383666992189,\n 39.79798577319723\n ],\n [\n -119.65621948242188,\n 39.79798577319723\n ],\n [\n -119.65621948242188,\n 39.95185892663005\n ],\n [\n -119.96383666992189,\n 39.95185892663005\n ],\n [\n -119.96383666992189,\n 39.79798577319723\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
Identifying mechanisms that underpin animal migration patterns and examining variability in space use within populations is crucial for understanding population dynamics and management implications. In this study, we quantified the migration rates, seasonal changes in migratory connectivity, and residency across population demographics (age and sex) to understand the proximate cues of migration timing in American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus). Juvenile (n = 25) and adult (n = 70) horseshoe crabs were tracked with acoustic telemetry techniques for a 3-yr period in Moriches Bay, NY. Connectivity metrics and residency probability were quantified through spatial network analysis and empirically derived Markov Chain models (EDMC), respectively. The migratory probability of adult horseshoe crabs between Moriches Bay and the Atlantic Ocean was estimated to be 41.0% (95% CI: 34.0–59.8); in contrast, only 8% (95% CI: 1.2–31.6) of juveniles migrated into the ocean. Migration timing was influenced by the interaction of photoperiod and temperature, revealing seasonal differences in migration timing and a 50% narrower range of photoperiod and temperature over which fall migrations occurred compared to spring. Sex-specific differences in space use and connectivity within each season were largely absent; however, centralized habitats were important for maintaining connectivity across all seasons. EDMC results revealed that when standardized to the number of horseshoe crab detections on each receiver, the centrally located habitats in Moriches Bay and Inlet accounted for >50% of the total relative residency probability within most seasons, indicating these areas may be preferred by adult horseshoe crabs. Ontogenetic differences in maximum spatial extent, space use, and connectivity were observed in the bay, as juveniles exhibited lower linkages between locations (n = 4) relative to adults (n = 13) during the same temporal period. Our work highlights the application of novel quantitative approaches for addressing the movement dynamics of horseshoe crabs that can be readily applied to other taxa in the context of wildlife conservation.
Sampling rare and clustered populations is challenging because of the effort required to find rare units. Heuristically, a practitioner would prefer to discontinue sampling in areas where rare units of interest are apparently extremely sparse or absent. We take advantage of the characteristics of inverse sampling to adaptively inform practitioners when it is efficient to move on to sample new areas. We introduce Adaptive Two-stage Inverse Sampling (ATIS), which is designed to leave a selected area after observation of an a priori number of only non-rare units and to continue sampling in the area when rare units are observed. ATIS is efficient in many cases and yields more rare units than conventional sampling for a rare and clustered population. We derive unbiased estimators of population total and variance. We also introduce an easy-to-compute estimator, which is nearly as efficient as the unbiased estimator. A simulation study on a rare plant population of buttercups (Ranunculus) shows that ATIS even with the easy-to-compute estimator is more efficient than its conventional sampling counterparts and is more efficient than Two-stage Adaptive Cluster Sampling (TACS) for small and moderate final sample sizes. Additional simulations reveal that ATIS is efficient for binary data (e.g., presence or absence) whereas TACS is inefficient for binary data. The overall results indicate that ATIS is consistently efficient compared to conventional sampling and to adaptive cluster sampling in some important cases.
Controlling range expansion of invasive carp (specifically Hypophthalmichthys spp.) on the Tennessee River is important to conserve the ecological and economic benefits provided by the river. We collaborated with State and Federal agencies (the stakeholder group) to develop a decision framework and decision support model to evaluate strategies to control carp expansion in the Tennessee River. Using this decision framework, we assessed the efficacy of various barrier strategies (technologies and locations) on reducing bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis [bighead carp] and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix [silver carp]) relative abundance under different patterns and magnitudes of population growth and movement. We also assessed whether or not these strategies induced tradeoffs between reducing bigheaded carp relative abundance and other considerations for public satisfaction, effects on lock operation, and native species. For the purpose of comparing options to control carp in a quantitative framework, we codeveloped a carp population dynamics model with the stakeholder group. We then used the model to compare invasive carp management options within the Tennessee River system. The actions we considered included barrier placement at lock and dam systems and targeted removal through harvest, which were believed to impede upstream carp spread and establishment. To account for the uncertainty in carp population growth and movement rates, the group developed four population models that varied in the underlying population dynamics and population growth rates. The models affected population growth through either the stock-recruitment relation or intrinsic density-dependent growth rate. We then tasked the stakeholder group to test various strategies using the model. We then developed a more formal optimization framework and solved for strategies that performed well under scenarios of barrier effectiveness, movement rate, recruitment frequency, fishing mortality, and variation in population growth rate. The results of our qualitative and quantitative analyses indicated that strategies designed to first protect reservoirs just above the leading edge of carp invasion by installing barriers and removing fish below that point would perform best; however, this depended on barrier effectiveness. When barrier effectiveness was high, simply cutting off the presumed source of carp and blocking the leading the edge was enough to stop carp invasion; however, lower effectiveness meant that more barriers would be needed to slow, but not completely stop, carp invasion. We discuss what these findings mean in terms of future monitoring and management efforts to reduce the potential for expanding carp invasion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211068","programNote":"Biological Threats Research Program","usgsCitation":"Post van der Burg, M., Smith, D.R., Cupp, A.R., Rogers, M.W., and Chapman, D.C., 2021, Decision analysis of barrier placement and targeted removal to control invasive carp in the Tennessee River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1068, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211068.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-129842","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1068/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":386493,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1068/ofr20211068.pdf","text":"Report","size":"979 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021–1068"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Tennessee River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.516845703125,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -87.12158203125,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -85.111083984375,\n 38.212288054388175\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 38.74551518488265\n ],\n [\n -84.48486328124999,\n 39.036252959636606\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -85.97900390625,\n 38.98503278695909\n ],\n [\n -87.022705078125,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -87.945556640625,\n 38.24680876017446\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 37.70120736474139\n ],\n [\n -88.78051757812499,\n 37.32648861334206\n ],\n [\n -88.472900390625,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -88.516845703125,\n 37.01132594307015\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
On June 24, 2019, Congressman Raul Grijalva of Arizona, Chair of the House Committee on Natural Resources, sent a letter to the directors of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey to request their assistance in answering questions regarding coastal sediment resource management within the Coastal Barrier Resources System as defined by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (Public Law 97–348; 96 Stat. 1653; 16 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). For the purposes of this response, coastal sediment resource management refers to the removal of sediment from one part of a barrier island system for placement in another part of the coastal system, for either hazard mitigation (for example, erosion or flood control) or coastal restoration (for example, expansion or restoration of beach, dune, and [or] marsh habitats). The specific topics of concern are as follows (paraphrased from Congressman Grijalva’s letter):
1. Disruption of coastal sediment supply resulting from sediment removal and placement, including the replenishment rate of removed sediments and impacts to other components of the barrier island system (discussed in sec. 3).
2. Physical and biological impacts of sediment removal and placement on benthic habitats (discussed in sec. 4).
3. Impacts of sediment removal and placement on fish and other marine species (discussed in sec. 5).
4. Changes in migratory bird nesting and foraging habitats resulting from sediment removal and placement (discussed in sec. 6).
5. Long-term impacts of sediment removal and placement on physical coastal resiliency (discussed in sec. 7).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","programNote":"Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program and Ecosystems Mission Area","usgsCitation":"Miselis, J.L., Flocks, J.G., Zeigler, S., Passeri, D., Smith, D.R., Bourque, J., Sherwood, C.R., Smith, C.G., Ciarletta, D.J., Smith, K., Hart, K., Kazyak, D., Berlin, A., Prohaska, B., Calleson, T., and Yanchis, K., 2021, Impacts of sediment removal from and placement in coastal barrier island systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1062, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211062.","productDescription":"viii, 94 p.","numberOfPages":"106","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-125418","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":485919,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_111412.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":386003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1062/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":386004,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1062/ofr20211062.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.23 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021–1062"},{"id":386005,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1062/images"}],"contact":"Program Coordinator, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Decreased availability of forage, as well as increased pesticide exposure, are important factors in the decline of honey bee health. Here, we isolate land cover transitions and their effect on honey production at 160 commercial apiaries in the Northern Great Plains. We found that land cover changes from 2008 to 2012 caused an annual decline in honey yields of 0.9% in the study area. Transitions from grassland to soybean (but not corn) were particularly detrimental to honey yields, potentially due to bee contact with pesticides within and around agricultural fields. When our results are applied to known apiary locations across all of North Dakota (U.S.A.), we estimate a 2.5% (1.6 million USD) decline in 2012 honey yields due to land cover changes occurring between 2008 and 2012. Even when controlling for changes in land cover, we found that on average colonies in the study area experienced a 14% annual decline in honey yields. We discuss possible explanations for these non-land-cover-related honey yield declines, including changing economic conditions (e.g. pollination services), changes in land management (e.g. pesticides), and increases in pests or diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Publishing","doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/abfde8","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Davis, A.Y., Hitaj, C., Hellerstein, D., Preslicka, A., Kirkpatrick, E., Mushet, D., and Lonsdorf, E., 2021, The contribution of land cover change to the decline of honey yields in the Northern Great Plains: Environmental Research Letters, v. 16, 064050, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abfde8.","productDescription":"064050, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-105742","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abfde8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.755859375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -99.755859375,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -99.755859375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David","contributorId":261251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":52784,"text":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Amelie Y. 0000-0001-7373-7618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-7618","contributorId":261252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Amelie","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":17754,"text":"Miami University, Department of Geography & Institute for the Environment and Sustainability","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hitaj, Claudia 0000-0002-6408-9265","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-9265","contributorId":261253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hitaj","given":"Claudia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52784,"text":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hellerstein, Dan","contributorId":261254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hellerstein","given":"Dan","affiliations":[{"id":52784,"text":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Preslicka, Amanda","contributorId":261255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Preslicka","given":"Amanda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17754,"text":"Miami University, Department of Geography & Institute for the Environment and Sustainability","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kirkpatrick, Emma","contributorId":261256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkpatrick","given":"Emma","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17754,"text":"Miami University, Department of Geography & Institute for the Environment and Sustainability","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":248468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":819600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lonsdorf, Eric","contributorId":261257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lonsdorf","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52785,"text":"University of Minnesota, Institute on the Environment","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":819601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70220322,"text":"sir20215021 - 2021 - Hydraulic characterization of carbonate-rock and basin-fill aquifers near Long Canyon, Goshute Valley, northeastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:34:47.405035","indexId":"sir20215021","displayToPublicDate":"2021-05-07T07:51:36","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5021","displayTitle":"Hydraulic Characterization of Carbonate-Rock and Basin-Fill Aquifers near Long Canyon, Goshute Valley, Northeastern Nevada","title":"Hydraulic characterization of carbonate-rock and basin-fill aquifers near Long Canyon, Goshute Valley, northeastern Nevada","docAbstract":"Understanding groundwater flow and pumping effects near pending mining operations requires accurate subsurface hydraulic characterization. To improve conceptual models of groundwater flow and development in the complex hydrogeologic system near Long Canyon Mine, in northwestern Goshute Valley, northeastern Nevada, the U.S. Geological Survey characterized the hydraulic properties of carbonate rocks and basin-fill aquifers using an integrated analysis of steady-state and stressed aquifer conditions informed by water chemistry and aquifer-test data. Hydraulic gradients and groundwater-age data in northern Goshute Valley indicate carbonate rocks in the Pequop Mountains just west and south of the Long Canyon Mine project area constitute a more permeable and active flow system than saturated rocks in the northern Pequop Mountains, western Toano Range, and basin fill. Permeable carbonate rocks in the northern Pequop Mountains, in part, discharge to the Johnson Springs wetland complex (JSWC), where mean groundwater ages range from 500 to 2,400 years and samples all contain a small fraction of modern waters, relative to mean ages of 8,600 to more than 22,000 years for most groundwater sampled to the north and east. Recharge to the JSWC occurs from a roughly 27-square-mile area in the upgradient Pequop Mountains to the west, composed mostly of permeable carbonate rock and fractured quartzite, and bounded by low-permeability shales and marbleized and siliclastic rocks.
Single-well aquifer-test analyses provided transmissivity estimates at pumped wells. Transmissivity estimates ranged from 7,000 to 400,000 feet squared per day (ft2/d) in carbonate rocks and from 2,000 to 80,000 ft2/d in basin fill near the Long Canyon Mine. Water-level drawdown from multiple-well aquifer testing and rise from unintentional leakage into the overlying basin-fill aquifer were estimated and distinguished from natural fluctuations in 93 pumping and monitoring sites using analytical water-level models. Leakage of disposed aquifer-test pumpage occurred south of the aquifer test area through an unlined irrigation ditch. Drawdown was detected at distances of as much as 3 miles (mi) from pumping wells at all but one carbonate-rock site, at basin-fill sites on the alluvial fan immediately downgradient from pumping wells, and in Big Spring and spring NS-05. Similar drawdowns in carbonate rocks within the drawdown detection area suggest all wells penetrate a highly transmissive zone (HTZ) that is bounded by low-permeability rocks. Drawdown was not detected in carbonate rocks to the west of Canyon fault, in any basin-fill sites on the valley floor east of the Hardy fault, or at volcanic sites to the north, indicating that these major fault structures and (or) permeability contrasts between hydrogeologic units impeded groundwater flow or obscured pumping signals. Alternatively, unintentional leakage might have obscured drawdown at basin-fill sites on the valley floor, where water-level rise was detected at nine sites over 3 mi.
Consistent hydraulic properties were estimated by simultaneously interpreting steady-state flow during predevelopment conditions and changes in groundwater levels and springflows from the 2016 carbonate-rock aquifer test with an integrated groundwater-flow model. Hydraulic properties were distributed across carbonate rocks, basin fill, volcanic rocks, and siliciclastic rocks with a hydrogeologic framework developed from geologic mapping and hydraulic testing. Estimated transmissivity distributions spanned at least three orders of magnitude in each rock unit. In the HTZ, simulated transmissivities ranged from 10,000 to 23,000,000 ft2/d, with the most transmissive areas occurring around Big Spring. Comparatively low carbonate-rock transmissivities of less than 10,000 ft2/d were estimated in the northern Pequop Mountains and poorly defined values of less than 1,000 ft2/d were estimated in the western Toano Range. Transmissivities in basin fill ranged from less than 10 to 80,000 ft2/d and were minimally constrained by the 2016 carbonate-rock aquifer test because poorly quantified leakage affected water levels more so than pumping. The most transmissive areas were informed by single-well aquifer tests along the eastern edge of the Pequop Mountains near Long Canyon Mine and could be indicative of a hydraulic connection between basin fill and more transmissive underlying carbonate rocks. Simulated transmissivities of volcanic and low-permeability rocks mostly are less than 1,000 ft2/d. The estimated hydraulic-property distributions and informed interpretation of hydraulic connections among hydrogeologic units improved the characterization and representation of groundwater flow near the Long Canyon Mine.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Garcia, C.A., Halford, K.J., Gardner, P.M., and Smith, D.W., 2021, Hydraulic characterization of carbonate-rock and basin-fill aquifers near Long Canyon, Goshute Valley, northeastern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5021, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215021.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 99 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-094004","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397361,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5021/sir20215021.XML"},{"id":397360,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5021/images"},{"id":385454,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9P1P7QV","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Appendixes and supplemental data—Hydraulic characterization of carbonate-rock and basin-fill aquifers near Long Canyon, Goshute Valley, northeastern Nevada, 2011–16."},{"id":385453,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JI8NQF","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-2005 and PEST models used to simulate the 2016 carbonate-rock aquifer test and characterize hydraulic properties of carbonate-rock and basin-fill aquifers near Long Canyon, Goshute Valley, northeastern Nevada."},{"id":385451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5021/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":385452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5021/sir20215021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021-5021"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Goshute Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.98840332031249,\n 40.55554790286311\n ],\n [\n -114.2633056640625,\n 40.55554790286311\n ],\n [\n -114.2633056640625,\n 41.693424216151314\n ],\n [\n -114.98840332031249,\n 41.693424216151314\n ],\n [\n -114.98840332031249,\n 40.55554790286311\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Water radiolysis continuously produces H2 and oxidized chemicals in wet sediment and rock. Radiolytic H2 has been identified as the primary electron donor (food) for microorganisms in continental aquifers kilometers below Earth’s surface. Radiolytic products may also be significant for sustaining life in subseafloor sediment and subsurface environments of other planets. However, the extent to which most subsurface ecosystems rely on radiolytic products has been poorly constrained, due to incomplete understanding of radiolytic chemical yields in natural environments. Here we show that all common marine sediment types catalyse radiolytic H2 production, amplifying yields by up to 27X relative to pure water. In electron equivalents, the global rate of radiolytic H2 production in marine sediment appears to be 1-2% of the global organic flux to the seafloor. However, most organic matter is consumed at or near the seafloor, whereas radiolytic H2 is produced at all sediment depths. Comparison of radiolytic H2 consumption rates to organic oxidation rates suggests that water radiolysis is the principal source of biologically accessible energy for microbial communities in marine sediment older than a few million years. Where water permeates similarly catalytic material on other worlds, life may also be sustained by water radiolysis.
Many questions relevant to conservation decision making are characterized by extreme uncertainty due to lack of empirical data and complexity of the underlying ecological processes, leading to a rapid increase in the use of structured protocols to elicit expert knowledge. Published ecological applications often employ a modified Delphi method, where experts provide judgments anonymously and mathematical aggregation techniques are used to combine judgments. The Sheffield Elicitation Framework (SHELF) differs in its behavioral approach to synthesizing individual judgments into a fully specified probability distribution for an unknown quantity. This study demonstrates the remote use of the SHELF protocol for an extinction risk assessment of three subterranean aquatic species petitioned for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. Experts were provided an empirical threat assessment for each known locality using video conferencing and asked for judgments on the probability of population persistence over four generations using online submission forms and R‐shiny apps available through the SHELF package. Despite large uncertainty for all populations, results reveal key differences between species’ risk of extirpation based on spatial variation in dominant threats, local land use and management practices, and microhabitat use. The resulting probability distributions provide decision makers with a full picture of uncertainty that is consistent with the probabilistic nature of risk assessments, and discussions during the behavioral aggregation stage clearly document dominant threats (e.g., development, timber harvest, animal agriculture, and cave visitation) and their interactions with local cave geology and species’ habitat preferences. Our virtual implementation of the SHELF protocol demonstrates the flexibility of this approach for conservation applications operating on budgets and timelines that can limit in‐person meetings of geographically dispersed experts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/cobi.13694","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, D.B., Smith, D.R., Culver, D.C., Feller, D., Fong, D.W., Hajenga, J., Niemiller, M.L., Nolfi, D.C., Orndorff, W.D., Douglas, B., Maloney, K.O., and Young, J.A., 2021, Using expert knowledge to support Endangered Species Act decision‐making for data‐deficient species: Conservation Biology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1627-1638, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13694.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1627","endPage":"1638","ipdsId":"IP-124137","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Using_expert_knowledge_to_support_Endangered_Species_Act_decision-making_for_data-deficient_species/23894598","text":"External Repository"},{"id":382655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzgerald, Daniel Bruce 0000-0002-3254-7428","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-7428","contributorId":245718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Culver, David C.","contributorId":172695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Culver","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":27084,"text":"Department of Environmental Science, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feller, Daniel","contributorId":248443,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feller","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":33964,"text":"Maryland Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fong, Daniel W.","contributorId":248444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fong","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":48453,"text":"American University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hajenga, Jeff","contributorId":248445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hajenga","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40299,"text":"West Virginia Division of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Niemiller, Matthew L.","contributorId":167679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Niemiller","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":24804,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nolfi, Daniel C.","contributorId":248446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nolfi","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Orndorff, Wil D.","contributorId":248447,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orndorff","given":"Wil","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":49911,"text":"Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Douglas, Barbara","contributorId":248448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Douglas","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":809164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Maloney, Kelly O. 0000-0003-2304-0745 kmaloney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-0745","contributorId":4636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maloney","given":"Kelly","email":"kmaloney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Young, John A. 0000-0002-4500-3673 jyoung@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":3777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"John","email":"jyoung@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70218644,"text":"70218644 - 2021 - Telemetry evaluation of carbon dioxide as a behavioral deterrent for invasive carps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-03T12:58:09.415186","indexId":"70218644","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-06T06:55:37","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Telemetry evaluation of carbon dioxide as a behavioral deterrent for invasive carps","docAbstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) mixed into water is being explored as a possible management strategy to deter the upstream movements of invasive carps through navigation locks and other migratory pinch-points. This study used two-dimensional acoustic telemetry to assess the effectiveness of dissolved CO2 as a chemosensory deterrent to two carp species in a large U-shaped pond. Free-swimming movements of telemetered bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were documented 24 h before treatment and 24 h during treatments at 60, 121 and 213 mg/L CO2 (mean concentrations in pond water). Several behavioral endpoints were then quantified and compared to evaluate deterrence efficacy. In general, results showed that both carp species responded similarly to CO2 treatments. Carps consistently relocated into areas away from the injection site and made fewer attempts to re-enter CO2 treated areas. On average, CO2 treatments reduced mid-line crosses between untreated and treated sides of the pond by 58% at 121 mg/L CO2 and 78% at 213 mg/L CO2 relative to normal swimming movements recorded before treatment. Fish swim speeds increased significantly when inside the CO2 plume during treatments during 213 mg/L CO2 trials relative to swim speeds outside the plume, possibly indicative of active searching and avoidance responses. Overall, this study found that CO2 altered the behavior of bighead carp and grass carp. Natural resource agencies could consider the CO2 concentrations identified in this study to inform future applications to deter invasive carps from locations where they are at-risk to move upstream.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2020.10.004","usgsCitation":"Cupp, A.R., Lopez, A.K., Smerud, J.R., Tix, J., Rivera, J., Swyers, N.M., Brey, M.K., Woodley, C.M., Smith, D.L., and Gaikowski, M., 2021, Telemetry evaluation of carbon dioxide as a behavioral deterrent for invasive carps: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 47, no. 1, p. 59-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.10.004.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"68","ipdsId":"IP-113141","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9QBSCIE","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Acoustic telemetry evaluation of carbon dioxide as a behavioral deterrent for invasive fishes data"},{"id":383738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cupp, Aaron R. 0000-0001-5995-2100 acupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-2100","contributorId":5162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cupp","given":"Aaron","email":"acupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, Ashley K 0000-0002-7676-4803 aelopez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7676-4803","contributorId":253119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez","given":"Ashley","email":"aelopez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":50484,"text":"ERDC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smerud, Justin R. 0000-0003-4385-7437 jrsmerud@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4385-7437","contributorId":5031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smerud","given":"Justin","email":"jrsmerud@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tix, John A.","contributorId":126766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tix","given":"John A.","affiliations":[{"id":6602,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rivera, Jose 0000-0003-3756-6860 jrivera@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3756-6860","contributorId":201064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera","given":"Jose","email":"jrivera@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swyers, Nicholas M. nswyers@usgs.gov","contributorId":253120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swyers","given":"Nicholas","email":"nswyers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brey, Marybeth K. 0000-0003-4403-9655 mbrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4403-9655","contributorId":187651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brey","given":"Marybeth","email":"mbrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woodley, Christa M.","contributorId":253121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woodley","given":"Christa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":18947,"text":"USACE ERDC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, David L.","contributorId":192711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":811247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gaikowski, Mark P. 0000-0002-6507-9341 mgaikowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":149357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"Mark P.","email":"mgaikowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70223362,"text":"70223362 - 2020 - The Long-term effect of bleeding for Limulus amebocyte lysate on annual survival and recapture of tagged horseshoe crabs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T13:31:32.56306","indexId":"70223362","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-21T08:16:05","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3912,"text":"Frontiers in Marine Science","onlineIssn":"2296-7745","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Long-term effect of bleeding for Limulus amebocyte lysate on annual survival and recapture of tagged horseshoe crabs","docAbstract":"In the U.S., 525,000 horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) per year have been captured during 2013–2017, brought to biomedical facilities, and bled to produce Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), then mostly released to the area of capture. The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission estimates short-term bleeding-induced mortality to be 15% (4% to 30%), resulting in mortality of approximately 78,750 horseshoe crabs annually in recent years comprising a minor portion (<13%) of the up to one million annual coastwide landings dominated by harvest for bait. However, the long-term effect of bleeding for LAL on annual survival and spawning behavior is unknown; thus, results from short-term studies alone might underestimate bleeding effects at the population level. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife horseshoe crab tagging database to estimate the differences in survival and recapture rates of bled and not bled horseshoe crabs tagged in the same years and geographic area. Contrary to expectation, survival was not lower for bled crabs compared to unbled crabs. Differences varied, but survival estimates tended to be higher for bled crabs than for unbled crabs. However, biomedical culling and selection for younger or healthier animals could have resulted in biomedically tagged individuals representing a healthier subset of the overall population with subsequent higher survival. Furthermore, the tagging analysis revealed a post-bleeding reduction in capture probability, which could indicate decreased spawning activity, evident in males more than females. Continued tagging of bled and unbled crabs in the same geographic area while recording age class and sex will contribute to the further resolution of LAL production’s effect on horseshoe crab populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/fmars.2020.607668","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.R., Newhard, J., McGowan, C.P., and Butler, C.A., 2020, The Long-term effect of bleeding for Limulus amebocyte lysate on annual survival and recapture of tagged horseshoe crabs: Frontiers in Marine Science, v. 7, 607668, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.607668.","productDescription":"607668, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-115044","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.607668","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388481,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.69580078125,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -75.08056640625,\n 37.97018468810549\n ],\n [\n -74.6630859375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 38.950865400919994\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 39.172658670429946\n ],\n [\n -75.509033203125,\n 39.46164364205549\n ],\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.257778150283364\n ],\n [\n -75.30029296875,\n 38.89958342598271\n ],\n [\n -75.12451171875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 38.53097889440024\n ],\n [\n -75.135498046875,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -75.30029296875,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 37.55328764595765\n ],\n [\n -75.89355468749999,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -75.69580078125,\n 37.09900294387622\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Newhard, Joshua","contributorId":264675,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newhard","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":821863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGowan, Conor P. 0000-0002-7330-9581 cmcgowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-9581","contributorId":167162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGowan","given":"Conor","email":"cmcgowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":821864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, C. Alyssa","contributorId":264748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alyssa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216902,"text":"70216902 - 2020 - A Bayesian framework for assessing extinction risk based on ordinal categories of population condition and projected landscape change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-16T12:42:33.284544","indexId":"70216902","displayToPublicDate":"2020-12-11T07:26:02","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Bayesian framework for assessing extinction risk based on ordinal categories of population condition and projected landscape change","docAbstract":"Many at-risk species lack standardized surveys across their range or quantitative data capable of detecting demographic trends. As a result, extinction risk assessments often rely on ordinal categories of risk based on explicit criteria or expert elicitation. This study demonstrates a Bayesian approach to assessing extinction risk based on this common data structure, using three freshwater mussel species being considered for listing under the US Endangered Species Act. The probability that a population is classified under each risk category was modeled as a function of projected landscape change using ordered probit regression, assuming observed categories reflect a latent, continuous probability of persistence. All three species were more likely than not (mean probability >0.5) to be classified as extirpated or low condition throughout their range based on effects of urban development and hydrologic alteration. Spatial variation in estimates revealed strongholds and high-risk areas relevant to conservation decision making. Projected change in probabilities of each risk category based on multiple land-use and climate models was generally small relative to high baseline risk resulting from past landscape changes. Assessing extinction risk based on probabilities of ordinal condition as a function of landscape patterns may provide a flexible and robust approach for many at-risk taxa by adjusting species' demographic criteria to match relative risk categories, following standardized criteria, or using expert elicitation for data-deficient species. This approach provides decision makers with a useful measure of uncertainty around ordinal classifications and provides a framework for estimating future risk based on projections of anthropogenic stressors.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a new aquatic pesticide to control invasive Asian carps and other aquatic nuisance species in the United States. However, limited CO2 toxicity data could make it challenging for resource managers to characterize the potential risk to nontarget species during CO2 applications. The present study quantified the toxicity of CO2 to 2 native riverine fishes, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), using 12‐h continuous flow‐through CO2 exposure at 5, 15, and 25 °C water temperatures. Resulting survival indicated that bluegill (median lethal concentration [LC50] range 91–140 mg/L CO2) were more sensitive to CO2 than fathead minnow (LC50 range 235–306 mg/L CO2) across all water temperatures. Bluegill were also more sensitive to CO2 at 5 °C (LC50 91 mg/L CO2, 95% CI 85–96 mg/L CO2) than at 25 °C (LC50 140 mg/L CO2, 95% CI 135–146 mg/L CO2). Fathead minnow showed an opposite response and were less sensitive at 5 °C (LC50 306 mg/L CO2, 95% CI 286–327 mg/L CO2) relative to 25 °C (LC50 235 mg/L CO2, 95% CI 224–246 mg/L CO2). Our results show that CO2 toxicity can differ by species and water temperature. Data from the present study may inform decisions related to the use of CO2 as a control tool. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2247–2255. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.4855","usgsCitation":"Cupp, A.R., Smerud, J.R., Thomas, L.M., Waller, D.L., Smith, D.L., Erickson, R.A., and Gaikowski, M., 2020, Toxicity of carbon dioxide to freshwater fishes: Implications for aquatic invasive species management: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ET&C), v. 39, no. 11, p. 2247-2255, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4855.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2247","endPage":"2255","ipdsId":"IP-115255","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M4VYY3","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Toxicity of carbon dioxide to two freshwater fishes data"},{"id":379795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cupp, Aaron R. 0000-0001-5995-2100 acupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-2100","contributorId":5162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cupp","given":"Aaron","email":"acupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smerud, Justin R. 0000-0003-4385-7437 jrsmerud@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4385-7437","contributorId":5031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smerud","given":"Justin","email":"jrsmerud@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Linnea M 0000-0002-0140-1207","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-1207","contributorId":244022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Linnea","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waller, Diane L. 0000-0002-6104-810X dwaller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-810X","contributorId":5272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"Diane","email":"dwaller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, David L.","contributorId":192711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":803066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Erickson, Richard A. 0000-0003-4649-482X rerickson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-482X","contributorId":5455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Richard","email":"rerickson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gaikowski, Mark P. 0000-0002-6507-9341 mgaikowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6507-9341","contributorId":149357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaikowski","given":"Mark P.","email":"mgaikowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":803068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70211356,"text":"sir20205075 - 2020 - Estimates of groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration, Stump Spring and Hiko Springs, Clark County, southern Nevada, 2016–18","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-14T18:35:24.827452","indexId":"sir20205075","displayToPublicDate":"2020-07-28T09:24:17","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2020-5075","displayTitle":"Estimates of Groundwater Discharge by Evapotranspiration, Stump Spring and Hiko Springs, Clark County, Southern Nevada, 2016–18","title":"Estimates of groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration, Stump Spring and Hiko Springs, Clark County, southern Nevada, 2016–18","docAbstract":"This report documents methodology and results of a study that estimated groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration (GWET) from phreatophytic vegetation in two desert riparian areas with ephemeral spring discharge in Clark County, southern Nevada. The phreatophytes consisted primarily of western honey mesquite [Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L.D. Benson) M.C. Johnst.] at Stump Spring and mixed shrubs at Hiko Springs. An eddy-covariance station and precipitation gage were established to concurrently measure actual evapotranspiration (AET) and precipitation. Site-scale GWET rates—computed by subtracting measured precipitation from AET—were 239 ±45 millimeters per year (mm/yr) based on measurements over one growing season at Stump Spring and 109 ±27 mm/yr averaged over two growing seasons at Hiko Springs.
The volume of GWET for each groundwater discharge area (GDA) was estimated by developing relations between site-scale computed GWET rates and phreatophytic vegetation represented by a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A GDA was delineated for the natural drainage in each area by mapping the extent of phreatophytes using high-resolution imagery. A second GDA was delineated at Stump Spring by mapping the extent of phreatophytes in the Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC). Site-scale GWET rates were scaled up by applying the site-based GWET -NDVI relations to NDVI distributions in each GDA. The areas of phreatophytic vegetation within each GDA, area-weighted mean GWET rates, and GWET volumes were as follows: (1) Stump Spring—59 hectares (ha), 126 mm/yr, 7.4 ± 1.4 ×104 cubic meters per year (m3/yr) (60 ± 11 acre-feet/yr); Stump Spring ACEC—49 ha, 98 mm/yr, 4.9 ± 0.9 × 104 m3/yr (39 ± 7 acre-feet/yr); and (2) Hiko Springs—7.2 ha, 112 mm/yr, 0.8 ±0.2 × 104 m3/yr (6.6 ±1.6 acre-feet/yr). The GWET rate computed at Stump Spring compared favorably with published GWET rates for mesquite.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205075","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Moreo, M.T., Buto, S.G., Smith, D.W., and Nelson, N.C., 2020, Estimates of groundwater discharge by evapotranspiration, Stump Spring and Hiko Springs, Clark County, southern Nevada, 2016–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5075, 39 p., https://doi.org/ 10.3133/ sir20205075.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 39 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098487","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376763,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5075/sir20205075.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 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Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
No abstract available.
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Personnel from Arkansas Natural Resources Commission, Arkansas Department of Health, Arkansas Geological Survey, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Illinois State Water Survey, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Yazoo Mississippi Delta Joint Water Management District, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) routinely collect groundwater-level data from wells screened in the MRVA aquifer. The USGS and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers routinely collect data on river stage and streamflow for the rivers overlying the MRVA aquifer area. The potentiometric-surface map for 2018 was created utilizing existing groundwater and surface-water altitudes to support investigations to characterize the MRVA aquifer as part of the USGS Water Availability and Use Science Program.
Sufficient data were available to map the potentiometric surface of the MRVA aquifer for spring 2018 for about 87 percent of the aquifer area. The potentiometric contours ranged from 10 to 340 feet above North American Vertical Datum of 1988. The regional direction of groundwater flow was generally to the south-southwest, except in areas of groundwater-altitude depressions, where groundwater flowed into the depression, and near rivers, where flow can be from aquifer to the river or from the river into the aquifer. There are large depressions in the potentiometric-surface map in the lower one-half of the Cache region and in most of the Grand Prairie and Delta regions.
Director, Nebraska Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5231 South 19th Street
Lincoln, NE 68512
No abstract available.
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decisions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-13T14:21:12.83395","indexId":"70211060","displayToPublicDate":"2020-05-12T09:19:24","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Introduction to structuring decisions","docAbstract":"Decision structuring, also known as decision framing, provides the foundation and roadmap for analyzing a decision. 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A collaborative team used multiple-objective decision analysis to compare the ability of conservation strategies to maximize species persistence while accounting for uncertainty in management effectiveness and variation in in the importance of different management objectives. The decision analysis helped managers evaluate tradeoffs regarding Dwarf Wedgemussel distribution within the Neuse River and Tar River basins. The most cost-effective and robust strategies traded off some opportunity for persistence in the Neuse River for protection of populations in the Tar River basin. The decision analysis is being used to guide efforts to conserve Dwarf Wedgemussel in North Carolina, although challenges continue due to constrained budgets, workload management, and limited regulatory tools.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Structured decision making: Case studies in natural resource management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.R., and McCrae, S.E., 2020, Strategic conservation of an imperiled freshwater mussel, the Dwarf Wedgemussel, in North Carolina, chap. 6 of Structured decision making: Case studies in natural resource management, p. 62-71.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"71","ipdsId":"IP-095845","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science 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program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T14:33:56.092155","indexId":"70227879","displayToPublicDate":"2020-05-01T10:58:59","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"20","title":"Prioritizing uncertainties to improve management of a reintroduction program","docAbstract":"The success of wildlife reintroduction efforts rests on the demographic performance of released animals. Whooping Cranes in the eastern migratory population—reintroduced beginning in 2001—demonstrate adequate survival but poor reproduction. Managers and scientists have used an iterative process of learning and management to respond to this management challenge, but by 2015, uncertainty about the causes of reproductive failure remained substantial. An expert judgment–driven process was used to develop and refine competing hypotheses for reproductive failure and to evaluate the impact of various management actions on components of reproduction (nesting success and fledging success) in light of the various hypotheses. I used that information to calculate value of information, the expected improvement in management performance associated with an increase in knowledge, which suggests research and monitoring priorities for the future.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Structured decision making: Case studies in natural resource management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press","usgsCitation":"Converse, S.J., 2020, Prioritizing uncertainties to improve management of a reintroduction program, chap. 20 of Structured decision making: Case studies in natural resource management, p. 214-224.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"224","ipdsId":"IP-093976","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Runge, Michael C. 0000-0002-8081-536X mrunge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":3358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"Michael","email":"mrunge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832500,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Converse, Sarah J. 0000-0002-3719-5441 sconverse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-5441","contributorId":173772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Sarah","email":"sconverse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832501,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, James E. 0000-0002-9810-8751","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9810-8751","contributorId":222844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832502,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, David R. 0000-0001-6074-9257 drsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":168442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David","email":"drsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832503,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Converse, Sarah J. 0000-0002-3719-5441 sconverse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3719-5441","contributorId":173772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"Sarah","email":"sconverse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227882,"text":"70227882 - 2020 - Reserve network design for prairie-dependent taxa in South Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-01T16:49:39.251106","indexId":"70227882","displayToPublicDate":"2020-05-01T10:42:30","publicationYear":"2020","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Reserve network design for prairie-dependent taxa in South Puget Sound","docAbstract":"Conserving species requires managing threats, including habitat loss. 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We identified a reserve network that was >90% certain to protect all 6 taxa of interest, which would require a combination of land protection and translocations of taxa to new or existing reserves. Post hoc, we also identified possible hybrid alternatives, involving addition of new reserves and growth of existing reserves, that protected all 6 taxa without translocations. 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