Recently, the demand for battery-grade lithium has substantially increased, largely due to electrification of the transportation sector. The search for new lithium sources has turned to produced waters (frequently brines), a large-volume wastewater by-product of oil and gas extraction. Geochemical analysis indicates the presence of varying concentrations of lithium from produced water samples collected across the United States and represented in the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Produced Water Geochemical Database, as well as mixtures of Marcellus Shale produced water included in the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection’s Oil and Gas Well Waste Reports. We first examined whether the geochemical signature of the lithium-bearing produced waters is sufficiently distinct so that machine learning (ML) can be used to correctly classify samples to the formation of origin. The produced water sample data used to assess classification accuracy were from the Marcellus Shale, Utica Shale and Point Pleasant Formation (Utica), and Smackover Formation oil and gas wells. Further, we evaluated the potential for ML to accurately classify Marcellus Shale produced water spatially (i.e., northeast versus southwest Pennsylvania). We then investigated whether ML algorithms applied to a suite of geochemical concentration data (i.e. Ba, Br, Cl, K, Mg, Sr) may be used to predict the lithium concentration of an unknown sample. Finally, we applied an estimated economic lithium grade cutoff of 150 milligrams per liter (mg/l) and assessed the utility of ML to predict whether a produced water sample would fall above or below the grade cutoff based on the suite of geochemical parameters. Four machine learning algorithms—Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Trees (GBT), Extreme Boosting (XGBoost), and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) were assessed. This study successfully demonstrates that all four machine learning methods can precisely and accurately estimate lithium concentrations and geologic formation classification. The products of this study contribute to the growing body of knowledge aimed at expanding the lithium resource base within the United States.
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Numerous groundwater quality assessments have found that geogenic constituents are among the most common contaminants in drinking-water aquifers. Documenting changing groundwater quality is a crucial aspect of water availability assessments. We assess trends and occurrence of geogenic constituent concentrations in groundwater across the continental United States using 3 decades of data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Quality Network. Thousands of groundwater wells were grouped into agricultural, urban, or domestic supply network types. Although most networks and constituents had no statistically significant change in concentration, many had increasing concentration trends, elevated concentrations, or both. Lithium, sodium, radium, sulfate, and uranium had increasing trends in more than 10% of the study networks. Urban and domestic well networks had increasing lithium and sodium trends more often than agricultural networks. Manganese most commonly increased in domestic well networks; uranium more commonly increased in agricultural and urban networks. Elevated concentration mixtures were widespread, and mixture complexities appeared to increase over time. Our results indicate that more than 2.3 million domestic-well users may be affected by elevated concentrations of one or more geogenic constituents.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.5c00756","usgsCitation":"Erickson, M.L., Elliott, S.M., Musgrove, M., Hinman, E., Sleckman, M.J., Stackpoole, S.M., Lindsey, B.D., 2026, Decadal trends and occurrence of geogenic constituents and mixtures in groundwater across the continental United States: Environmental Science and Technology - Water, v. 6, no. 2, p. 664-678, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00756.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"678","ipdsId":"IP-168374","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00756","text":"Publisher Index 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viable as standalone projects, but they May become cost effective when the potential for both resources exist within the same reservoir. Subsurface datasets were analyzed to identify areas in the U.S. Gulf Coast region with potential for lithium brine and geothermal heat recovery. Temperature, lithium brine content, and reservoir quality data for thirty-four depositional units were evaluated using spatial analysis to interpret high-grade areas where both resources likely coexist. For sedimentary geothermal systems, potential resource areas are sorted by resource grade: as low temperature (<90°C, direct use potential), moderate temperature (90–150°C, direct use and electricity generation), and high temperature (>150°C, primarily electricity generation). Lithium resources were defined by Li lithium brine concentrations in parts per million (ppm): low potential (<100ppm), moderate potential (100–200ppm), and high potential (>200ppm). Reservoir quality affects the viability of both resources and is evaluated using interpreted lithofacies that describe the depositional environments of each unit. Using the results, a series of play fairway analysis maps were generated to support regional evaluations of lithium and geothermal resources and to identify areas of interest for detailed, prospect-scale studies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Using the Earth to save the Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","usgsCitation":"Gardner, R., and Birdwell, J.E., 2025, Potential for co-production of lithium and geothermal resources in the Gulf Coast, in Using the Earth to save the Earth, v. 49, p. 410-418.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"418","ipdsId":"IP-180858","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":499004,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1035250"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Flroida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.52415578331033,\n 33.70981542560081\n ],\n [\n -102.52415578331033,\n 24.00347152136203\n ],\n [\n -79.56997834883599,\n 24.00347152136203\n ],\n [\n -79.56997834883599,\n 33.70981542560081\n ],\n [\n -102.52415578331033,\n 33.70981542560081\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Rand 0000-0001-8711-5334","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-5334","contributorId":316831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Rand","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birdwell, Justin E. 0000-0001-8263-1452 jbirdwell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-1452","contributorId":3302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birdwell","given":"Justin","email":"jbirdwell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":569,"text":"Southwest Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70273118,"text":"70273118 - 2025 - Pre- and post-eruptive geochemical and isotopic fingerprints of rhyolites parental to volcano-sedimentary lithium brine and clay resources in the western USA & central Andes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-16T16:37:07.010825","indexId":"70273118","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-15T10:21:38","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pre- and post-eruptive geochemical and isotopic fingerprints of rhyolites parental to volcano-sedimentary lithium brine and clay resources in the western USA & central Andes","docAbstract":"Lithium is a high-demand, critical element used not only in lightweight rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, but also in nuclear applications and industries producing ceramics, aluminum, and medical products. It is extracted primarily from pegmatites and volcano-sedimentary brines and clays in arid, closed lacustrine or caldera basins. Lithium brines of the central Andean salars in the AltiplanoPuna Plateau contain around ~70% of the world’s lithium resources. In contrast, Clayton Valley, Nevada is the only current producer of lithium brines in the United States and accounts for ~6% of current global lithium production. Clayton Valley hosts a newly defined Li-clay resource where locally exposed rhyolite tuffs have been proposed as a lithium source. Identifying magma evolution processes and determining the importance of syn- and post-eruptive processes on the source, mobility, and distribution of lithium is an ongoing area of research. These two regions illustrate distinctive magmatic-tectonic regimes for volcano-sedimentary lithium enrichment and therefore represent ideal regions to explore the key geological processes critical to the enrichment of lithium resources.
","conferenceTitle":"18th SGA Biennial Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 3-7, 2025","conferenceLocation":"Golden, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits","usgsCitation":"Mercer, C.N., Khoury, R., Roberge, J., and Myers, M., 2025, Pre- and post-eruptive geochemical and isotopic fingerprints of rhyolites parental to volcano-sedimentary lithium brine and clay resources in the western USA & central Andes, 18th SGA Biennial Meeting, v. 3, Golden, CO, August 3-7, 2025, p. 920-923.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"920","endPage":"923","ipdsId":"IP-176570","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":497550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.e-sga.org/publications/conference-proceedings"}],"country":"Argentina, United States","otherGeospatial":"Clayton Valley, Puna Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.75,\n -20.4\n ],\n [\n -68.75,\n -26.343616243239154\n ],\n [\n -65.5,\n -26.343616243239154\n ],\n [\n -65.55,\n -20.4\n ],\n [\n -68.75,\n -20.4\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.30571551681487,\n 38.694527191606056\n ],\n [\n -118.30571551681487,\n 37.05639235345086\n ],\n [\n -116.15868820221229,\n 37.05639235345086\n ],\n [\n -116.15868820221229,\n 38.694527191606056\n ],\n [\n -118.30571551681487,\n 38.694527191606056\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mercer, Celestine N. 0000-0001-8359-4147 cmercer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8359-4147","contributorId":4006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"Celestine","email":"cmercer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Khoury, Regina Marie 0000-0003-2421-986X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-986X","contributorId":294769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khoury","given":"Regina Marie","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberge, Julie","contributorId":152268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberge","given":"Julie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18893,"text":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIA-Ticoman","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Myers, Madison 0000-0003-2271-4445","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2271-4445","contributorId":331812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Madison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36555,"text":"Montana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70274179,"text":"70274179 - 2025 - USGS addresses needs for lithium calibration and quality control materials for pLIBS analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-05T15:13:19.680371","indexId":"70274179","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-15T09:06:09","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USGS addresses needs for lithium calibration and quality control materials for pLIBS analysis","docAbstract":"Lithium (Li) is a globally important commodity used for energy storage, national defense, human health, and advanced technologies. Lithium resource development requires identifying deposits with elevated concentrations and optimal mineralogy, typically associated with select clays and pegmatites. Lithium is a light, highly reactive alkali metal with low atomic mass that is difficult to detect and quantify using conventional portable geochemical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF). However, portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (pLIBS) is a powerful analytical technique for lithium exploration due to its ability to analyze solids quickly with minimal preparation. The expanded utility of pLIBS is hampered by the lack of matrix-matched calibration and quality control (QC) materials. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has developed in-house lithium calibration and QC materials for lithium in clay and pegmatite matrices to address this limitation. We present the workflow and implementation of a custom-built matrix specific calibration on a SciAps Z-300 pLIBS, using proprietary Profile Builder software. The implementation of the custom calibration and quality control standards enables us to collect semiquantitative results directly from the pLIBS while in the field. Ultimately, this calibration has improved confidence in sample selection and collection in the field, providing more efficient site characterization.
","conferenceTitle":"18th SGA Biennial Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 3-7, 2025","conferenceLocation":"Golden, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits","usgsCitation":"Orkild-Norton, A., Pfaff, K.I., Meyer, J.M., Carolyn Cantwell, and Key, E., 2025, USGS addresses needs for lithium calibration and quality control materials for pLIBS analysis, 18th SGA Biennial Meeting, v. 3, Golden, CO, August 3-7, 2025, p. 1153-1156.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1156","ipdsId":"IP-176065","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500777,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":500776,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.e-sga.org/publications/conference-proceedings"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orkild-Norton, A. Rae Ann 0000-0002-5636-6461 rorkild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-6461","contributorId":5740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orkild-Norton","given":"A. Rae Ann","email":"rorkild@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pfaff, Katharina I. 0000-0002-6605-2722","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6605-2722","contributorId":362430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfaff","given":"Katharina","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, John Michael 0000-0003-2810-9414","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2810-9414","contributorId":297062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carolyn Cantwell 0009-0007-0899-1477","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0899-1477","contributorId":367117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carolyn Cantwell","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Key, Erica 0009-0006-0792-6983","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0792-6983","contributorId":367118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Key","given":"Erica","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70269647,"text":"70269647 - 2025 - Quantitative mineral resource assessment of lithium pegmatite deposits in the Appalachian Orogen, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T15:22:34.243119","indexId":"70269647","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-12T10:05:46","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Quantitative mineral resource assessment of lithium pegmatite deposits in the Appalachian Orogen, USA","docAbstract":"Lithium is classified as a U.S. critical mineral commodity, and its demand is projected to drastically increase through 2040, driven by electric vehicle production and energy storage applications (IEA 2021).Most global lithium production is not in the United States increasing vulnerability to a supply disruption. The U.S. Geological Survey is actively assessing domestic lithium deposits including lithium-bearing pegmatites in the Appalachian orogen. Permissive tracts for lithium pegmatite deposits were delineated by integrating lithological, tectonic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral occurrence data. The geospatial data and permissive tracts were used to estimate the number of undiscovered lithium pegmatite deposits. Estimates were then integrated into probabilistic simulations along with a new global lithium pegmatite grade and tonnage dataset to quantify potential contained undiscovered lithium resources. An economic filter was used to estimate the amount of potentially recoverable undiscovered resources. Preliminary computations for the northern Appalachians, including application of the economic filter to the median recoverable contained resource, yields 900,000 metric tons of Li2O that correspond to enough Li2O to replace 127 years of import reliance at the current rate (7,100 t Li2O/yr; USGS, 2025). For the southern Appalachians, preliminary computations yielded 1,430,000 metric tons of Li2O, which corresponds to 201 years of import reliance.
","conferenceTitle":"18th SGA Biennial Meeting","conferenceDate":"August 3-7, 2025","conferenceLocation":"Golden, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits","usgsCitation":"Wintzer, N.E., Rosera, J.M., Holm-Denoma, C., McCaffrey, D.M., Crocker, K., Coyan, J.A., and Lederer, G.W., 2025, Quantitative mineral resource assessment of lithium pegmatite deposits in the Appalachian Orogen, USA, 18th SGA Biennial Meeting, v. 3, Golden, CO, August 3-7, 2025, p. 975-978.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"978","ipdsId":"IP-176537","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science 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]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wintzer, Niki E. 0000-0003-3085-435X nwintzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-435X","contributorId":5297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wintzer","given":"Niki","email":"nwintzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosera, Joshua Mark 0000-0003-3807-5000","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3807-5000","contributorId":270284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosera","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holm-Denoma, Christopher S. 0000-0003-3229-5440","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5440","contributorId":219763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm-Denoma","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCaffrey, Dalton M. 0000-0002-2539-4865","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-4865","contributorId":298840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffrey","given":"Dalton","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crocker, Kelsey Elizabeth 0000-0002-5919-5274","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-5274","contributorId":298791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crocker","given":"Kelsey Elizabeth","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Coyan, Joshua Aaron 0000-0002-8450-7364","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8450-7364","contributorId":247291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coyan","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"Aaron","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lederer, Graham W. 0000-0002-9505-9923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-9923","contributorId":202407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lederer","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":944276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70267829,"text":"70267829 - 2025 - Airborne geophysics for geologic mapping of critical mineral systems in the United States southern midcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T16:33:30.622156","indexId":"70267829","displayToPublicDate":"2025-08-19T10:30:56","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Airborne geophysics for geologic mapping of critical mineral systems in the United States southern midcontinent","docAbstract":"The increased demand for clean energy technology and a significant reliance on foreign supply chains have given impetus to understanding critical mineral systems and locating potential resources within the United States. At least thirteen critical mineral-bearing systems have been identified throughout the U.S. southern Midcontinent (Hofstra and Kreiner, 2020) but much of the region’s geologic framework is concealed by vegetation and sedimentary cover that hinder traditional geologic mapping efforts. Airborne geophysical data provide an effective way to overcome these obstacles and to provide additional insight into the deeper structures that underlie shallow mineralization. However, legacy airborne magnetic and radiometric data were collected using now-outdated instruments and methods, inconsistent survey parameters, and large flight-line spacings resulting in low-resolution data that present challenges to regional-scale study and interpretation. Over the last decade, the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (EMRI) and National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program have conducted a series of high-resolution airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys across the southern Midcontinent (Fig. 1) as part of an effort to improve understanding of the geophysical framework and natural resource potential in the region. These surveys are designed using modern survey methods and instruments with consistent parameters for flight-line spacing and flight height relative to magnetic sources. The EMRI airborne surveys are planned in collaboration with State geological surveys based on focus areas (Dicken et al., 2022) according to the presence of or potential for critical mineral deposits. High-resolution airborne magnetic and radiometric data cover focus areas such as the southeast Missouri iron metallogenic province and South-Central iron-oxide-apatite (IOA) – iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) province, the Magnet Cove alkaline-carbonatite complex, the Midwest Permian ultramafic dike district, the Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district, and several Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits and districts (Fig. 1). These focus areas represent known deposits or prospective host systems of critical minerals including rare earth elements (REEs), platinum-group elements (PGEs), cobalt, lithium, fluorspar, niobium, titanium, vanadium, lead, zinc, gallium, germanium, and many more. Other significant geologic and geophysical features covered include the Reelfoot rift, the New Madrid seismic zone, the Illinois basin, the Arkoma basin, the South-Central magnetic lineament, and the Kentucky-Tennessee magnetic anomaly (Fig. 1). This presentation focuses on new airborne magnetic and radiometric data with continuous coverage across parts of six states, preliminary interpretations, examples of geologic mapping applications, and discussion of newly discovered magnetic anomalies and follow-up investigations.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic Mapping Forum 24/24 abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Minnesota Twin Cities","usgsCitation":"Amaral, C.M., McCafferty, A.E., and Connell, D., 2025, Airborne geophysics for geologic mapping of critical mineral systems in the United States southern midcontinent, in Geologic Mapping Forum 24/24 abstracts, p. 15-16.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"16","ipdsId":"IP-173917","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489447,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11299/275433"},{"id":498748,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.25384608464034,\n 38.46574935812839\n ],\n [\n -93.61302912846105,\n 38.46574935812839\n ],\n [\n -93.61302912846105,\n 34.021659839091996\n ],\n [\n -86.25384608464034,\n 34.021659839091996\n ],\n [\n -86.25384608464034,\n 38.46574935812839\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amaral, Chelsea Morgan 0000-0003-4632-4097","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-4097","contributorId":313539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amaral","given":"Chelsea","email":"","middleInitial":"Morgan","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":939061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCafferty, Anne E. 0000-0001-5574-9201 anne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5574-9201","contributorId":1120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCafferty","given":"Anne","email":"anne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":939062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connell, Dylan Mark 0000-0001-8678-2776","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8678-2776","contributorId":292570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connell","given":"Dylan Mark","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":939063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70273115,"text":"70273115 - 2025 - Variable partitioning of lithium in rhyolitic melt during decompression and ascent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-16T15:54:26.382187","indexId":"70273115","displayToPublicDate":"2025-08-01T09:48:00","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variable partitioning of lithium in rhyolitic melt during decompression and ascent","docAbstract":"The partitioning behavior of Li in magmatic systems is increasingly being investigated due to the economic importance of Li in the transition to sustainable energy resources (e.g., batteries). However, at upper crustal pressures, it remains uncertain whether Li preferentially partitions into the vapor or liquid (brine) phase or remains in the silicate melt. This complicates our ability to determine where Li resides—silicate melt, minerals, or fluid phase—upon eruption, a crucial factor for understanding its postdepositional movement and concentration into a brine or volcano-sedimentary deposit. Here, we present a novel investigation into the behavior of Li within natural evolved melts during continuous magma decompression and ascent using melt embayments (open melt inclusions). Mineral-hosted melt embayments preserve records of the evolving composition of the exterior melt, including degassing pathways and ascent timescales, when paired with appropriate diffusion coefficients. Lithium concentration profiles were measured in quartz-hosted melt embayments from the rapidly quenched eruptive phases of five rhyolitic, caldera-forming eruptions to investigate the behavior of Li during magma decompression and ascent, where vapor partitioning and ascent dynamics were previously established by investigating H2O and CO2 profiles. We find that in four systems, embayments contain lower interior Li concentrations than the coerupted melt inclusions; the fifth system contains the same Li concentrations in embayments and melt inclusions. However, many of these embayments contain gradients, with 84% preserving Li enrichment near the melt-bubble interface, as compared to their interior concentration. We interpret these characteristics to represent two distinct stages of Li partitioning during magma decompression and ascent, in contrast to existing literature that proposes only one type of partitioning behavior. The first stage is interpreted as melt depletion of Li, likely driven by partitioning into an exsolved supercritical fluid phase, supported by the strong correlation between the extent of Li depletion and Cl concentration in the melt, as well as the decompression rate. This behavior then fundamentally shifts, where Li reenriches in the melt, postulated to be driven by the unmixing of the supercritical fluid phase at shallow pressures. For the one system that did not develop Li gradients through decompression, we attribute this to the lower values of Na and Cl in the melt, potentially inhibiting the partitioning of Li into a fluid phase. Importantly, the behavior of Li during decompression is not consistent within or between volcanic centers, highlighting the need for systematic experimental investigation in variable composition melts at pressures relevant to conduit dynamics. This knowledge would improve our ability to model Li profiles to understand magma decompression, and predict where Li resides (e.g., stored in volcanic glass, gas, or crystals) upon eruption prior to any later extraction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/econgeo.5171","usgsCitation":"Myers, M., Spallanzani, R., Schwartz, D., Mercer, C.N., and Hosseini, B., 2025, Variable partitioning of lithium in rhyolitic melt during decompression and ascent: Economic Geology, v. 120, no. 5, p. 1191-1206, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5171.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1206","ipdsId":"IP-169836","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5171","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, Madison 0000-0003-2271-4445","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2271-4445","contributorId":331812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Madison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36555,"text":"Montana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spallanzani, Roberta","contributorId":364231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spallanzani","given":"Roberta","affiliations":[{"id":36555,"text":"Montana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, Darin","contributorId":364233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Darin","affiliations":[{"id":16201,"text":"Boise State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mercer, Celestine N. 0000-0001-8359-4147 cmercer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8359-4147","contributorId":4006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercer","given":"Celestine","email":"cmercer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hosseini, Behnaz","contributorId":364237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hosseini","given":"Behnaz","affiliations":[{"id":36555,"text":"Montana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70272613,"text":"70272613 - 2025 - Stable isotope reference materials and scale definitions – Outcomes of the 2024 IAEA experts meeting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-24T16:27:31.900185","indexId":"70272613","displayToPublicDate":"2025-07-30T09:13:00","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3233,"text":"Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope reference materials and scale definitions – Outcomes of the 2024 IAEA experts meeting","docAbstract":"The participants of the 12th International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) meeting on stable isotope reference materials reached a consensus, acknowledging the existence and use of two carbon isotope delta scales: the VPDB (Vienna Peedee belemnite) scale and the VPDB-LSVEC (LSVEC - lithium carbonate prepared by H. J. Svec). Conversion models between the two scales can be established and used but introduce uncertainty. A format for isotope delta scale definition was agreed upon and was used to define the two carbon isotope delta scales and the two main oxygen isotope delta scales, VSMOW-SLAP (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water–Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation) and VPDB. Confirmation or identification of a second-scale–defining point is still necessary for the nitrogen and sulfur isotope delta scales.
Efforts are encouraged to improve consistency among laboratories in the isotopic analysis of “non-exchangeable hydrogen” in bulk organic materials and oxygen in carbonates using the phosphoric acid reaction. Additional topics discussed include (1) need for improvement in reference materials for accurate greenhouse gas isotopic analyses; (2) reference materials under production by the IAEA, the US Geological Survey (USGS), and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST); (3) methods for value and uncertainty assignment of reference materials; and (4) calculation of carbon-13 isotope delta and oxygen-18 isotope delta of CO2 measured by dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rcm.10018","usgsCitation":"Camin, F., Besic, D., Brewer, P.J., Allison, C.E., Coplen, T.B., Dunn, P.J., Gehre, M., Gröning, M., Meijer, H.A., Hélie, J., Iacumin, P., Kraft, R., Krajnc, B., Kümmel, S., Lee, S., Meija, J., Mester, Z., Mohn, J., Moossen, H., Qi, H., Skrzypek, G., Sperlich, P., Viallon, J., Wassenaar, L.I., and Wielgosz, R.I., 2025, Stable isotope reference materials and scale definitions – Outcomes of the 2024 IAEA experts meeting: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, v. 39, no. 14, e10018, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.10018.","productDescription":"e10018, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-167836","costCenters":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.10018","text":"Publisher Index 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J.","contributorId":363020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brewer","given":"Paul","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":86577,"text":"National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allison, Colin E","contributorId":363022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allison","given":"Colin","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":86579,"text":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coplen, Tyler B. 0000-0003-4884-6008 tbcoplen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4884-6008","contributorId":508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"Tyler","email":"tbcoplen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes 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Montreal, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Iacumin, Paola","contributorId":363028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iacumin","given":"Paola","affiliations":[{"id":86585,"text":"Universita’ di Parma, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kraft, Rebecca","contributorId":363029,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraft","given":"Rebecca","affiliations":[{"id":86586,"text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Krajnc, Bor","contributorId":363030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krajnc","given":"Bor","affiliations":[{"id":86587,"text":"Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, 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Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Qi, Haiping 0000-0002-8339-744X haipingq@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8339-744X","contributorId":507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Haiping","email":"haipingq@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":950942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Skrzypek, Grzegorz","contributorId":363036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skrzypek","given":"Grzegorz","affiliations":[{"id":86590,"text":"School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, Perth, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Sperlich, Peter","contributorId":363037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sperlich","given":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":86591,"text":"National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, Wellington New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Viallon, Joelle","contributorId":363038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Viallon","given":"Joelle","affiliations":[{"id":86592,"text":"Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sevres, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Wassenaar, Leonard I.","contributorId":202666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wassenaar","given":"Leonard","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":36516,"text":"International Atomic Energy Agency, Water Resources Section, PO Box 100, Vienna. A-1400, Austria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Wielgosz, Robert I.","contributorId":363039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wielgosz","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":86593,"text":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Saint-Cloud, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25}]}} ,{"id":70268081,"text":"70268081 - 2025 - Anatectic origin of Mississippian spodumene-bearing pegmatites in western Maine during orogenic plateau collapse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-12T14:42:57.867296","indexId":"70268081","displayToPublicDate":"2025-05-01T09:35:08","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatectic origin of Mississippian spodumene-bearing pegmatites in western Maine during orogenic plateau collapse","docAbstract":"Spodumene pegmatites are an important lithium source, but the processes and tectonic settings in which they form are poorly understood. The Rumford pegmatite district surrounding Plumbago Mountain, western Maine, is host to numerous spodumene pegmatites, including the Plumbago North pegmatite (a world-class spodumene resource). Competing petrogenetic models for these spodumene pegmatites include (1) highly fractionated melts of the Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex and (2) anatexis. We tested these hypotheses by constraining the geologic, magmatic, metamorphic, and tectonic history of the Plumbago Mountain area with detailed geologic mapping and U-(Th)-Pb geochronology. The Silurian Rangeley Formation records initial isoclinal folding prior to, and contact-related metamorphism synchronous with, the intrusion of the 417 ± 4 Ma Plumbago Mountain pluton. Peak amphibolite facies metamorphism and crustal melting occurred during the ca. 410 to 400 Ma Acadian orogeny. Pulsed emplacement of the Mooselookmeguntic igneous complex occurred between ca. 389 and 356 Ma. Cassiterite U-Pb dates of spodumene pegmatites (333–327 Ma) are ≥23 m.y. younger than nearby granitic plutons, strongly arguing against the fractional crystallization model. Metamorphic monazite and xenotime (346–328 Ma) and 330 to 308 Ma 40Ar/39Ar hornblende dates indicate metamorphism coeval with spodumene pegmatite emplacement, supporting anatectic models. Reheating, anatexis, and spodumene pegmatite emplacement occurred during collapse of the 380 to 330 Ma Acadian orogenic plateau. Lithium enrichment may be linked to one or more stages of partial melting of metasedimentary and plutonic rocks during the formation, tenure, and collapse of the Acadian altiplano and emphasizes the role of anatexis in producing spodumene pegmatites of economic significance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/econgeo.5150","usgsCitation":"Felch, M., Hillenbrand, I.W., Eusden, J., Holm-Denoma, C., Bradley, D., Whittaker, A.T., Jercinovic, M.J., Williams, M.L., and Pianowski, L., 2025, Anatectic origin of Mississippian spodumene-bearing pegmatites in western Maine during orogenic plateau collapse: Economic Geology, v. 120, no. 3, p. 779-806, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5150.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"779","endPage":"806","ipdsId":"IP-164466","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.875,\n 44.6\n ],\n [\n -70.875,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -70.5833,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -70.5833,\n 44.6\n ],\n [\n -70.875,\n 44.6\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"120","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felch, Myles M","contributorId":356816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Felch","given":"Myles M","affiliations":[{"id":85242,"text":"Maine Mineral & Gem Museum","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":940159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hillenbrand, Ian William 0000-0003-2801-3674","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2801-3674","contributorId":299032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillenbrand","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":940160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eusden, J. Dykstra","contributorId":356817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eusden","given":"J. Dykstra","affiliations":[{"id":33413,"text":"Bates College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":940161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holm-Denoma, Christopher S. 0000-0003-3229-5440","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5440","contributorId":219763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm-Denoma","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":940162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight C. 0000-0001-9116-5289","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":302424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight C.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":940163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Whittaker, Amber T.H.","contributorId":313574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittaker","given":"Amber","email":"","middleInitial":"T.H.","affiliations":[{"id":7257,"text":"Maine Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":940164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jercinovic, Michael J.","contributorId":316620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jercinovic","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":68659,"text":"University of Massachusetts - Amherst","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":940166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, Michael L.","contributorId":215495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37201,"text":"UMass Amherst","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":940165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Pianowski, Laura 0000-0002-5346-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-8251","contributorId":218817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pianowski","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":940167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70267815,"text":"70267815 - 2025 - Lithium from magma to mine in an early Yellowstone hotspot caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-10T14:50:14.042773","indexId":"70267815","displayToPublicDate":"2025-04-16T08:37:29","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium from magma to mine in an early Yellowstone hotspot caldera","docAbstract":"Renewable energy technologies rely on the extraction of metals not historically in high demand, such as lithium (Li), for which ore deposit models are incompletely understood. One of the world’s largest Li deposits is hosted in lake sediments of the 16.4 Ma McDermitt caldera, which formed during the early stages of Yellowstone hotspot volcanism in the western United States. Eruptive and posteruptive mobility of Li are major challenges in elucidating deposit formation. Melt inclusions preserved in quartz crystals provide a means to assess pre-eruptive magmatic Li contents. Concentrations of Li determined by ion microprobe for melt inclusions in a McDermitt rhyolite lava are 400−1350 ppm, compared to 20−70 ppm Li in matrix rhyolite glasses. Synthesis with melt inclusion data for eight additional calderas demonstrates a recurrence of Li-rich rhyolitic magmas (200−2000 ppm Li) in the western part of the Yellowstone hotspot track. However, unlike the multicyclic caldera complexes with overlapping fault networks that may have compromised Li retention, the McDermitt caldera remained a closed hydrologic system throughout its evolution. Modeling indicates 100 km3 of resurgent magma could yield 25−150 Mt Li in a magmatic fluid and supports accumulation of Li-rich magmatic fluid in a closed intracaldera lake, followed by evaporative concentration and sequestration of Li within clay minerals to generate the McDermitt deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G53140.1","usgsCitation":"Watts, K., 2025, Lithium from magma to mine in an early Yellowstone hotspot caldera: Geology, v. 53, no. 7, p. 592-596, https://doi.org/10.1130/G53140.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"592","endPage":"596","ipdsId":"IP-167363","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489475,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":490666,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g53140.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone hotspot caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.21830246150877,\n 45.126578896874065\n ],\n [\n -119.21693278725452,\n 45.126578896874065\n ],\n [\n -119.21693278725452,\n 41.23242701033587\n ],\n [\n -114.17059390138817,\n 40.859473447854995\n ],\n [\n -114.02540645163282,\n 42.00890055289802\n ],\n [\n -110.44161856797778,\n 41.981517173869975\n ],\n [\n -110.21830246150877,\n 45.126578896874065\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kathryn E. 0000-0002-6110-7499","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6110-7499","contributorId":204344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kathryn E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":939006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70264293,"text":"sir20255021 - 2025 - World minerals outlook—Cobalt, gallium, helium, lithium, magnesium, palladium, platinum, and titanium through 2029","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T16:44:58.484068","indexId":"sir20255021","displayToPublicDate":"2025-03-11T10:50:00","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5021","displayTitle":"World Minerals Outlook—Cobalt, Gallium, Helium, Lithium, Magnesium, Palladium, Platinum, and Titanium Through 2029","title":"World minerals outlook—Cobalt, gallium, helium, lithium, magnesium, palladium, platinum, and titanium through 2029","docAbstract":"Given the rapid expansion in the demand for mineral commodities that underpin worldwide economic growth and technological advancement, information regarding expected country-level mine production and production capacity is becoming increasingly important to industry stakeholders, end users, and policymakers. Production capacity can limit future supply, depending on how rapidly that capacity is able to expand. Current capacity can be evaluated on the basis of past production. Decreases to future capacity can be taken into account from announcements of planned shutdowns of mines or processing facilities, which are frequently publicized well in advance of such closures. Likewise, capacity expansions, which usually involve multiple stages—such as permitting, financing, and construction (all of which take time)—can also be estimated. As such, it is possible to evaluate midterm future capacity based on estimates of today’s capacities along with consideration of future investment plans. This World Minerals Outlook provides estimated capacities for cobalt, gallium, helium, lithium, magnesium, palladium, platinum, and titanium for 2025 through 2029.
The results of this analysis indicate that two mineral commodities important to the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries—cobalt and lithium—are expected to have large capacity growth in the next few years, likely owing to expectations for increased demand for these batteries. For gallium, helium, palladium, and platinum, capacity is expected to remain stable or exhibit moderate growth. Still, these expected capacity levels are higher than current production, allowing for future production growth. The production capacity outlook is opaque for magnesium and titanium metal, which have a significant fraction of current production in nonmarket economies, such as China and Russia. Ultimately, though, where free market conditions prevail, full utilization of capacity potential for those commodities is likely to depend on supply deficits and prices that are above production costs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255021","usgsCitation":"Alonso, E., Brioche, A.S., Schulte, R.F., Trimmer, L.M., Kim, J.-E., Gulley, A.L., and Pineault, D.G., 2025, World minerals outlook—Cobalt, gallium, helium, lithium, magnesium, palladium, platinum, and titanium through 2029 (ver. 1.1, March 14, 2025): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5021, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255021.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 19 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-173545","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":483354,"rank":7,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5021/versionHist.txt","size":"4.64 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":483159,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1HTTCWN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"World minerals outlook to 2029—Cobalt, gallium, helium, lithium, magnesium, palladium, platinum, and titanium data"},{"id":483408,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5021//images/"},{"id":483406,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255021/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5021 HTML"},{"id":492776,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118478.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":483407,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5021/sir20255021.XML","description":"SIR 2025-5021 XML"},{"id":483145,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5021/sir20255021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5021 PDF"},{"id":483144,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5021/coverthb2.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: March 11, 2025; Version 1.1: March 14, 2025","contact":"Director, National Minerals Information Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
988 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"Understanding mine production and potential capacity growth can help inform the growing need for the minerals that support economic growth, technological change, and national security for businesses and policy makers. How much a mine can produce affects future supply, especially as capacities can change over time. This report estimates production capacities for cobalt, gallium, helium, lithium, magnesium, palladium, platinum, and titanium through 2029. The results of the analysis suggest that cobalt and lithium, which are key for lithium-ion batteries, are likely to see significant increases in production capacity owing to rising demand, whereas gallium and platinum are expected to see stable or moderate growth, exceeding current production levels. However, the future for magnesium and titanium is less clear because much of their production comes from countries with nonmarket economies, like China and Russia. In free markets, using full production capacity is likely to depend on supply shortages and prices being above production costs.
","publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alonso, Elisa 0000-0002-0090-8284","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0090-8284","contributorId":223015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"Elisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":930300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brioche, Amanda Sarah 0000-0002-9650-2456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9650-2456","contributorId":332784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brioche","given":"Amanda Sarah","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":930301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulte, Ruth 0000-0003-4724-5905","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-5905","contributorId":201973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"Ruth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":930302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trimmer, Loyd M. III 0000-0003-4121-7874 ltrimmer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4121-7874","contributorId":194120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimmer","given":"Loyd","suffix":"III","email":"ltrimmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":930303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kim, Ji-Eun 0000-0002-7668-5072","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7668-5072","contributorId":331665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Ji-Eun","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":930304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gulley, Andrew L. 0000-0003-4717-2080","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4717-2080","contributorId":203953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulley","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":930305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pineault, David 0009-0001-6801-4711","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6801-4711","contributorId":352217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pineault","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":930306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70264818,"text":"70264818 - 2025 - Preliminary depth to basement modeling at Salton Sea, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-25T14:26:02.871178","indexId":"70264818","displayToPublicDate":"2025-03-01T09:23:47","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary depth to basement modeling at Salton Sea, California","docAbstract":"The San Andreas Fault – Imperial Fault (SAF-IF) transtensional step-over zone along the southern margin of the Salton Sea hosts substantial geothermal production and lithium brine resources. Recent volcanism at the Salton Buttes and active seismicity along the SAFIF fault system highlight active tectonic and magmatic processes that pose natural hazards and may impact energy and mineral production. Characterizing the subsurface architecture and extent of concealed alteration associated with this tectono-magmatic system enhances understanding of these active processes, associated hazards, and resources.
We have compiled a gravity database, consisting of new and re-processed existing data, from which we have constructed a new isostatic residual gravity anomaly map of the Salton trough. We have used this new gravity dataset together with a compilation of publicly available borehole data to develop new depth to basement inversion models for the region. These depth to basement models help to constrain basin geometries, inform alteration mapping, and reveal variations in basement rocks. Due to the concealed nature of the complex tectonic framework at the Salton trough, it is necessary to utilize geophysical methods for subsurface characterization. These new depth to basement models are a first step toward constructing 2D and 3D geophysical and geologic models of the Imperial Valley and Salton Sea geothermal area. This analysis complements other geophysical initiatives, including magnetotelluric (MT) modeling (Tokmakoff et al., 2024), magnetic mapping (Glen and Earney, 2023, 2024) and potential field modeling, and seismic studies focused on hazard and resource investigations in the Imperial Valley.
","conferenceTitle":"50th Stanford Geothermal Workshop","conferenceDate":"February 12, 2025","conferenceLocation":"Stanford, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Stanford University","usgsCitation":"Anderson, J.E., Glen, J.M., Schermerhorn, W.D., Earney, T.E., and Morbeck, B., 2025, Preliminary depth to basement modeling at Salton Sea, California, 50th Stanford Geothermal Workshop, Stanford, CA, February 12, 2025, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-175199","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":483761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/IGAstandard/record_detail.php?id=37957","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":483774,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.17095889118062,\n 33.553526286643006\n ],\n [\n -116.17095889118062,\n 32.69509941552114\n ],\n [\n -115.1118650865392,\n 32.69509941552114\n ],\n [\n -115.1118650865392,\n 33.553526286643006\n ],\n [\n -116.17095889118062,\n 33.553526286643006\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Jacob Elliott 0000-0002-0709-2548","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0709-2548","contributorId":329989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Elliott","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":931830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glen, Jonathan M.G. 0000-0002-3502-3355 jglen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-3355","contributorId":176530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glen","given":"Jonathan","email":"jglen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":931831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schermerhorn, William D. 0000-0002-0167-378X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-378X","contributorId":210081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schermerhorn","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":931832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Earney, Tait E. 0000-0002-1504-0457","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1504-0457","contributorId":210080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earney","given":"Tait","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":931833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Morbeck, Benjamin Lyter 0009-0000-6043-0481","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6043-0481","contributorId":335638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morbeck","given":"Benjamin Lyter","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":931834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70263777,"text":"70263777 - 2025 - Cancer risk and estimated lithium exposure in drinking groundwater in the US","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-24T15:22:49.778702","indexId":"70263777","displayToPublicDate":"2025-02-20T09:17:26","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20081,"text":"JAMA Network Open","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cancer risk and estimated lithium exposure in drinking groundwater in the US","docAbstract":"Importance Lithium is a naturally occurring element in drinking water and is commonly used as a mood-stabilizing medication. Although clinical studies have reported associations between receiving lithium treatment and reduced cancer risk among patients with bipolar disorder, to our knowledge, the association between environmental lithium exposure and cancer risk has never been studied in the general population.
Objectives To evaluate the association between exposure to lithium in drinking groundwater and cancer risk in the general population.
Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included participants with electronic health record and residential address information but without cancer history at baseline from the All of Us Research Program between May 31, 2017, and June 30, 2022. Participants were followed up until February 15, 2023. Statistical analysis was performed from September 2023 through October 2024.
Exposure Lithium concentration in groundwater, based on kriging interpolation of publicly available US Geological Survey data on lithium concentration for 4700 wells across the contiguous US between May 12, 1999, and November 6, 2018.
Main Outcome and Measures The main outcome was cancer diagnosis or condition, obtained from electronic health records. Stratified Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for risk of cancer overall and individual cancer types for increasing quintiles of the estimated lithium exposure in drinking groundwater, adjusting for socioeconomic, behavioral, and neighborhood-level variables. The analysis was further conducted in the western and eastern halves of the US and restricted to long-term residents living at their current address for at least 3 years.
Results A total of 252 178 participants were included (median age, 52 years [IQR, 36-64 years]; 60.1% female). The median follow-up time was 3.6 years (IQR, 3.0-4.3 years), and 7573 incident cancer cases were identified. Higher estimated lithium exposure was consistently associated with reduced cancer risk. Compared with the first (lowest) quintile of lithium exposure, the HR for all cancers was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.31-0.78) for the fourth quintile and 0.29 (95% CI, 0.15-0.55) for the fifth quintile. These associations were found for all cancer types investigated in both females and males, among long-term residents, and in both western and eastern states. For example, for the fifth vs first quintile of lithium exposure for all cancers, the HR was 0.17 (95% CI, 0.07-0.42) in females and 0.13 (95% CI, 0.04-0.38) in males; for long-term residents, the HR was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.15-0.66) in females and 0.24 (95% CI, 0.11-0.52) in males; and the HR was 0.01 (95% CI, 0.00-0.09) in western states and 0.34 (95% CI, 0.21-0.57) in eastern states.
Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of 252 178 participants, estimated lithium exposure in drinking groundwater was associated with reduced cancer risk. Given the sparse evidence and unknown mechanisms of this association, follow-up investigation is warranted.
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The concentration of lithium in Smackover Formation brines was predicted across southern Arkansas by using a machine-learning model that incorporated lithium concentration data and geologic information. Between 5.1 and 19.0 million metric tons of lithium are calculated to be present in the brines of the Smackover Formation in southern Arkansas. The range in possible total lithium reflects the uncertainty in machine-learning predictions of lithium concentrations and the range of Smackover Formation porosity. This estimate quantifies the in-place lithium resource and does not consider the technological and economic feasibility of extracting the lithium from the brines.
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Contact Us- USGS Publications Warehouse
","tableOfContents":"Recently, there has been considerable recent controversy whether current and new lithium mines will be able to supply the rapidly growing needs of the electromobility transition. Mineral exploration projects are typically active for many years, and only some become operational mines. From exploration to production, the projects go through several stages of characterisation and evaluation. At each stage, decisions are made by companies and stakeholders to advance, continue or stop the project. This is a complex process, and even projects with very similar geological and technical characteristics may take very different trajectories, depending on external factors such as global market conditions and local regulatory environments. The present study investigates the dynamics of this process for lithium exploration projects. A global database of 397 lithium projects was compiled, covering their progression through major development stages between 2004 and 2022. Ordinal logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis of this data. Different explanatory variables were tested, including economic, geological, technical, and geographic factors, to identify the best predictors for project progress at each development stage. The results suggest an essential role for lithium carbonate prices, and a variable role for other factors at each stage. Critically, the already elapsed lead time and project economics, which are traditionally considered important for the prediction of the start-up of individual mines, do not appear to be relevant in all cases. The results provide important insights into the dynamics of lithium supply and may eventually allow more realistic forecasts to be made for future lithium market dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105423","usgsCitation":"Buarque, L., Frenzel, M., Bookhagen, B., Kresse, C., Schmidt, M., Nassar, N.T., Alonso, E., Shojaeddini, E., and Sandmann, D., 2024, From exploration to production: Understanding the development dynamics of lithium mining projects: Resources Policy, v. 99, 105423, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105423.","productDescription":"105423, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-167913","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":466738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":464703,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buarque, Laura","contributorId":346844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buarque","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82994,"text":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frenzel, Max","contributorId":346845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Max","affiliations":[{"id":82994,"text":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bookhagen, Britta","contributorId":346846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bookhagen","given":"Britta","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82995,"text":"Deutsche Rohstoffagentur (DERA) in der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kresse, Carolin","contributorId":346847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kresse","given":"Carolin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82995,"text":"Deutsche Rohstoffagentur (DERA) in der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmidt, Michael","contributorId":346848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82995,"text":"Deutsche Rohstoffagentur (DERA) in der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nassar, Nedal T. 0000-0001-8758-9732 nnassar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-9732","contributorId":197864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nassar","given":"Nedal","email":"nnassar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Alonso, Elisa 0000-0002-0090-8284","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0090-8284","contributorId":223015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"Elisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shojaeddini, Ensieh 0000-0001-9584-6399","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9584-6399","contributorId":346849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shojaeddini","given":"Ensieh","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":920014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sandmann, Dirk","contributorId":346850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sandmann","given":"Dirk","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82996,"text":"ERZLABOR Advanced Solutions GmbH","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":920015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70259581,"text":"fs20243029 - 2024 - Developments in African industrial minerals for renewable energy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T21:16:35.700196","indexId":"fs20243029","displayToPublicDate":"2024-10-29T13:20:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-3029","displayTitle":"Developments in African Industrial Minerals for Renewable Energy","title":"Developments in African industrial minerals for renewable energy","docAbstract":"Africa is emerging as a leading source for minerals used in the manufacture of batteries for electric vehicles and in other renewable energy applications. New graphite, lithium, and rare-earth mines have or could be opened in African countries from 2017 through 2026.
Estimates of production capacities for graphite, lithium, and rare-earth mines for 2023 and beyond are based upon supply-side assumptions, such as announced plans for new capacity construction and bankable feasibility studies, as well as projected trends that could affect current producing facilities in 2023 and planned new facilities projected to come online by 2026. Forward-looking information, including estimates of future production capacities, graphite flake distributions, and timing of the start of operations, are subject to risk factors and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ significantly from expected outcomes. Projects listed in this report are presented as an indication of industry plans and are not a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) prediction of what will take place. Only projects with planned startup dates are included in this report; ther graphite, lithium, and rare-earth projects in Africa without startup dates were known to be in various stages of development but are not included in this fact sheet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20243029","usgsCitation":"Yager, T., 2024, Developments in African industrial minerals for renewable energy: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2024–3029, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20243029","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-153789","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":463121,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20243029/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"FS 2024-3029 HTML"},{"id":463122,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2024/3029/fs20243029.XML","description":"FS 2024-3029 XML"},{"id":463123,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2024/3029/images"},{"id":462885,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2024/3029/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":462886,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2024/3029/fs20243029.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2024-3029 PDF"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -23.381408491331456,\n 38.850454189324125\n ],\n [\n -23.381408491331456,\n -38.520184226294504\n ],\n [\n 53.96234150866863,\n -38.520184226294504\n ],\n [\n 53.96234150866863,\n 38.850454189324125\n ],\n [\n -23.381408491331456,\n 38.850454189324125\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"National Minerals Information Center
U.S. Geological Survey
988 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov
Global demand for lithium, the primary component of lithium-ion batteries, greatly exceeds known supplies, and this imbalance is expected to increase as the world transitions away from fossil fuel energy sources. High concentrations of lithium in brines have been observed in the Smackover Formation in southern Arkansas (>400 milligrams per liter). We used published and newly collected brine lithium concentration data to train a random forest machine-learning model using geologic, geochemical, and temperature explanatory variables and create a map of predicted lithium concentrations in Smackover Formation brines across southern Arkansas. Using these predicted lithium maps with reservoir parameters and geologic information, we calculated that there are 5.1 to 19 million tons of lithium in Smackover Formation brines in southern Arkansas, which represents 35 to 136% of the current US lithium resource estimate. Based on these calculations, in 2022, 5000 tons of dissolved lithium were brought to the surface within brines as waste streams of the oil, gas, and bromine industries.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adp8149","usgsCitation":"Knierim, K.J., Blondes, M., Masterson, A., Freeman, P., McDevitt, B., Herzberg, A., Li, P., Mills, C., Doolan, C.A., Jubb, A., Ausbrooks, S., and Chenault, J., 2024, Evaluation of the lithium resource in the Smackover Formation brines of southern Arkansas using machine learning: Science Advances, v. 10, no. 39, eadp8149, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp8149.","productDescription":"eadp8149, 11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-153803","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp8149","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":462662,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Smackover Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.97434190011148,\n 33.77226311729616\n ],\n [\n -93.97434190011148,\n 32.98074805942153\n ],\n [\n -92.06801891555762,\n 32.98074805942153\n ],\n [\n -92.06801891555762,\n 33.77226311729616\n ],\n [\n -93.97434190011148,\n 33.77226311729616\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knierim, Katherine J. 0000-0002-5361-4132 kknierim@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5361-4132","contributorId":191788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knierim","given":"Katherine","email":"kknierim@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blondes, Madalyn S. 0000-0003-0320-0107 mblondes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0320-0107","contributorId":3598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blondes","given":"Madalyn S.","email":"mblondes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masterson, Andrew Laurence 0000-0002-3422-2985","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-2985","contributorId":343951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"Andrew Laurence","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":224150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDevitt, Bonnie 0000-0001-8390-0028","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8390-0028","contributorId":291246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDevitt","given":"Bonnie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herzberg, Amanda Sha 0000-0003-0343-9425","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0343-9425","contributorId":333089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzberg","given":"Amanda Sha","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Li, Peng","contributorId":344957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Peng","affiliations":[{"id":82440,"text":"Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment, Office of the State Geologist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mills, Ciara","contributorId":344958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"Ciara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82440,"text":"Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment, Office of the State Geologist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Doolan, Colin A. 0000-0002-7595-7566 cdoolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7595-7566","contributorId":3046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doolan","given":"Colin","email":"cdoolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jubb, Aaron M. 0000-0001-6875-1079","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6875-1079","contributorId":201978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jubb","given":"Aaron M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ausbrooks, Scott","contributorId":344959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ausbrooks","given":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":82440,"text":"Arkansas Department of Energy and Environment, Office of the State Geologist","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":915116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Chenault, Jessica 0000-0002-5974-0762","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-0762","contributorId":222078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chenault","given":"Jessica","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70256160,"text":"70256160 - 2024 - A global assessment of SAOCOM-1 L-band stripmap data for InSAR characterization of volcanic, tectonic, cryospheric, and anthropogenic deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-25T15:39:35.415304","indexId":"70256160","displayToPublicDate":"2024-07-19T10:34:23","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A global assessment of SAOCOM-1 L-band stripmap data for InSAR characterization of volcanic, tectonic, cryospheric, and anthropogenic deformation","docAbstract":"SAOCOM-1 is an L-band (23.5 cm) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) constellation made up of two satellites launched in 2018 and 2020 by Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE, Argentina). In this contribution, we present a global summary of interferometric SAR (InSAR) observations of ground deformation with SAOCOM-1 stripmap data for tracking volcanic, tectonic, glacier, and anthropogenic deformation. These examples include: 1) episodes of unrest at volcanoes in the Aleutian Islands, Southern Andes, and Italy, with line-of-sight (LOS) deformation from 4 cm/yr in InSAR time series to ~70 cm in interferograms; 2) dike intrusions in Hawai’i; 3) earthquakes in the Andean fold and thrust belt and the East Anatolian fault; 4) ice flow of the Southern Patagonia icefield; and 5) subsidence due to lithium brine extraction in the Salar de Atacama basin (northern Chile). Comparisons between SAOCOM-1, ALOS-2 SM3, Sentinel-1, and TerraSAR-X/ TanDEM-X/PAZ (TSX/TDX/PAZ) mean velocities from InSAR time series show a 1:1 ± 3% correlation in the LOS velocity, which highlights the high accuracy of SAOCOM-1 data. The minimum deformation that we measured in individual interferograms is 4 ± 0.6 cm. One limitation of SAOCOM-1 is the lack of a global acquisition program, which reduces its global and broader applications. Considering the repeat periods, background observation program, and lack of a controlled orbital tube, the best suited targets for SAOCOM-1 InSAR are two. First, volcanoes that deform with secular rates located in vegetated regions in mid- and high-latitudes, and/or that undergo transient episodes of fast deformation in which C-band coherence is lost quickly. Second, glaciers where coherence can be sustained during the repeat period of eight days.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2024.3423792","usgsCitation":"Delgado, F., Shreve, T., Borgstrom, S., Le’on-Ibanez, P., Castillo, J., and Poland, M.P., 2024, A global assessment of SAOCOM-1 L-band stripmap data for InSAR characterization of volcanic, tectonic, cryospheric, and anthropogenic deformation: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 62, 5216821, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3423792.","productDescription":"5216821, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-162422","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delgado, Francisco","contributorId":174989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delgado","given":"Francisco","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":906948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shreve, Tara","contributorId":331794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shreve","given":"Tara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Borgstrom, Sven","contributorId":340348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borgstrom","given":"Sven","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39118,"text":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Le’on-Ibanez, Pablo","contributorId":340349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Le’on-Ibanez","given":"Pablo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37346,"text":"Universidad de Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Castillo, Joaqu’in","contributorId":340350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castillo","given":"Joaqu’in","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37346,"text":"Universidad de Chile","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":906952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":907063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70255920,"text":"70255920 - 2024 - Utica/Point Pleasant brine isotopic compositions (δ7Li, δ11B, δ138Ba) elucidate mechanisms of lithium enrichment in the Appalachian Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T14:48:53.142529","indexId":"70255920","displayToPublicDate":"2024-07-07T06:55:21","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Utica/Point Pleasant brine isotopic compositions (δ7Li, δ11B, δ138Ba) elucidate mechanisms of lithium enrichment in the Appalachian Basin","title":"Utica/Point Pleasant brine isotopic compositions (δ7Li, δ11B, δ138Ba) elucidate mechanisms of lithium enrichment in the Appalachian Basin","docAbstract":"Global Li production will require a ~500 % increase to meet 2050 projected energy storage demands. One potential source is oil and gas wastewater (i.e., produced water or brine), which naturally has high total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations, that can also be enriched in Li (>100 mg/L). Understanding the sources and mechanisms responsible for high naturally-occurring Li concentrations can aid in efficient targeting of these brines. The isotopic composition (δ7Li, δ11B, δ138Ba) of produced water and core samples from the Utica Shale and Point Pleasant Formation (UPP) in the Appalachian Basin, USA indicates that depth-dependent thermal maturity and water-rock interaction, including diagenetic clay mineral transformations, likely control Li concentrations. A survey of Li content in produced waters throughout the USA indicates that Appalachian Basin brines from the Marcellus Shale to the UPP have the potential for economic resource recovery.
While previous resource conflicts have often been linked to fuel minerals such as oil, future resource conflict may revolve around nonfuel minerals that enable strategic emerging technologies. During a 2010 diplomatic dispute, China reportedly blocked exports of rare earth elements to Japan, thereby leveraging China’s near-monopoly to threaten Japanese manufacturers of advanced technologies including batteries and permanent magnets. Although this caused significant concern for manufacturers outside China, China’s control over other critical minerals has yet to be studied comprehensively. Besides rare earth elements, perhaps no mineral has received more attention for its supply risks than cobalt. Here Chinese control is estimated for each cobalt material at each stage of the cobalt supply chain from 2000 through 2022. The results show that from mining, to refining, consumption, recycling, stocks, and trade, China dominates the cobalt materials that feed lithium-ion battery cathode production. Specifically, the results show that in 2022 Chinese firms had control over 62% of cobalt mine materials primarily used for cobalt chemical refining, 95% control of refined commercial-grade cobalt chemicals, 92% control of battery-grade tricobalt tetroxide, 85% control of battery-grade cobalt sulfate, and 91% control of nickel–cobalt-manganese cathode precursor materials. China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials may imply a serious supply risk to non-Chinese battery producing and consuming industries—especially given rising geopolitical tensions and the reemergence of critical mineral export restrictions including gallium for semiconductors, germanium for solar panels, graphite for lithium-ion batteries, and (again) rare earth elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s13563-024-00447-w","usgsCitation":"Gulley, A.L., 2024, The development of China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials: Mineral Economics, v. 37, p. 619-631, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-024-00447-w.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"631","ipdsId":"IP-130175","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-024-00447-w","text":"Publisher Index 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Recycling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating price elasticity of demand for mineral commodities used in lithium-ion batteries in the face of surging demand","docAbstract":"The accelerating adoption of clean energy technologies is driving demand for certain mineral commodities like lithium, essential for electric vehicle batteries. Understanding the influence of the energy transition on each market requires examining their supply and demand price elasticities. However, there have only been a limited number of studies that have estimated mineral demand price elasticities in emerging technologies. We empirically estimate the price elasticity demand (PEDs) for mineral commodities used in lithium-ion battery cathodes and anodes—cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, and nickel. We also test whether the price elasticities of these mineral commodities have changed due to any structural changes in recent years, given the recent expansion in the sales of electric vehicles. Using Two Stage Least Squared (2SLS) econometric techniques, we find that demand has become less elastic for lithium (-0.11), cobalt (-0.45), nickel (-0.09), and manganese (-0.04) after structural breaks in 2020, 2013, 2009, and 2014, respectively. In contrast, demand for natural amorphous graphite (-0.36), and natural flake graphite (-0.58) remains relatively stable over the time period assessed.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107664","usgsCitation":"Shojaeddini, E., Alonso, E., and Nassar, N.T., 2024, Estimating price elasticity of demand for mineral commodities used in lithium-ion batteries in the face of surging demand: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 207, 107664, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107664.","productDescription":"107664, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-154682","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107664","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":465625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"207","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shojaeddini, Ensieh 0000-0001-9584-6399","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9584-6399","contributorId":345023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shojaeddini","given":"Ensieh","affiliations":[{"id":82464,"text":"Akima System Engineering","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alonso, Elisa 0000-0002-0090-8284","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0090-8284","contributorId":223015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alonso","given":"Elisa","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nassar, Nedal T. 0000-0001-8758-9732 nnassar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-9732","contributorId":197864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nassar","given":"Nedal","email":"nnassar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70250904,"text":"70250904 - 2024 - Machine learning approaches to identify lithium concentration in petroleum produced waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-07T16:06:46.920365","indexId":"70250904","displayToPublicDate":"2024-01-09T08:18:01","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5502,"text":"Mineral Economics","onlineIssn":"2191-2211","printIssn":"2191-2203","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Machine learning approaches to identify lithium concentration in petroleum produced waters","docAbstract":"Prices for battery-grade lithium have increased substantially since 2020, which is propelling the search for additional sources of this important element. Battery-grade lithium is predominately recovered from continental brines. Most crude oil and natural gas wells recover briny formation water, which may represent an additional source. Chemical analysis of these waters has been shown to indicate the presence of varying concentrations of lithium and related elements. This paper briefly reviews developments and literature supporting the presence of lithium in petroleum reservoir brines. It also describes the coverage and distribution of lithium data analyses in the United States Geological Survey National Produced Waters Geochemical Database (PWGD). It then addresses the question as to whether a lithium concentration can be accurately predicted using constituents of ion chemistry in produced brines from specific geologic formations. Four machine learning algorithms are employed to classify the commercial potential of lithium in oil field brines using data from oil wells recovering formation water from the Smackover Formation. The calibrated classification models are further applied to new (out-of-sample) data from the Marcellus Formation in the Appalachian Basin. Among the approaches considered, the predictive performance and wider applicability of the gradient boosted tree and the deep neural network models are determined to be the most promising. Finally, we discuss how the calibrated models could be applied to assure the quality of the data reported from chemical laboratory analysis and for imputation when lithium values are missing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13563-023-00409-8","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., Coburn, T., and Freeman, P., 2024, Machine learning approaches to identify lithium concentration in petroleum produced waters: Mineral Economics, v. 37, p. 477-497, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00409-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"477","endPage":"497","ipdsId":"IP-144611","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":1809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coburn, Timothy","contributorId":333122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coburn","given":"Timothy","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":891988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":206294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":891989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70250880,"text":"70250880 - 2024 - Estimating lithium concentrations in groundwater used as drinking water for the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T14:57:06.787905","indexId":"70250880","displayToPublicDate":"2024-01-02T10:47:01","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5925,"text":"Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating lithium concentrations in groundwater used as drinking water for the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Lithium (Li) concentrations in drinking-water supplies are not regulated in the United States; however, Li is included in the 2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list of unregulated contaminants for monitoring by public water systems. Li is used pharmaceutically to treat bipolar disorder, and studies have linked its occurrence in drinking water to human-health outcomes. An extreme gradient boosting model was developed to estimate geogenic Li in drinking-water supply wells throughout the conterminous United States. The model was trained using Li measurements from ∼13,500 wells and predictor variables related to its natural occurrence in groundwater. The model predicts the probability of Li in four concentration classifications, ≤4 μg/L, >4 to ≤10 μg/L, >10 to ≤30 μg/L, and >30 μg/L. Model predictions were evaluated using wells held out from model training and with new data and have an accuracy of 47–65%. Important predictor variables include average annual precipitation, well depth, and soil geochemistry. Model predictions were mapped at a spatial resolution of 1 km2 and represent well depths associated with public- and private-supply wells. This model was developed by hydrologists and public-health researchers to estimate Li exposure from drinking water and compare to national-scale human-health data for a better understanding of dose–response to low (<30 μg/L) concentrations of Li.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.3c03315","usgsCitation":"Lombard, M.A., Brown, E.E., Saftner, D., Arienzo, M.M., Fuller-Thomson, E., Brown, C., and Ayotte, J.D., 2024, Estimating lithium concentrations in groundwater used as drinking water for the conterminous United States: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 58, no. 2, p. 1255-1264, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03315.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1255","endPage":"1264","ipdsId":"IP-152446","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":440811,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03315","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90DZA9M","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data and model archive used to model and map lithium concentrations 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