{"pageNumber":"1","pageRowStart":"0","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6,"records":[{"id":70263173,"text":"sir20245108 - 2025 - 2022 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T18:03:22.332207","indexId":"sir20245108","displayToPublicDate":"2025-01-31T10:17:03","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5108","displayTitle":"2022 Volcanic Activity in Alaska and the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of Events and Response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","title":"2022 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"<p>In 2022, the Alaska Volcano Observatory responded to eruptions, volcanic unrest or suspected unrest, increased seismicity, and other significant activity at 11 volcanic centers in Alaska and in the Northern Mariana Islands. Eruptive activity in Alaska consisted of repeated small, ash-producing, phreatomagmatic explosions from Mount Young on Semisopochnoi Island; the eruption of a thick lava flow within the summit crater at Great Sitkin Volcano; and weak explosive activity and the eruption of small, channelized flows at Pavlof Volcano. Uplift and an increase in seismicity were detected at Mount Edgecumbe, a long-dormant volcano in southeastern Alaska. Anomalous seismicity was also detected at three other volcanoes, including Trident Volcano, Takawangha volcano, and Davidof volcano. Other activity documented in 2022 includes ash resuspension events at Mount Katmai and Aniakchak Crater, and Mount Cleveland had a period of unrest, but no eruptive activity took place. In the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, hydroacoustic detections and a submarine plume observed in satellite data at Ahyi seamount indicated underwater eruptive activity there.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245108","collaboration":"The Alaska Volcano Observatory is a consortium between the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Orr, T.R., Dietterich, H.R., Grapenthin, R., Haney, M.M., Loewen, M.W., Saunders-Shultz, P., Tan, D., Waythomas, C.F., and Wech, A.G., 2025, 2022 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024-5108, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245108.","productDescription":"ix, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-152943","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":492678,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118410.htm","text":"Mt. Edgecumbe","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5108/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":481524,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5108/sir20245108.pdf","text":"Document","size":"13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":492676,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118408.htm","text":"Mt. Katmai, Trident Volcano, Aniak Crater, Pavlof Volcano, Mt. Cleveland, Takawangha Volcano, Great Sitkin Volcano, Semisopochnoi Island, Davidof Volcano","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":492677,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118409.htm","text":"Northern Mariana Islands and Ahyi Seamount","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -135.53816786826286,\n              57.38098900209502\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.05611606682763,\n              57.38098900209502\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.05611606682763,\n              56.83684431579326\n            ],\n            [\n              -135.53816786826286,\n      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href=\"https://avo.alaska.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://avo.alaska.edu/\">Alaska Volcano Observatory</a><br><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>4210 University Drive<br>Anchorage, AK 99508</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Volcanic Activity in Alaska</li><li>Volcanic Activity in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Glossary of Selected Terms and Acronyms</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2025-01-31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orr, Tim R. 0000-0003-1157-7588 torr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-7588","contributorId":149803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Tim","email":"torr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343 hdietterich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":194354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah","email":"hdietterich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grapenthin, Ronni","contributorId":257035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grapenthin","given":"Ronni","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7026,"text":"New Mexico Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":925766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haney, Matthew M. 0000-0003-3317-7884 mhaney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884","contributorId":172948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","email":"mhaney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loewen, Matthew W. 0000-0002-5621-285X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5621-285X","contributorId":213321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loewen","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Saunders-Shultz, Pablo","contributorId":336581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saunders-Shultz","given":"Pablo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":80792,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":925770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tan, Darren 0000-0001-8210-6041","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8210-6041","contributorId":304978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tan","given":"Darren","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66199,"text":"Geophysical Institute and Alaska Volcano Observatory, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":925771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wech, Aaron G. 0000-0003-4983-1991 awech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-1991","contributorId":5344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wech","given":"Aaron","email":"awech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70259170,"text":"sir20245062J - 2024 - Special topic—Eruption plumes and clouds","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70259170,"text":"sir20245062J - 2024 - Special topic—Eruption plumes and clouds","indexId":"sir20245062J","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Special Topic—Eruption Plumes and Clouds","title":"Special topic—Eruption plumes and clouds"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70259167,"text":"sir20245062 - 2024 - Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States","indexId":"sir20245062","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"title":"Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70259167,"text":"sir20245062 - 2024 - Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States","indexId":"sir20245062","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"title":"Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-17T20:43:29.938506","indexId":"sir20245062J","displayToPublicDate":"2024-10-04T10:29:12","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5062","chapter":"J","displayTitle":"Special Topic—Eruption Plumes and Clouds","title":"Special topic—Eruption plumes and clouds","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction</h1><p>Explosive eruptions create plumes of volcanic ash and gas that can rise more than 30,000 feet (9.1 kilometers [km]) above sea level within minutes of eruption onset. The resulting clouds disperse under prevailing winds and may cause hazardous conditions hundreds to thousands of kilometers from the volcano, including in international airspace. Rapid detection and characterization of explosive activity is vital to mitigate the wide-ranging effects of volcanic ash. Ashfall thicknesses as small as a millimeter or so on the ground can affect infrastructure, agriculture, and air quality, requiring extensive clean-up procedures (Schuster, 1981; Warrick and others, 1981, U.S. Geological Survey, 2022). Volcanic clouds also pose substantial threats to aircraft. Since 1953, 88 encounters between airplanes and ash clouds have been documented worldwide (International Civil Aviation Organization, 2015, appendix F), resulting in aircraft damage and, in 9 cases, engine failure (Guffanti and others, 2010). In 1982, two large passenger planes suffered complete engine failure owing to eruptions in Indonesia (Global Volcanism Program, 1982) and a similar incident occurred over Alaska in 1989 (Casadevall, 1994). In all three cases, they were able to restart some engine capability and land safely once they emerged from the ash clouds, although with substantial damage (Guffanti and others, 2010).</p><p>The clear threat to aviation has led to establishment of nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAAC) around the world to monitor and rapidly disseminate information about volcanic eruptions to the aviation community. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) volcano observatories issue the Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation that informs of preeruptive unrest or eruptive activity. When ash-producing eruptions do occur, volcano observatories work closely with their regional VAAC to ensure consistency and accuracy in eruption onset time, cloud altitude, ash production, and duration as reported in Volcanic Ash Advisories. Explosive volcanism in the United States and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands prompts 50–100 such advisories in any given year (table J1). This collaborative effort is greatly aided by USGS detection and monitoring of eruption clouds to ensure a timely and coordinated response.</p><p>To support these efforts to provide guidance on ash transport and fallout, the USGS developed the Ash3d volcanic ash dispersion model (<a data-mce-href=\"https://vsc-ash.wr.usgs.gov/ash3d-gui\" href=\"https://vsc-ash.wr.usgs.gov/ash3d-gui\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https://vsc-ash.wr.usgs.gov/ash3d-gui</a>) (Schwaiger and others, 2012). Automated simulations are run daily by the USGS for volcanoes that are in elevated states of unrest, and in response mode when eruptions occur. During eruptions, the model output is provided to local National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices to guide them in the issuance of their information products (such as special weather statements, ashfall advisories, or ashfall warnings), as well as to State and local governments and the public. Characterization of the eruption source is needed to estimate the parameters used to initialize the Ash3d model, and by the Anchorage and Washington VAACs to initialize other dispersion models that inform forecasts for the airborne volcanic cloud. The source parameters that can be provided by observation during an eruption include eruption start time, eruption cloud height over time, and eruption duration. Other, nonobservable source parameters, such as mass eruption rate and grain-size distribution, are based on empirical correlations and study of historical deposits. The goal is to provide a time series of cloud heights, mass eruption rates, and particle-size distributions that accurately reflects current conditions. When feasible, the USGS also provides guidance on the nature of ongoing eruptions and forecasts future activity using petrologic monitoring of collected tephra samples.</p><p>The aims of providing accurate observable parameters are achieved through analysis of (1) near-real-time meteorological satellite data, (2) ground-based cameras (see <a data-mce-href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062g\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Orr, T.R., Dietterich, H.R., and Poland, M.P., 2024, Tracking surface changes caused by volcanic activity, chap. G <i>of</i> Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–G, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062g.\">chapter G</a>, this volume; Orr and others, 2024), (3) weather radar, (4) volcanic lightning detection, and (5) ground-based ash sensors and sampling. Explosive eruptions can be detected by a variety of geophysical monitoring, including infrasound (see <a data-mce-href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062c\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Lyons, J.J., Fee, D., Thelen, W.A., Iezzi, A.M., and Wech, A.G., 2024, Infrasound for volcano monitoring, chap. C <i>of</i> Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–C, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062c.\">chapter C</a>, this volume; Lyons and others, 2024) and seismicity (see <a data-mce-href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062b\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Thelen, W.A., Lyons, J.J., Wech, A.G., Moran, S.C., Haney, M.M., and Flinders, A.F., 2024, Seismic techniques and suggested instrumentation to monitor volcanoes, chap. B <i>of</i> Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–B, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062b.\">chapter B</a>, this volume; Thelen and others, 2024). However, those methods cannot quantify the altitude, ash content, and dispersal dynamics of resulting volcanic clouds. Ideally, all available sources of monitoring data are synthesized to develop a coherent understanding of eruptive activity. The guidance summarized here provides a framework for characterizing volcanic clouds in the atmosphere and tracking the evolution of explosive eruption dynamics.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245062J","usgsCitation":"Schneider, D.J., and Van Eaton, A.R., 2024, Special topic—Eruption plumes and clouds, chap. J <i>of</i> Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–J, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062J.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-154938","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/j/covrthbj.jpg"},{"id":462416,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/j/sir20245062j.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center/connect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center/connect\">Director</a>,<br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/volcano-science-center\">Volcano Science Center</a><br><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>4230 University Drive<br>Anchorage, AK 99508</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Introduction</li><li>Instrumentation</li><li>Recommended Capabilities</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2024-10-04","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, David J. 0000-0001-9092-1054 djschneider@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9092-1054","contributorId":198601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"David","email":"djschneider@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":914396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Eaton, Alexa R. 0000-0001-6646-4594 avaneaton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-4594","contributorId":184079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Eaton","given":"Alexa","email":"avaneaton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":914397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70252730,"text":"sir20245014 - 2024 - 2021 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-11T18:09:50.499857","indexId":"sir20245014","displayToPublicDate":"2024-04-09T10:05:22","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5014","displayTitle":"2021 Volcanic Activity in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of Events and Response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","title":"2021 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"<p>In 2021, the Alaska Volcano Observatory responded to eruptions, volcanic unrest or suspected unrest, increased seismicity, and other significant activity at 15 volcanic centers in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Eruptive activity in Alaska consisted of repeated small, ash-producing, phreatomagmatic explosions from Mount Young on Semisopochnoi Island; an explosion at Great Sitkin Volcano followed by the eruption of a thick lava flow that filled and overflowed the summit crater; weak explosive activity and the eruption of small, channelized flows at Pavlof Volcano; and a short-lived eruption at Mount Veniaminof that produced ash emissions from an intracaldera cone, as well as lava flows confined to a melt pit in the ice mantling the cone’s flank. Mount Cleveland had a period of unrest, but no eruptive activity took place there. Anomalous seismicity was also detected at Atka volcanic complex, Mount Gareloi, and Davidof volcano. New warm springs opened and deposited mud at the summit and north base of Shrub mud volcano. Other activity of note in Alaska consisted of large ice and rock avalanches at Iliamna Volcano and Mount Spurr, ash resuspension events at Mount Katmai and Aniakchak Crater, and anomalous deformation at Mount Okmok that was consistent with a shallow intrusion of magma. In the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, a brief, ash-producing eruption occurred at Mount Pagan.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245014","collaboration":"The Alaska Volcano Observatory is a consortium between the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Orr, T.R., Dietterich, H.R., Fee D., Girona, T., Grapenthin, R., Haney, M.M., Loewen, M.W., Lyons, J.J., Power, J.A., Schwaiger, H.F., Schneider, D.J., Tan, D., Toney, L., Wasser, V.K., Waythomas, C.F., 2024, 2021 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5014, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245014.","productDescription":"ix, 64 p.","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-139235","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":427361,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5014/sir20245014.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5014"},{"id":427360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5014/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"Northern Mariana Islands, United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -180.91039541038674,\n              52.397333461784\n            ],\n            [\n              -179.15258291038657,\n              50.647658713281515\n            ],\n            [\n              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{},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              146,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              146,\n              14\n            ],\n            [\n              144,\n              14\n            ],\n            [\n              144,\n              20\n            ],\n            [\n              146,\n              20\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://avo.alaska.edu/\" data-mce-href=\"https://avo.alaska.edu/\">Alaska Volcano Observatory<br></a><a href=\"https://usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://usgs.gov\">U.S. Geological Survey</a><br>4210 University Drive<br>Anchorage, AK 99508</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Volcanic Activity in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Glossary of Selected Terms and Acronyms</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"publishedDate":"2024-04-09","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orr, Tim R. 0000-0003-1157-7588 torr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1157-7588","contributorId":149803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Tim","email":"torr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":898008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietterich, Hannah R. 0000-0001-7898-4343 hdietterich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-4343","contributorId":194354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietterich","given":"Hannah","email":"hdietterich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":898009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fee, David","contributorId":251816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fee","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":898010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Girona, Tarsilo","contributorId":229679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Girona","given":"Tarsilo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":36392,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":898011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grapenthin, Ronni","contributorId":257035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grapenthin","given":"Ronni","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7026,"text":"New Mexico 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Alaska Volcano Observatory, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":898019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Toney, Liam 0000-0003-0167-9433","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0167-9433","contributorId":257264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toney","given":"Liam","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":898020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wasser, Valerie K.","contributorId":265989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wasser","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":898021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":898022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":98123,"text":"ofr20091165 - 2010 - Volcano-Monitoring Instrumentation in the United States, 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-11T21:02:03.414393","indexId":"ofr20091165","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1165","title":"Volcano-Monitoring Instrumentation in the United States, 2008","docAbstract":"The United States is one of the most volcanically active countries in the world. According to the global volcanism database of the Smithsonian Institution, the United States (including its Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands) is home to about 170 volcanoes that are in an eruptive phase, have erupted in historical time, or have not erupted recently but are young enough (eruptions within the past 10,000 years) to be capable of reawakening. From 1980 through 2008, 30 of these volcanoes erupted, several repeatedly.\r\n\r\nVolcano monitoring in the United States is carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program, which operates a system of five volcano observatories-Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO), Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), Long Valley Observatory (LVO), and Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO). The observatories issue public alerts about conditions and hazards at U.S. volcanoes in support of the USGS mandate under P.L. 93-288 (Stafford Act) to provide timely warnings of potential volcanic disasters to the affected populace and civil authorities.\r\n\r\nTo make efficient use of the Nation's scientific resources, the volcano observatories operate in partnership with universities and other governmental agencies through various formal agreements. The Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) was established in 2001 to promote scientific cooperation among the Federal, academic, and State agencies involved in observatory operations. Other groups also contribute to volcano monitoring by sponsoring long-term installation of geophysical instruments at some volcanoes for specific research projects.\r\n\r\nThis report describes a database of information about permanently installed ground-based instruments used by the U.S. volcano observatories to monitor volcanic activity (unrest and eruptions). The purposes of this Volcano-Monitoring Instrumentation Database (VMID) are to (1) document the Nation's existing, ground-based, volcano-monitoring capabilities, (2) answer queries within a geospatial framework about the nature of the instrumentation, and (3) provide a benchmark for planning future monitoring improvements.\r\n\r\nThe VMID is not an archive of the data collected by monitoring instruments, nor is it intended to keep track of whether a station is temporarily unavailable due to telemetry or equipment problems. Instead, it is a compilation of basic information about each instrument such as location, type, and sponsoring agency. Typically, instruments installed expressly for volcano monitoring are emplaced within about 20 kilometers (km) of a volcanic center; however, some more distant instruments (as far away as 100 km) can be used under certain circumstances and therefore are included in the database. Not included is information about satellite-based and airborne sensors and temporarily deployed instrument arrays, which also are used for volcano monitoring but do not lend themselves to inclusion in a geospatially organized compilation of sensor networks.\r\n\r\nThis Open-File Report is provided in two parts: (1) an Excel spreadsheet (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1165/) containing the version of the Volcano-Monitoring Instrumentation Database current through 31 December 2008 and (2) this text (in Adobe PDF format), which serves as metadata for the VMID. The disclaimer for the VMID is in appendix 1 of the text. Updated versions of the VMID will be posted on the Web sites of the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (http://www.cusvo.org/) and the USGS Volcano Hazards Program http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/data/index.php.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091165","usgsCitation":"Guffanti, M., Diefenbach, A., Ewert, J.W., Ramsey, D.W., Cervelli, P.F., and Schilling, S.P., 2010, Volcano-Monitoring Instrumentation in the United States, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1165, Report: iv, 32 p.; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091165.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 32 p.; Database","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1165.jpg"},{"id":13363,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd77e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guffanti, Marianne","contributorId":68257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"Marianne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diefenbach, Angela K. 0000-0003-0214-7818","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-7818","contributorId":36650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Angela K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ewert, John W. 0000-0003-2819-4057 jwewert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2819-4057","contributorId":642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewert","given":"John","email":"jwewert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsey, David W. 0000-0003-1698-2523 dramsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-2523","contributorId":3819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"David","email":"dramsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cervelli, Peter F. 0000-0001-6765-1009 pcervelli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-1009","contributorId":1936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cervelli","given":"Peter","email":"pcervelli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schilling, Steven P.","contributorId":31081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":97915,"text":"ofr20091118 - 2009 - Chronology and references of volcanic eruptions and selected unrest in the United States, 1980-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-11T20:48:21.828029","indexId":"ofr20091118","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1118","title":"Chronology and references of volcanic eruptions and selected unrest in the United States, 1980-2008","docAbstract":"The United States ranks as one of the top countries in the world in the number of young, active volcanoes within its borders. The United States, including the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, is home to approximately 170 geologically active (age <10,000 years) volcanoes. As our review of the record shows, 30 of these volcanoes have erupted since 1980, many repeatedly. In addition to producing eruptions, many U.S. volcanoes exhibit periods of anomalous activity, unrest, that do not culminate in eruptions. \r\n\r\nMonitoring volcanic activity in the United States is the responsibility of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program (VHP) and is accomplished with academic, Federal, and State partners. The VHP supports five Volcano Observatories - the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO), Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), Long Valley Observatory (LVO), and Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). With the exception of HVO, which was established in 1912, the U.S. Volcano Observatories have been established in the past 27 years in response to specific volcanic eruptions or sustained levels of unrest. As understanding of volcanic activity and hazards has grown over the years, so have the extent and types of monitoring networks and techniques available to detect early signs of anomalous volcanic behavior. This increased capability is providing us with a more accurate gauge of volcanic activity in the United States. \r\n\r\nThe purpose of this report is to (1) document the range of volcanic activity that U.S. Volcano Observatories have dealt with, beginning with the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, (2) describe some overall characteristics of the activity, and (3) serve as a quick reference to pertinent published literature on the eruptions and unrest documented in this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091118","usgsCitation":"Diefenbach, A., Guffanti, M., and Ewert, J.W., 2009, Chronology and references of volcanic eruptions and selected unrest in the United States, 1980-2008 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1118, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091118.","productDescription":"85 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1118.jpg"},{"id":13087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1118/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, United States","state":"Alaska, Washington","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e041b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diefenbach, Angela K. 0000-0003-0214-7818","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0214-7818","contributorId":36650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diefenbach","given":"Angela K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guffanti, Marianne","contributorId":68257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"Marianne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ewert, John W. 0000-0003-2819-4057 jwewert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2819-4057","contributorId":642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewert","given":"John","email":"jwewert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035662,"text":"70035662 - 2009 - Volcanic hazards to airports","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-16T10:22:10","indexId":"70035662","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic hazards to airports","docAbstract":"<p><span>Volcanic activity has caused significant hazards to numerous airports worldwide, with local to far-ranging effects on travelers and commerce. Analysis of a new compilation of incidents of airports impacted by volcanic activity from 1944 through 2006 reveals that, at a minimum, 101 airports in 28 countries were affected on 171 occasions by eruptions at 46 volcanoes. Since 1980, five airports per year on average have been affected by volcanic activity, which indicates that volcanic hazards to airports are not rare on a worldwide basis. The main hazard to airports is ashfall, with accumulations of only a few millimeters sufficient to force temporary closures of some airports. A substantial portion of incidents has been caused by ash in airspace in the vicinity of airports, without accumulation of ash on the ground. On a few occasions, airports have been impacted by hazards other than ash (pyroclastic flow, lava flow, gas emission, and phreatic explosion). Several airports have been affected repeatedly by volcanic hazards. Four airports have been affected the most often and likely will continue to be among the most vulnerable owing to continued nearby volcanic activity: Fontanarossa International Airport in Catania, Italy; Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in Alaska, USA; Mariscal Sucre International Airport in Quito, Ecuador; and Tokua Airport in Kokopo, Papua New Guinea. The USA has the most airports affected by volcanic activity (17) on the most occasions (33) and hosts the second highest number of volcanoes that have caused the disruptions (5, after Indonesia with 7). One-fifth of the affected airports are within 30&nbsp;km of the source volcanoes, approximately half are located within 150&nbsp;km of the source volcanoes, and about three-quarters are within 300&nbsp;km; nearly one-fifth are located more than 500&nbsp;km away from the source volcanoes. The volcanoes that have caused the most impacts are Soufriere Hills on the island of Montserrat in the British West Indies, Tungurahua in Ecuador, Mt. Etna in Italy, Rabaul caldera in Papua New Guinea, Mt. Spurr and Mt. St. Helens in the USA, Ruapehu in New Zealand, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines, and Anatahan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (part of the USA). Ten countries—USA, Indonesia, Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, Italy, New Zealand, Philippines, Mexico, Japan, and United Kingdom—have the highest volcanic hazard and/or vulnerability measures for airports. The adverse impacts of volcanic eruptions on airports can be mitigated by preparedness and forewarning. Methods that have been used to forewarn airports of volcanic activity include real-time detection of explosive volcanic activity, forecasts of ash dispersion and deposition, and detection of approaching ash clouds using ground-based Doppler radar. Given the demonstrated vulnerability of airports to disruption from volcanic activity, at-risk airports should develop operational plans for ashfall events, and volcano-monitoring agencies should provide timely forewarning of imminent volcanic-ash hazards directly to airport operators.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11069-008-9254-2","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"Guffanti, M.C., Mayberry, G.C., Casadevall, T.J., and Wunderman, R., 2009, Volcanic hazards to airports: Natural Hazards, v. 51, no. 2, p. 287-302, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9254-2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487821,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232830","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216131,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9254-2"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2f4e4b08c986b32ae93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guffanti, Marianne C. guffanti@usgs.gov","contributorId":641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"Marianne","email":"guffanti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayberry, Gari C. gmayberr@usgs.gov","contributorId":2650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayberry","given":"Gari","email":"gmayberr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":451721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casadevall, Thomas J. 0000-0002-9447-6864 tcasadevall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6864","contributorId":2734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"Thomas","email":"tcasadevall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wunderman, Richard","contributorId":33790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wunderman","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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