This work studies costs and benefits of utilizing local‐grid refinement (LGR) as implemented in MODFLOW‐LGR to simulate groundwater flow in a buried tunnel valley interacting with a regional aquifer. Two alternative LGR methods were used: the shared‐node (SN) method and the ghost‐node (GN) method. To conserve flows the SN method requires correction of sources and sinks in cells at the refined/coarse‐grid interface. We found that the optimal correction method is case dependent and difficult to identify in practice. However, the results showed little difference and suggest that identifying the optimal method was of minor importance in our case. The GN method does not require corrections at the models' interface, and it uses a simpler head interpolation scheme than the SN method. The simpler scheme is faster but less accurate so that more iterations may be necessary. However, the GN method solved our flow problem more efficiently than the SN method. The MODFLOW‐LGR results were compared with the results obtained using a globally coarse (GC) grid. The LGR simulations required one to two orders of magnitude longer run times than the GC model. However, the improvements of the numerical resolution around the buried valley substantially increased the accuracy of simulated heads and flows compared with the GC simulation. Accuracy further increased locally around the valley flanks when improving the geological resolution using the refined grid. Finally, comparing MODFLOW‐LGR simulation with a globally refined (GR) grid showed that the refinement proportion of the model should not exceed 10% to 15% in order to secure method efficiency.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vilhelmsen, T., Christensen, S., and Mehl, S.W., 2012, Evaluation of MODFLOW-LGR in connection with a synthetic regional-scale model: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 1, p. 118-132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":213905,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00826.x"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-05-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c18e4b0c8380cd52a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vilhelmsen, T.N.","contributorId":54024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilhelmsen","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":435773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":435775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189204,"text":"70189204 - 2012 - MT3DMS: Model use, calibration, and validation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T16:15:38","indexId":"70189204","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3619,"text":"Transactions of the ASABE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MT3DMS: Model use, calibration, and validation","docAbstract":"MT3DMS is a three-dimensional multi-species solute transport model for solving advection, dispersion, and chemical reactions of contaminants in saturated groundwater flow systems. MT3DMS interfaces directly with the U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference groundwater flow model MODFLOW for the flow solution and supports the hydrologic and discretization features of MODFLOW. MT3DMS contains multiple transport solution techniques in one code, which can often be important, including in model calibration. Since its first release in 1990 as MT3D for single-species mass transport modeling, MT3DMS has been widely used in research projects and practical field applications. This article provides a brief introduction to MT3DMS and presents recommendations about calibration and validation procedures for field applications of MT3DMS. The examples presented suggest the need to consider alternative processes as models are calibrated and suggest opportunities and difficulties associated with using groundwater age in transport model calibration.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASABE","doi":"10.13031/2013.42263","usgsCitation":"Zheng, C., Hill, M.C., Cao, G., and Ma, R., 2012, MT3DMS: Model use, calibration, and validation: Transactions of the ASABE, v. 55, no. 4, p. 1549-1559, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42263.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1549","endPage":"1559","ipdsId":"IP-040350","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595dfab9e4b0d1f9f056a7b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zheng, C.","contributorId":39976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cao, G.","contributorId":22970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ma, R.","contributorId":17458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ma","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70042829,"text":"70042829 - 2012 - MODFLOW-NWT – Robust handling of dry cells using a Newton Formulation of MODFLOW-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-25T15:23:34","indexId":"70042829","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MODFLOW-NWT – Robust handling of dry cells using a Newton Formulation of MODFLOW-2005","docAbstract":"The first versions of the widely used groundwater flow model MODFLOW (McDonald and Harbaugh 1988) had a sure but inflexible way of handling unconfined finite-difference aquifer cells where the water table dropped below the bottom of the cell—these \"dry cells\" were turned inactive for the remainder of the simulation. Problems with this formulation were easily seen, including the potential for inadvertent loss of simulated recharge in the model (Doherty 2001; Painter et al. 2008), and rippling of dry cells through the solution that unacceptably changed the groundwater flow system (Juckem et al. 2006). Moreover, solving problems of the natural world often required the ability to reactivate dry cells when the water table rose above the cell bottom. This seemingly simple desire resulted in a two-decade attempt to include the simulation flexibility while avoiding numerical instability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing Ltd","publisherLocation":"Columbia, MD","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00976.x","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R., and Feinstein, D.T., 2012, MODFLOW-NWT – Robust handling of dry cells using a Newton Formulation of MODFLOW-2005: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 5, p. 659-663, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00976.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"659","endPage":"663","numberOfPages":"5","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037826","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268262,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268261,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00976.x"}],"volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-08-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"512c9613e4b0855fde6697ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Randal J. 0000-0001-6465-9304","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":52861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randal J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feinstein, Daniel T. 0000-0003-1151-2530 dtfeinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-2530","contributorId":1907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dtfeinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70035490,"text":"70035490 - 2012 - Modifications to the conduit flow process mode 2 for MODFLOW-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T12:35:59.930906","indexId":"70035490","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modifications to the conduit flow process mode 2 for MODFLOW-2005","docAbstract":"As a result of rock dissolution processes, karst aquifers exhibit highly conductive features such as caves and conduits. Within these structures, groundwater flow can become turbulent and therefore be described by nonlinear gradient functions. Some numerical groundwater flow models explicitly account for pipe hydraulics by coupling the continuum model with a pipe network that represents the conduit system. In contrast, the Conduit Flow Process Mode 2 (CFPM2) for MODFLOW‐2005 approximates turbulent flow by reducing the hydraulic conductivity within the existing linear head gradient of the MODFLOW continuum model. This approach reduces the practical as well as numerical efforts for simulating turbulence. The original formulation was for large pore aquifers where the onset of turbulence is at low Reynolds numbers (1 to 100) and not for conduits or pipes. In addition, the existing code requires multiple time steps for convergence due to iterative adjustment of the hydraulic conductivity. Modifications to the existing CFPM2 were made by implementing a generalized power function with a user‐defined exponent. This allows for matching turbulence in porous media or pipes and eliminates the time steps required for iterative adjustment of hydraulic conductivity. The modified CFPM2 successfully replicated simple benchmark test problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00805.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Reimann, T., Birk, S., Rehrl, C., and Shoemaker, W., 2012, Modifications to the conduit flow process mode 2 for MODFLOW-2005: Ground Water, v. 50, no. 1, p. 144-148, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00805.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"148","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cbbe4b0c8380cd6fee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimann, Thomas","contributorId":45536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimann","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birk, S.","contributorId":41182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birk","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rehrl, C.","contributorId":33938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehrl","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay","contributorId":215321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":450886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70118981,"text":"70118981 - 2012 - MODFLOW-style parameters in underdetermined parameter estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-24T16:19:51.813673","indexId":"70118981","displayToPublicDate":"2011-02-25T09:11:00","publicationYear":"2012","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MODFLOW-style parameters in underdetermined parameter estimation","docAbstract":"In this article, we discuss the use of MODFLOW-Style parameters in the numerical codes MODFLOW_2005 and MODFLOW_2005-Adjoint for the definition of variables in the Layer Property Flow package. Parameters are a useful tool to represent aquifer properties in both codes and are the only option available in the adjoint version. Moreover, for overdetermined parameter estimation problems, the parameter approach for model input can make data input easier. We found that if each estimable parameter is defined by one parameter, the codes require a large computational effort and substantial gains in efficiency are achieved by removing logical comparison of character strings that represent the names and types of the parameters. An alternative formulation already available in the current implementation of the code can also alleviate the efficiency degradation due to character comparisons in the special case of distributed parameters defined through multiplication matrices. The authors also hope that lessons learned in analyzing the performance of the MODFLOW family codes will be enlightening to developers of other Fortran implementations of numerical codes.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00803.x","usgsCitation":"D’Oria, M.D., and Fienen, M., 2012, MODFLOW-style parameters in underdetermined parameter estimation: Groundwater, v. 50, no. 1, p. 149-153, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00803.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"153","ipdsId":"IP-016755","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e09e5be4b0beb42bdca469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Oria, Marco D.","contributorId":22258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Oria","given":"Marco","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70042840,"text":"70042840 - 2011 - Comment on “An unconfined groundwater model of the Death Valley Regional Flow System and a comparison to its confined predecessor” by R.W.H. Carroll, G.M. Pohll and R.L. Hershey [Journal of Hydrology 373/3–4, pp. 316–328]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-21T18:06:41","indexId":"70042840","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “An unconfined groundwater model of the Death Valley Regional Flow System and a comparison to its confined predecessor” by R.W.H. Carroll, G.M. Pohll and R.L. Hershey [Journal of Hydrology 373/3–4, pp. 316–328]","docAbstract":"Carroll et al. (2009) state that the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Death Valley Regional Flow System (DVRFS) model, which is based on MODFLOW, is “conceptually inaccurate in that it models an unconfined aquifer as a confined system and does not simulate unconfined drawdown in transient pumping simulations.” Carroll et al. (2009) claim that “more realistic estimates of water availability” can be produced by a SURFACT-based model of the DVRFS that simulates unconfined groundwater flow and limits withdrawals from wells to avoid excessive drawdown. Differences in results from the original MODFLOW-based model and the SURFACT-based model stem primarily from application by Carroll et al. (2009) of head limits that can also be applied using the existing MODLOW model and not from any substantial difference in the accuracy with which the unconfined aquifer is represented in the two models. In a hypothetical 50-year predictive simulation presented by Carroll et al. (2009), large differences between the models are shown when simulating pumping from the lower clastic confining unit, where the transmissivity is nearly two orders of magnitude less than in an alluvial aquifer. Yet even for this extreme example, drawdowns and pumping rates from the MODFLOW and SURFACT models are similar when the head-limit capabilities of the MODFLOW MNW Package are applied. These similarities persist despite possible discrepancies between assigned hydraulic properties. The resulting comparison between the MODFLOW and SURFACT models of the DVRFS suggests that approximating the unconfined system in the DVRFS as a constant-saturated-thickness system (called a “confined system” by Carroll et al., 2009) performs very well.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.038","usgsCitation":"Faunt, C., Provost, A., Hill, M.C., and Belcher, W., 2011, Comment on “An unconfined groundwater model of the Death Valley Regional Flow System and a comparison to its confined predecessor” by R.W.H. Carroll, G.M. Pohll and R.L. Hershey [Journal of Hydrology 373/3–4, pp. 316–328]: Journal of Hydrology, v. 397, no. 3-4, p. 306-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.038.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"306","endPage":"309","ipdsId":"IP-018303","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271313,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":271312,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.038"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.33,35.78 ], [ -117.33,36.96 ], [ -116.5,36.96 ], [ -116.5,35.78 ], [ -117.33,35.78 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"397","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51751744e4b074c2b0556492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":472372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Provost, Alden M.","contributorId":85652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"Alden M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189371,"text":"70189371 - 2011 - Programming PHREEQC calculations with C++ and Python a comparative study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T09:43:21","indexId":"70189371","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Programming PHREEQC calculations with C++ and Python a comparative study","docAbstract":"The new IPhreeqc module provides an application programming interface (API) to facilitate coupling of other codes with the U.S. Geological Survey geochemical model PHREEQC. Traditionally, loose coupling of PHREEQC with other applications required methods to create PHREEQC input files, start external PHREEQC processes, and process PHREEQC output files. IPhreeqc eliminates most of this effort by providing direct access to PHREEQC capabilities through a component object model (COM), a library, or a dynamically linked library (DLL). Input and calculations can be specified through internally programmed strings, and all data exchange between an application and the module can occur in computer memory.
This study compares simulations programmed in C++ and Python that are tightly coupled with IPhreeqc modules to the traditional simulations that are loosely coupled to PHREEQC. The study compares performance, quantifies effort, and evaluates lines of code and the complexity of the design. The comparisons show that IPhreeqc offers a more powerful and simpler approach for incorporating PHREEQC calculations into transport models and other applications that need to perform PHREEQC calculations. The IPhreeqc module facilitates the design of coupled applications and significantly reduces run times. Even a moderate knowledge of one of the supported programming languages allows more efficient use of PHREEQC than the traditional loosely coupled approach.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings for MODFLOW and More 2011: Integrated Hydrologic Modeling ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2011: Integrated Hydrologic Modeling ","conferenceDate":"June 5-8, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Golden, Colorado","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Charlton, S.R., Parkhurst, D.L., and Muller, M., 2011, Programming PHREEQC calculations with C++ and Python a comparative study, in Proceedings for MODFLOW and More 2011: Integrated Hydrologic Modeling , Golden, Colorado, June 5-8, 2011, p. 632-636.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"632","endPage":"636","ipdsId":"IP-029725","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343618,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/Publications/2011/muller_parkhurst_etal_2011.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673544e4b0d1f9f05dd7e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Charlton, Scott R. 0000-0001-7332-3394 charlton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3394","contributorId":1632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"Scott","email":"charlton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller, Mike","contributorId":194513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muller","given":"Mike","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006074,"text":"ofr20101057 - 2011 - A data-input program (MFI2005) for the U.S. Geological Survey modular groundwater model (MODFLOW-2005) and parameter estimation program (UCODE_2005)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:16:02","indexId":"ofr20101057","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1057","title":"A data-input program (MFI2005) for the U.S. Geological Survey modular groundwater model (MODFLOW-2005) and parameter estimation program (UCODE_2005)","docAbstract":"The MFI2005 data-input (entry) program was developed for use with the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model, MODFLOW-2005. MFI2005 runs on personal computers and is designed to be easy to use; data are entered interactively through a series of display screens. MFI2005 supports parameter estimation using the UCODE_2005 program for parameter estimation. Data for MODPATH, a particle-tracking program for use with MODFLOW-2005, also can be entered using MFI2005. MFI2005 can be used in conjunction with other data-input programs so that the different parts of a model dataset can be entered by using the most suitable program.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101057","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A.W., 2011, A data-input program (MFI2005) for the U.S. Geological Survey modular groundwater model (MODFLOW-2005) and parameter estimation program (UCODE_2005): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1057, vii, 12 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101057.","productDescription":"vii, 12 p.; Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1057.jpg"},{"id":110934,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1057/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af297","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, Arien W.","contributorId":28354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arien","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005951,"text":"sir20115149 - 2011 - Simulations of groundwater flow and particle-tracking analysis in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T15:18:20","indexId":"sir20115149","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5149","title":"Simulations of groundwater flow and particle-tracking analysis in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas","docAbstract":"In 2006, a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas, was selected for intensive study to assess the vulnerability of public-supply wells in the Edwards aquifer to contamination by a variety of compounds. A local-scale, steady-state, three-dimensional numerical groundwater-flow model was developed and used in this study to evaluate the movement of water and solutes from recharge areas to the selected public-supply well. Particle tracking was used to compute flow paths and advective traveltimes throughout the model area and to delineate the areas contributing recharge and zone of contribution for the selected public-supply well.
\n\n
The local-scale model grid has a finer vertical discretization than do previous regional Edwards aquifer models and incorporates refined parameter zones corresponding with multiple (10) hydrogeologic units representing the Edwards aquifer. In the Edwards aquifer, high matrix porosity and permeability likely are overshadowed by high permeability developed in structurally influenced karstic conduit systems that transmit water into, through, and out of the aquifer system. The complexity of the aquifer system in the local-scale study area is further increased by numerous faults with varying vertical displacements. The extensive faulting results in the juxtaposition of hydrogeologic units with differing hydraulic properties and has appreciable effects on groundwater flow in the Edwards aquifer. The local-scale model simulations use the MODFLOW Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow Package and include two hydrogeologic units with high hydraulic conductivities (one or more orders of magnitude higher than for the other simulated hydrogeologic units) that are intended to simulate fast flow paths attributable to karst features. The two “conduit” hydrogeologic units of the Edwards aquifer represent the lower 8 meters of the leached and collapsed members and the Kirschberg evaporite member of the Edwards Group. The MODFLOW Horizontal-Flow Barrier Package was used to simulate faults in the local-scale model. The assumption was made that the degree to which a fault acts as a barrier to groundwater flow is proportional to the fault displacement. The final calibrated hydraulic-conductance values ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 per day for fault displacements ranging from 0 to more than 100 percent of the total aquifer thickness.
\n\n
The calibrated steady-state simulation generally reproduces the spatial distribution of measured water-level altitudes. Simulated water-level altitudes were within 9.0 meters of measured water-level altitudes at 74 of the 84 wells used as targets for the local-scale model for the calibrated steady-state simulation. The overall mean absolute difference between simulated and measured water-level altitudes is 4.2 meters, and the mean algebraic difference is 1.9 meters. The simulated springflow for San Antonio Springs was 7.7 percent greater and for San Pedro Springs was 4.2 percent less than the median measured springflow. Simulated tritium concentrations were within 0.14 tritium units of measured tritium concentrations for 11 of the 13 local-scale study tritium observations from the 10 local-scale study wells used to calibrate the steady-state local-scale model, with a mean absolute difference between simulated and measured tritium concentrations of 0.11 tritium units and a mean algebraic difference of -0.04 tritium units. Simulated tritium concentrations in the selected public-supply well during November 2007 were within 0.09 tritium units of the measured concentrations, with the exception of the shallowest observation from the well.
\n\n
The steady-state simulation water budget indicates that recharge occurring in the local-scale study area accounts for 31.8 percent of the sources of water to the Edwards aquifer in the local-scale model area and that inflow through the model boundaries contributes 68.2 percent. Most of the flow into the local-scale model area through the model boundaries occurs through the western and southern boundaries, 58.2 and 39.6 percent, respectively. The largest discharges from the Edwards aquifer in the local-scale model area are boundary outflow (71.4 percent) and withdrawals by wells (24.9 percent). Most of the flow out of the local-scale model area through the model boundaries occurs through the southern and eastern boundaries, 54.2 and 39.6 percent, respectively.
\n\n
The simulated zones of contribution for the selected public-supply well, Timberhill well nest, and Zarzamora well nest extend to the north, northeast, and northwest from each site in the confined zone of the aquifer into the recharge zone, where all recharge to the aquifer occurs. The area contributing recharge for the selected public-supply well has the greatest extent. The area contributing recharge for the Timberhill well nest encompasses approximately the western one-half of the area contributing recharge for the selected public-supply well, and that for the Zarzamora well nest encompasses approximately the eastern two-thirds of the area contributing recharge for the selected public-supply well.
\n\n
Simulated particle ages ranged from less than 1 day to more than 1,900 years in the 10 local-scale study wells (13 local-scale study tritium observations) used to calibrate the local-scale model. The simulated mean particle ages for the tritium observations representing selected well depths (shallow, intermediate, and deep) ranged from 2.5 to 15 years. The minimum (youngest) mean particle ages for the selected public-supply well and the Timberhill monitoring wells were for the intermediate well depth, while the youngest mean particle age for the Zarzamora monitoring wells was for the intermediate and deep well depth. The maximum (oldest) mean particle ages for the selected public-supply well and the Zarzamora monitoring wells were for the shallow well depth. The mean of simulated particle ages for tritium observations representing well depths open to the simulated conduit hydrogeologic units was 3.8 years, whereas the mean of simulated particle ages for tritium observations representing well depths not open to the simulated conduit hydrogeologic units was 9.6 years.
\n\n
The effect of short-circuit pathways, for example karst conduits, in the flow system on the movement of young water to the selected public-supply well could greatly alter contaminant arrival times compared to what might be expected from advection in a system without short circuiting. In a forecasting exercise, the simulated concentrations showed rapid initial response at the beginning and end of chemical input, followed by more gradual response as older water moved through the system. The nature of karst groundwater flow, where flow predominantly occurs via conduit flow paths, could lead to relatively rapid water quality responses to land-use changes. Results from the forecasting exercise indicate that timescales for change in the quality of water from the selected public-supply well could be on the order of a few years to decades for land-use changes that occur over days to decades, which has implications for source-water protection strategies that rely on land-use change to achieve water-quality objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115149","collaboration":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R., Houston, N.A., Musgrove, M., Fahlquist, L.S., and Kauffman, L.J., 2011, Simulations of groundwater flow and particle-tracking analysis in the zone of contribution to a public-supply well in San Antonio, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5149, x, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115149.","productDescription":"x, 93 p.","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5149.png"},{"id":110823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5149/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -101.0,27.5 ], [ -101.0,31.0 ], [ -97.0,31.0 ], [ -97.0,27.5 ], [ -101.0,27.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1ae5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, Richard L.","contributorId":57725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houston, Natalie A. 0000-0002-6071-4545 nhouston@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4545","contributorId":1682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houston","given":"Natalie","email":"nhouston@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne S. 0000-0002-4993-4037 lfahlqst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-4037","contributorId":1051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","email":"lfahlqst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kauffman, Leon J. 0000-0003-4564-0362 lkauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":1094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Leon","email":"lkauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70005629,"text":"ofr20111213 - 2011 - MODFLOW-CDSS, a version of MODFLOW-2005 with modifications for Colorado Decision Support Systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:08","indexId":"ofr20111213","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1213","title":"MODFLOW-CDSS, a version of MODFLOW-2005 with modifications for Colorado Decision Support Systems","docAbstract":"MODFLOW-CDSS is a three-dimensional, finite-difference groundwater-flow model based on MODFLOW-2005, with two modifications. The first modification is the introduction of a Partition Stress Boundaries capability, which enables the user to partition a selected subset of MODFLOW's stress-boundary packages, with each partition defined by a separate input file. Volumetric water-budget components of each partition are tracked and listed separately in the volumetric water-budget tables. The second modification enables the user to specify that execution of a simulation should continue despite failure of the solver to satisfy convergence criteria. This modification is particularly intended to be used in conjunction with automated model-analysis software; its use is not recommended for other purposes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111213","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board","usgsCitation":"Banta, E., 2011, MODFLOW-CDSS, a version of MODFLOW-2005 with modifications for Colorado Decision Support Systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1213, v, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111213.","productDescription":"v, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2011_1213.gif"},{"id":94259,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70005435,"text":"sir20115155 - 2011 - Numerical simulation of groundwater flow for the Yakima River basin aquifer system, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115155","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5155","title":"Numerical simulation of groundwater flow for the Yakima River basin aquifer system, Washington","docAbstract":"A regional, three-dimensional, transient numerical model of groundwater flow was constructed for the Yakima River basin aquifer system to better understand the groundwater-flow system and its relation to surface-water resources. The model described in this report can be used as a tool by water-management agencies and other stakeholders to quantitatively evaluate proposed alternative management strategies that consider the interrelation between groundwater availability and surface-water resources.\nThe model was constructed using the U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference model MODFLOW. The model uses 1,000-foot grid cells that subdivide the model domain by 600 rows and 600 columns. Forty-eight hydrogeologic units in the model are included in 24 model layers. The Yakima River, all major tributaries, and major agricultural drains are included in the model as either drain cells or streamflow-routing cells. Recharge was estimated from previous work using physical process models. Groundwater pumpage specified in the model is derived from monthly pumpage values previously estimated from another component of this study. The pumpage values include estimates for wells with standby/reserve rights that are used in drought years.\nThe model was calibrated to the transient conditions for October 1959 to September 2001. Calibration was completed by using traditional trial-and-error methods and automated parameter-estimation techniques. The model simulates the shape and slope of the water table that generally is consistent with mapped water levels. At well observation points, the average difference between simulated and measured hydraulic heads is -49 feet with a root-mean-square error divided by the total difference in water levels of 4 percent. Simulated river streamflow was compared to measured streamflow at seven sites. Annual differences between measured and simulated streamflow for the sites ranged from 1 to 9 percent. Calibrated model output includes a 42-year estimate of a monthly water budget for the aquifer system.\nFive applications (scenarios) of the model were completed to obtain a better understanding of the relation between pumpage and surface-water resources and groundwater levels. For the first three scenarios, the calibrated transient model was used to simulate conditions without: (1) pumpage from all hydrogeologic units, (2) pumpage from basalt hydrogeologic units, and (3) exempt-well pumpage. The simulation results indicated potential streamflow capture by the existing pumpage from 1960 through 2001. The quantity of streamflow capture generally was inversely related to the total quantity of pumpage eliminated in the model scenarios. For the fourth scenario, the model simulated 1994 through 2001 under existing conditions with additional pumpage estimated for pending groundwater applications. The differences between the calibrated model streamflow and this scenario indicated additional decreases in streamflow of 91 cubic feet per second in the model domain. Existing conditions representing 1994 through 2001 were projected through 2025 for the fifth scenario and indicated additional streamflow decreases of 38 cubic feet per second and groundwater-level declines.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Yakama Nation","usgsCitation":"Ely, D., Bachmann, M., and Vaccaro, J.J., 2011, Numerical simulation of groundwater flow for the Yakima River basin aquifer system, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5155, viii, 88 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115155.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94134,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5155/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.5,45.75 ], [ -121.5,47.75 ], [ -119,47.75 ], [ -119,45.75 ], [ -121.5,45.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, D.M.","contributorId":33356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bachmann, M.P.","contributorId":7969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachmann","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":352511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005037,"text":"sir20105214 - 2011 - Application of the Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interaction of lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T19:49:37.26436","indexId":"sir20105214","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5214","title":"Application of the Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interaction of lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Groundwater use from shallow, high-capacity wells is expected to increase across southeastern Wisconsin in the next decade (2010-2020), owing to residential and business growth and the need for shallow water to be blended with deeper water of lesser quality, containing, for example, excessive levels of radium. However, this increased pumping has the potential to affect surface-water features. A previously developed regional groundwater-flow model for southeastern Wisconsin was used as the starting point for a new model to characterize the hydrology of part of northwestern Waukesha County, with a particular focus on the relation between the shallow aquifer and several area lakes. An inset MODFLOW model was embedded in an updated version of the original regional model. Modifications made within the inset model domain include finer grid resolution; representation of Beaver, Pine, and North Lakes by use of the LAK3 package in MODFLOW; and representation of selected stream reaches with the SFR package. Additionally, the inset model is actively linked to the regional model by use of the recently released Local Grid Refinement package for MODFLOW-2005, which allows changes at the regional scale to propagate to the local scale and vice versa. \r\n\r\n The calibrated inset model was used to simulate the hydrologic system in the Chenequa area under various weather and pumping conditions. The simulated model results for base conditions show that groundwater is the largest inflow component for Beaver Lake (equal to 59 percent of total inflow). For Pine and North Lakes, it is still an important component (equal, respectively, to 16 and 5 percent of total inflow), but for both lakes it is less than the contribution from precipitation and surface water. Severe drought conditions (simulated in a rough way by reducing both precipitation and recharge rates for 5 years to two-thirds of base values) cause correspondingly severe reductions in lake stage and flows. The addition of a test well south of Chenequa at a pumping rate of 47 gal/min from a horizon approximately 200 feet below land surface has little effect on lake stages or flows even after 5 years of pumping. In these scenarios, the stage and the surface-water outflow from Pine Lake are simulated to decrease by only 0.03 feet and 3 percent, respectively, relative to base conditions. Likely explanations for these limited effects are the modest pumping rate simulated, the depth of the test well, and the large transmissivity of the unconsolidated aquifer, which allows the well to draw water from upstream along the bedrock valley and to capture inflow from the Bark River. However, if the pumping rate of the test well is assumed to increase to 200 gal/min, the decrease in simulated Pine Lake outflow is appreciably larger, dropping by 14 percent relative to base-flow conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105214","usgsCitation":"Feinstein, D.T., Dunning, C.P., Juckem, P., and Hunt, R.J., 2011, Application of the Local Grid Refinement package to an inset model simulating the interaction of lakes, wells, and shallow groundwater, northwestern Waukesha County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5214, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105214.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423581,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95399.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":24519,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5214.gif"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.4278,\n 43.1728\n ],\n [\n -88.4278,\n 43.0833\n ],\n [\n -88.3231,\n 43.0833\n ],\n [\n -88.3231,\n 43.1728\n ],\n [\n -88.4278,\n 43.1728\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a8c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunning, C. P.","contributorId":35792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Juckem, P. F.","contributorId":24819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003690,"text":"70003690 - 2011 - Application of MODFLOW for oil reservoir simulation during the Deepwater Horizon Crisis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T16:33:47","indexId":"70003690","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of MODFLOW for oil reservoir simulation during the Deepwater Horizon Crisis","docAbstract":"When the Macondo well was shut in on July 15, 2010, the shut-in pressure recovered to a level that indicated the possibility of oil leakage out of the well casing into the surrounding formation. Such a leak could initiate a hydraulic fracture that might eventually breach the seafloor, resulting in renewed and uncontrolled oil flow into the Gulf of Mexico. To help evaluate whether or not to reopen the well, a MODFLOW model was constructed within 24 h after shut in to analyze the shut-in pressure. The model showed that the shut-in pressure can be explained by a reasonable scenario in which the well did not leak after shut in. The rapid response provided a scientific analysis for the decision to keep the well shut, thus ending the oil spill resulting from the Deepwater Horizon blow out.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00813.x","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., 2011, Application of MODFLOW for oil reservoir simulation during the Deepwater Horizon Crisis: Ground Water, v. 49, no. 3, p. 319-323, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00813.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"323","costCenters":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 25.284437746983055\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 26.07652055985697\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -86.396484375,\n 31.541089879585808\n ],\n [\n -91.97753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 26.194876675795218\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":348352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70004957,"text":"tm6A38 - 2011 - MODPATH-LGR; documentation of a computer program for particle tracking in shared-node locally refined grids by using MODFLOW-LGR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:21:24","indexId":"tm6A38","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A38","title":"MODPATH-LGR; documentation of a computer program for particle tracking in shared-node locally refined grids by using MODFLOW-LGR","docAbstract":"The computer program described in this report, MODPATH-LGR, is designed to allow simulation of particle tracking in locally refined grids. The locally refined grids are simulated by using MODFLOW-LGR, which is based on MODFLOW-2005, the three-dimensional groundwater-flow model published by the U.S. Geological Survey. The documentation includes brief descriptions of the methods used and detailed descriptions of the required input files and how the output files are typically used. \r\n\r\n The code for this model is available for downloading from the World Wide Web from a U.S. Geological Survey software repository. The repository is accessible from the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Information Web page at http://water.usgs.gov/software/ground_water.html. \r\n\r\n The performance of the MODPATH-LGR program has been tested in a variety of applications. Future applications, however, might reveal errors that were not detected in the test simulations. Users are requested to notify the U.S. Geological Survey of any errors found in this document or the computer program by using the email address available on the Web site. Updates might occasionally be made to this document and to the MODPATH-LGR program, and users should check the Web site periodically.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A38","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, J.E., Hanson, R.T., Mehl, S.W., and Hill, M.C., 2011, MODPATH-LGR; documentation of a computer program for particle tracking in shared-node locally refined grids by using MODFLOW-LGR: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A38, vii, 13 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A38.","productDescription":"vii, 13 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_A38.gif"},{"id":24441,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a38/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696cf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70004769,"text":"sir20105249 - 2011 - Geohydrology, simulation of regional groundwater flow, and assessment of water-management strategies, Twentynine Palms area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T19:34:48.40813","indexId":"sir20105249","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5249","title":"Geohydrology, simulation of regional groundwater flow, and assessment of water-management strategies, Twentynine Palms area, California","docAbstract":"The Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) Twentynine Palms, California, overlies the Surprise Spring, Deadman, Mesquite, and Mainside subbasins of the Morongo groundwater basin in the southern Mojave Desert. Historically, the MCAGCC has relied on groundwater pumped from the Surprise Spring subbasin to provide all of its potable water supply. Groundwater pumpage in the Surprise Spring subbasin has caused groundwater levels in the subbasin to decline by as much as 190 feet (ft) from 1953 through 2007. Groundwater from the other subbasins contains relatively high concentrations of fluoride, arsenic, and (or) dissolved solids, making it unsuitable for potable uses without treatment. The potable groundwater supply in Surprise Spring subbasin is diminishing because of pumping-induced overdraft and because of more restrictive Federal drinking-water standards on arsenic concentrations. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the MCAGCC, completed this study to better understand groundwater resources in the area and to help establish a long-term strategy for regional water-resource development.\n\nThe Surprise Spring, Deadman, Mesquite, and Mainside subbasins are filled with sedimentary deposits of Tertiary age, alluvial fan deposits of Quaternary-Tertiary age, and younger alluvial and playa deposits of Quaternary age. Combined, this sedimentary sequence reaches a maximum thickness of more than 16,000 ft in the Deadman and Mesquite subbasins. The sedimentary deposits of Tertiary age yield a small amount of water to wells, and this water commonly contains high concentrations of fluoride, arsenic, and dissolved solids. The alluvial fan deposits form the principal water-bearing unit in the study area and have a combined thickness of 250 to more than 1,000 ft. The younger alluvial and playa deposits are unsaturated throughout most of the study area. Lithologic and downhole geophysical logs were used to divide the Quaternary/ Tertiary alluvial fan deposits into two aquifers (referred to as the upper and the middle aquifers) and the Tertiary sedimentary deposits into a single aquifer (referred to as the lower aquifer). In general, wells perforated in the upper aquifer yield more water than wells perforated in the middle and lower aquifers. The study area is dominated by extensive faulting and moderate to intense folding that has displaced or deformed the pre-Tertiary basement complex as well as the overlying Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. Many of these faults act as barriers to the lateral movement of groundwater flow and form many of the boundaries of the groundwater subbasins.\n\nThe principal recharge to the study area is groundwater underflow across the western and southern boundaries that originates as runoff in the surrounding mountains. Groundwater discharges naturally from the study area as spring flow, as groundwater underflow to downstream basins, and as water vapor to the atmosphere by transpiration of phreatophytes and direct evaporation from moist soil. The annual volume of water that naturally recharged to or discharged from the groundwater flow system in the study area during predevelopment conditions was estimated to be 1,010 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr). About 90 percent of this recharge originated as runoff from the Little San Bernardino and the Pinto Mountains to the south, and the remainder originated as runoff from the San Bernardino Mountains to the west. Evapotranspiration by phreatophytes near Mesquite Lake (dry) was the primary form of predevelopment groundwater discharge. From 1953 through 2007, approximately 139,400 acre-feet (acre-ft) of groundwater was pumped by the MCAGCC from the Surprise Spring subbasin.\n\nA regional-scale numerical groundwater flow model was developed using MODFLOW-2000 for the Surprise Spring, Deadman, Mesquite, and Mainside subbasins. The aquifer system was simulated by using three model layers representing the upper, middle, and lower aquifers. Measured groundwater levels","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105249","usgsCitation":"Li, Z., and Martin, P., 2011, Geohydrology, simulation of regional groundwater flow, and assessment of water-management strategies, Twentynine Palms area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5249, x, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105249.","productDescription":"x, 90 p.","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5249.jpg"},{"id":393868,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_95289.htm"},{"id":22508,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Twentynine Palms","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.73522949218751,\n 34.10498222546687\n ],\n [\n -115.95932006835938,\n 34.10498222546687\n ],\n [\n -115.95932006835938,\n 34.677264394659154\n ],\n [\n -116.73522949218751,\n 34.677264394659154\n ],\n [\n -116.73522949218751,\n 34.10498222546687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Zhen zhenli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Zhen","email":"zhenli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70004725,"text":"sir20115086 - 2011 - Numerical simulation of the groundwater-flow system in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:41","indexId":"sir20115086","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-5086","title":"Numerical simulation of the groundwater-flow system in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"A groundwater-flow model was developed to contribute to an improved understanding of water resources in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed. The model covers an area of about 491 square miles in western Pierce County, Washington, and is bounded to the northeast by the Puyallup River valley, to the southwest by the Nisqually River valley, and extends northwest to Puget Sound, and southeast to Tanwax Creek. The Puyallup and Nisqually Rivers occupy large, relatively flat alluvial valleys that are separated by a broad, poorly drained, upland area that covers most of the model area. Chambers and Clover Creeks drain much of the central uplands and flow westward to Puget Sound. The model area is underlain by a northwest-thickening sequence of unconsolidated glacial (till and outwash) and interglacial (fluvial and lacustrine) deposits. Ten unconsolidated hydrogeologic units in the model area form the basis of the groundwater-flow model.\n\nGroundwater flow in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and vicinity was simulated using the groundwater-flow model, MODFLOW-2000. The finite-difference model grid comprises 146 rows, 132 columns, and 11 layers. Each model cell has a horizontal dimension of 1,000 by 1,000 feet, and the model contains a total of 123,602 active cells. The thickness of model layers varies throughout the model area and ranges from 1.5 feet in the A3 aquifer unit to 1,567 feet in the G undifferentiated unit. Groundwater flow was simulated for both steady-state and transient conditions. Steady-state conditions were simulated using average recharge, discharge, and water levels for the 24-month period September 2006-August 2008. Transient conditions were simulated for the period September 2006-August 2008 using 24 monthly stress periods. Resource managers and local stakeholders intend to use the model to evaluate a range of water resource issues under both steady-state and transient conditions. Initial conditions for the transient model were developed from a 3-year \"lead-in\" period that used recorded precipitation and river levels, and temporal extrapolations of other boundary conditions. During model calibration, variables were adjusted within probable ranges to minimize differences between measured and simulated groundwater levels and stream baseflows. The model as calibrated to steady-state conditions has a standard deviation for heads and flows of 28.42 feet and 2.12 cubic feet per second, respectively; the model as calibrated to transient conditions has a standard deviation for heads and flows of 23.01 feet and 2.67 cubic feet per second, respectively.\n\nSimulated steady-state inflow to the model area from precipitation and secondary recharge was 477,266 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) (79 percent of total simulated inflow), and simulated inflow from stream and lake leakage was 129,778 acre-ft/yr (21 percent of total simulated inflow). Simulated outflow from the model primarily was through discharge to streams, lakes, springs, seeps, and Puget Sound (559,192 acre-ft/yr; 92 percent of total simulated outflow), and withdrawals from wells (47,863 acre-ft/yr; 8 percent of total simulated outflow).\n\nSix scenarios were formulated and simulated using the calibrated model to provide representative examples of how the model can be used to evaluate the effects on groundwater levels and stream baseflows of potential changes in groundwater withdrawals, in consumptive use, and in recharge.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20115086","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pierce Conservation District and the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K.H., Savoca, M.E., and Clothier, B., 2011, Numerical simulation of the groundwater-flow system in the Chambers-Clover Creek Watershed and Vicinity, Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5086, viii, 55 p.; Figures; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20115086.","productDescription":"viii, 55 p.; Figures; Tables","startPage":"i","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2011_5086.jpg"},{"id":21936,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.75,46.784166666666664 ], [ -122.75,47.333333333333336 ], [ -122.08333333333333,47.333333333333336 ], [ -122.08333333333333,46.784166666666664 ], [ -122.75,46.784166666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696813","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth H. johnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth","email":"johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clothier, Burt","contributorId":28127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clothier","given":"Burt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004688,"text":"tm6A34 - 2011 - MODFLOW-LGR-Modifications to the streamflow-routing package (SFR2) to route streamflow through locally refined grids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:54","indexId":"tm6A34","displayToPublicDate":"2011-06-21T10:50:02","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A34","title":"MODFLOW-LGR-Modifications to the streamflow-routing package (SFR2) to route streamflow through locally refined grids","docAbstract":"This report documents modifications to the Streamflow-Routing Package (SFR2) to route streamflow through grids constructed using the multiple-refined-areas capability of shared node Local Grid Refinement (LGR) of MODFLOW-2005. MODFLOW-2005 is the U.S. Geological Survey modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference groundwater-flow model. LGR provides the capability to simulate groundwater flow by using one or more block-shaped, higher resolution local grids (child model) within a coarser grid (parent model). LGR accomplishes this by iteratively coupling separate MODFLOW-2005 models such that heads and fluxes are balanced across the shared interfacing boundaries. Compatibility with SFR2 allows for streamflow routing across grids. LGR can be used in two- and three-dimensional, steady-state and transient simulations and for simulations of confined and unconfined groundwater systems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A34","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S.W., and Hill, M.C., 2011, MODFLOW-LGR-Modifications to the streamflow-routing package (SFR2) to route streamflow through locally refined grids: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A34, v, 12 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A34.","productDescription":"v, 12 p.; Appendix","startPage":"i","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":145,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Central Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116216,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_A34.gif"},{"id":21914,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm6a34/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648d3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":351146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":351145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}