Naturally occurring radionuclides in the ground water of southeastern Pennsylvania may pose a health hazard to some residents, especially those drinking water from wells drilled in the Chickies Quartzite. Water from 46 percent of wells sampled in the Chickies Quartzite and 7 percent of wells sampled in other geologic formations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total radium. Radon-222 may pose a health problem for homeowners by contributing to indoor air radon-222 levels. The radon-222 activity of water from 89 percent of sampled wells exceeded 300 pCi/L (picocuries per liter), the proposed USEPA MCL, and water from 16 percent of sampled wells exceeded 4,000 pCi/L. Uranium does not appear to be present in elevated concentrations in ground water in southeastern Pennsylvania.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01200","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2000, Naturally occurring radionuclides in the ground water of southeastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 012-00, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01200.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0012/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":34173,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0012/fs20000012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2000-0012"},{"id":348166,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0012/","text":"Report HTML","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"GS 2000-0012"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 39.715638134796336\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 39.715638134796336\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 40.83043687764923\n ],\n [\n -77.5634765625,\n 39.715638134796336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
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215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Ground-water samples were collected from 33 domestic wells to assess the water quality of the eastern part of the Silurian-Devonian and Upper Carbonate aquifers in the Eastern Iowa Basins National Water-Quality Assessment Program study unit. Samples were collected during June and July 1996 and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides and pesticide metabolites, volatile organic compounds, tritium, radon222, and environmental isotopes.
\nCalcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in most samples and were likely derived from the solution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) present in the aquifer materials. The dominance of sulfate in samples from several wells suggests the dissolution of evaporite minerals. Ammonia and orthophosphorus were the most commonly detected nutrients. Nitrate was detected in about half of the samples and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (10 milligrams per liter) in 6 percent of samples. Atrazine and metolachlor were the only pesticides detected and were present in 18 percent and 12 percent of samples, respectively. Alachlor ethanesulfonic acid and deethylatrazine were the most commonly detected pesticide metabolites and were present in 16 percent and 9 percent of samples, respectively. Radon-222 was detected in all samples, and 47 percent had concentrations in excess of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency previously proposed maximum contaminant level (300 picocuries per liter). Radon-222 concentrations were significantly higher in samples from wells that produced recently recharged water. This relation suggests that uranium-bearing glacial deposits (Schumann, 1993) may be a source of radon-222 in the underlying aquifers.
\nThe presence of regional confining units and thick overlying Quaternary-age deposits have an effect on water quality in the Silurian-Devonian and Upper Carbonate aquifers in the study area. Tritium-based ground-water ages were significantly older, and dissolved-solids concentrations were significantly higher in relatively well protected areas (where the aquifers are overlain by a bedrock confining unit or more than 100 feet of Quaternary-age deposits). Ammonia concentrations were significantly higher in relatively well protected areas and in samples from wells that produced older water. Higher ammonia concentrations also were observed in ground water with dissolved-oxygen concentrations of 0.5 milligram per liter or less, allowing for the anaerobic reduction of nitrate to ammonia. Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in relatively poorly protected areas (where the aquifers are not overlain by a bedrock confining unit or are overlain by less than 100 feet of Quaternaryage deposits) and in samples from wells that produced recently recharged water. Pesticide and metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in samples from wells that produced recently recharged water. Atrazine, metolachlor, and deethylatrazine were not detected in any samples from relatively well protected areas of the aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri984224","usgsCitation":"Savoca, M.E., Sadorf, E.M., and Akers, K.K., 1999, Ground-water quality in the eastern part of the Silurian-Devonian and upper Carbonate aquifers in the eastern Iowa basins, Iowa and Minnesota, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4224, vi, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984224.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2382,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/wri984224/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -91.3623046875,\n 40.83874913796459\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 40.72228267283148\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 40.9052096972736\n ],\n [\n -91.29638671875,\n 41.03793062246529\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.1455697310095\n ],\n [\n -91.087646484375,\n 41.15384235711447\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -91.065673828125,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 41.590796851056005\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -90.28564453124999,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -90.406494140625,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -91.38427734374999,\n 42.24478535602799\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 42.431565872579185\n ],\n [\n -91.92260742187499,\n 42.706659563510385\n ],\n [\n -92.208251953125,\n 42.94838139765314\n ],\n [\n -92.48291015625,\n 43.17313537107136\n ],\n [\n -92.6806640625,\n 43.42898792344157\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 43.723474896114816\n ],\n [\n -93.065185546875,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -93.262939453125,\n 44.07969327425713\n ],\n [\n -93.460693359375,\n 44.01652134387754\n ],\n [\n -93.61450195312499,\n 43.937461690316646\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 43.76315996157264\n ],\n [\n -93.9990234375,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -94.10888671875,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -94.163818359375,\n 43.1811470593997\n ],\n [\n -94.075927734375,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -93.93310546875,\n 42.956422511073335\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -93.84521484375,\n 42.577354839557856\n ],\n [\n -94.010009765625,\n 42.44778143462245\n ],\n [\n -94.06494140625,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -94.04296874999999,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -93.878173828125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -93.53759765625,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -93.05419921875,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -92.757568359375,\n 41.261291493919856\n ],\n [\n -92.427978515625,\n 41.12074559016745\n ],\n [\n -92.17529296875,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -91.812744140625,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6671c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoca, Mark E. mesavoca@usgs.gov","contributorId":1961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoca","given":"Mark","email":"mesavoca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadorf, Eric M. emsadorf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadorf","given":"Eric","email":"emsadorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":201691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akers, Kymm K.B.","contributorId":20790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akers","given":"Kymm","email":"","middleInitial":"K.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25822,"text":"wri994135 - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1995-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:41:44.97828","indexId":"wri994135","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4135","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1995-98","docAbstract":"From 1995 through 1998, water-quality and aquatic-biological samples were collected, processed, and analyzed for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program in the Upper Mississippi River Basin in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Sites were selected and samples collected for integrated studies designed to provide a comprehensive description of water-quality conditions, to identify trends, and to determine the factors that affect existing conditions.
\nThis report describes the design, site-selection, and implementation of the study. Methods used to collect, process, and analyze samples; characterize sites; and assess habitat are described. A comprehensive list of sample sites is provided. Sample analyses for water-quality studies included chlorophyll a, major inorganic constituents, nutrients, trace elements, tritium, radon, environmental isotopes, organic carbon, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and other synthetic and naturallyoccurring organic compounds. Aquatic-biological samples included fish, benthic macroinvertebrates, and algal enumeration and identification, as well as synthetic-organic compounds and trace elements in fish tissue.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri994135","usgsCitation":"Stark, J.R., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1999, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1995-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4135, vii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994135.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hanson, P. E.","contributorId":58683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":25952,"text":"wri984255 - 1999 - Fraser River watershed, Colorado — Assessment of available water-quantity and water-quality data through water year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T21:05:07.466304","indexId":"wri984255","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4255","title":"Fraser River watershed, Colorado — Assessment of available water-quantity and water-quality data through water year 1997","docAbstract":"The water-quantity and water-quality data for the Fraser River watershed through water year 1997 were compiled for ground-water and surface-water sites. In order to assess the water-quality data, the data were related to land use/land cover in the watershed. Data from 81 water-quantity and water-quality sites, which consisted of 9 ground-water sites and 72 surface-water sites, were available for analysis. However, the data were limited and frequently contained only one or two water-quality analyses per site.The Fraser River flows about 28 miles from its headwaters at the Continental Divide to the confluence with the Colorado River. Ground-water resources in the watershed are used for residential and municipal drinking-water supplies. Surface water is available for use, but water diversions in the upper parts of the watershed reduce the flow in the river. Land use/land cover in the watershed is predominantly forested land, but increasing urban development has the potential to affect the quantity and quality of the water resources.Analysis of the limited ground-water data in the watershed indicates that changes in the land use/land cover affect the shallow ground-water quality. Water-quality data from eight shallow monitoring wells in the alluvial aquifer show that iron and manganese concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level. Radon concentrations from these monitoring wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level. The proposed radon contaminant level is currently being revised. The presence of volatile organic compounds at two monitoring wells in the watershed indicates that land use affects the shallow ground water. In addition, bacteria detected in three samples are at concentrations that would be a concern for public health if the water was to be used as a drinking supply. Methylene blue active substances were detected in the ground water at some sites and are a possible indication of contamination from wastewater. Age of the alluvial ground water ranged from 10 to 30 years; therefore, results of land-management practices to improve water quality may not be apparent for many years.Surface-water-quality data for the Fraser River watershed are sparse. The surface-water-quality data show that elevated concentrations of selected constituents generally are related to specific land uses in the watershed. For one sample (about 2 percent; 1 of 53), dissolved manganese concentration exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level. Two samples from two surface-water sites in the watershed exceeded the un-ionized ammonia chronic criterion. Spatial distribution of nutrient species (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and total phosphorus) shows that elevated concentrations occur primarily downstream from urban areas. Sites with five or more years of record were analyzed for temporal trends in concentration of nutrient species. Downward trends were identified for ammonia and nitrite for three surface-water sites. For nitrate, no trends were observed at two sites and a downward trend was observed at one site. Total phosphorus showed no trend for the site near the mouth of the Fraser River. Downward trends in the nutrient species may reflect changes in the wastewater-treatment facilities in the watershed. Bacteria sampling completed in the watershed indicates that more bacteria are present in the water near urban settings.The limited ground-water and surface-water data for the Fraser River watershed provide a general assessment of the quantity and quality of these resources. Concentrations of most water-quality constituents generally are less than ground- and surface-water-quality standards, but the presence of bacteria, some volatile organic compounds, methylene blue active substances, and increased nutrients in the water may indicate that land use is affecting the water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri984255","usgsCitation":"Apodaca, L.E., and Bails, J.B., 1999, Fraser River watershed, Colorado — Assessment of available water-quantity and water-quality data through water year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4255, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984255.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393983,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13256.htm"},{"id":157667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1966,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri98-4255","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Fraser River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.04,\n 39.78\n ],\n [\n -105.696,\n 39.78\n ],\n [\n -105.696,\n 40.105\n ],\n [\n -106.04,\n 40.105\n ],\n [\n -106.04,\n 39.78\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Apodaca, Lori Estelle","contributorId":82294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Apodaca","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"Estelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bails, Jeffrey B. jbbails@usgs.gov","contributorId":813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bails","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jbbails@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38113,"text":"ofr99349 - 1999 - Mapping the glacial geology of the Central Great Lakes region in three dimensions: A model for state-federal cooperation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-31T15:28:38","indexId":"ofr99349","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-349","title":"Mapping the glacial geology of the Central Great Lakes region in three dimensions: A model for state-federal cooperation","docAbstract":"Planners need to evaluate complex and competing public-policy options for managing water, land, and biological resources; they must ensure economic growth, meet the needs of an increasing population, assess hazards, and manage the environment in a sustainable manner. The State Geological Surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) receive many requests from local, State, and Federal planners and officials for geologic information. Thick and complex layers of glacial and related sediments blanket the bedrock of these States: a three-dimensional understanding of these deposits is critical to making informed resource-management and other planning decisions. At two recent forums (in Indianapolis, March 1997, and Columbus, Ohio, February 1999), more than 200 attendees from more than 60 local, State, and Federal agencies provided a clear message. They need three-dimensional geologic information to use in making decisions on the following issues:
• Quality, quantity, distribution, and accessibility of surface and ground water
• Aggregate sources and land-use conflicts
• Energy and mineral resource management
• Environmental management and mitigation of land and water contamination
• Acceleration of the permitting processes of regulatory agencies
• Industrial, commercial, residential, and infrastructure siting and construction
• Agricultural land loss, erosion, sedimentation, and agrichemical use
• Waste-disposal planning and mitigation
• Habitat alteration and biodiversity
• Coastal erosion, landslides, radon, floods, and earthquakes
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99349","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Berg, R.C., Bleuer, N.K., Jones, B.E., Kincare, K.A., Pavey, R., and Stone, B.D., 1999, Mapping the glacial geology of the Central Great Lakes region in three dimensions: A model for state-federal cooperation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-349, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99349.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3452,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr99349/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":373580,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr99349/OF99-349.pdf"},{"id":165453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -83.232421875,\n 45.49094569262732\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -87.0556640625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69d712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berg, Richard C.","contributorId":192821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Berg","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bleuer, Ned K.","contributorId":14512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleuer","given":"Ned","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Berwyn E.","contributorId":59459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Berwyn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kincare, Kevin A. 0000-0002-1050-3627 kkincare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-3627","contributorId":2106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kincare","given":"Kevin","email":"kkincare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pavey, Richard R.","contributorId":72084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavey","given":"Richard R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70189487,"text":"70189487 - 1999 - Progress of environmental studies in coal mining areas of western Pennsylvania and central West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T15:33:13","indexId":"70189487","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Progress of environmental studies in coal mining areas of western Pennsylvania and central West Virginia","docAbstract":"Two studies related to the regional environmental effects of coal mining in the Appalachian Plateau were conducted in 1998 as part of the National Water‐Quality Assessment program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The study area of about 20,000 square miles included parts of the Allegheny and Monongahela River basins in the north and the Kanawha River basin in the south. Water in domestic wells downgradient from fully reclaimed surface coal mines was compared to water in similar wells at unmined sites. As expected, pH was lower and the concentration of sulfate was greater at mined sites in both areas, although the pH difference was greater in the southern area. Median concentrations of iron and manganese exceeded federal drinking‐water standards at mined sites in both areas and at unmined sites in the southern area. Median concentrations of radon near reclaimed mines were about half those at unmined sites.
Surface water was sampled during summer base flow at about 180 sites that drain between 5 and 80 square miles; the sites also were sampled during 1979‐81. Median pH in 1998 was 7.9 in the north and 7.4 in the south, about 0.5 unit higher than in 1980 in both areas. Median concentrations of sulfate increased from 38 mg/L to 56 mg/L in the north and from 46 mg/L to 77 mg/L in the south, in apparent contradiction to the generally lower sulfur content of geologic units in the southern area. Among 52 basins where mining occurred both before and after 1980, the sulfate concentration more than doubled in 13 (25 percent), including greater than five‐fold increases in 5 (10 percent). For 16 mined basins where no mining has occurred since 1980, the median decrease in sulfate concentration was 18 percent, from which the half‐time for oxidation of mining‐related pyrite is estimated to be about 65 years.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings Twentieth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Twentieth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium","conferenceDate":"April 13-14, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Morgantown, WV","language":"English","publisher":"West Virginia Mine Drainage Task Force","publisherLocation":"Morgantown, WV","usgsCitation":"Eychaner, J.H., 1999, Progress of environmental studies in coal mining areas of western Pennsylvania and central West Virginia, in Proceedings Twentieth Annual West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium, Morgantown, WV, April 13-14, 1999, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343821,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wvmdtaskforce.com/past-symposium-papers/1999-symposium-papers/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania, West Virginia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a4e4b0d1f9f05f59ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eychaner, James H.","contributorId":102050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eychaner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":824,"text":"wsp2355A - 1999 - Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: Results of investigations, 1987-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:22:37.641525","indexId":"wsp2355A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2355","chapter":"A","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: Results of investigations, 1987-91","docAbstract":"A regional ground-water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula was conducted as a pilot study for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The study focused on the surficial aquifer and used both existing data and new data collected between 1988 and 1991. The new water samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, radon, volatile organic compounds, and a suite of herbicides and insecticides commonly used on corn, soybeans, and small grains. Samples also were collected from wells completed in deeper, confined aquifers and from selected streams, and analyzed for most of these constituents. The study employed a multi-scale network design. Regional networks were chosen to provide broad geographic coverage of the study area and to ensure that the major hydrogeologic settings of the surficial aquifer were adequately represented. Both the existing data and the data from samples collected during the study showed that agricultural activities had affected the quality of water in the surficial aquifer over most of the Peninsula.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2355A","isbn":"0607922621","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, R.J., Denver, J.M., Hayes, M.A., Hamilton, P.A., Koterba, M., Bachman, L., Phillips, P.J., and Banks, W.S., 1999, Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: Results of investigations, 1987-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2355, vii, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2355A.","productDescription":"vii, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2355a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25391,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2355a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393474,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22635.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Delmarva Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 39.64799732373418\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 39.64799732373418\n ],\n [\n -76.278076171875,\n 37.09900294387622\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d2e4b07f02db54826b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Robert J. rjshedlo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Robert","email":"rjshedlo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":142764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denver, J. M.","contributorId":100356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denver","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, M. A.","contributorId":65055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, P. A.","contributorId":7247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koterba, M.T.","contributorId":62570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koterba","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bachman, L. J.","contributorId":47760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Phillips, P. J.","contributorId":31728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Banks, W. S.","contributorId":47761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":4411,"text":"cir1190 - 1999 - Sustainable growth in America's heartland: 3-D geologic maps as the foundation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T10:07:01","indexId":"cir1190","displayToPublicDate":"1999-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1190","title":"Sustainable growth in America's heartland: 3-D geologic maps as the foundation","docAbstract":"The Central Great Lakes States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio constitute one of the most productive and economically important regions in the country—America’s heartland. The agriculture, industry, business, recreation, and ecology of these States are based on a common geologic heritage.
During the last 1.8 million years, glaciers repeatedly advanced and retreated across the region, leaving behind a thick, complex blanket of intermixed layers of mud, clay, silt, sand, and gravel. These glacial deposits contain bountiful resources—rich soils; plentiful ground water; minerals for construction; land for agriculture, development, recreation, and wildlife habitat; and lakes and rivers for recreation and wildlife habitat. These materials are also subject to natural hazards—floods, erosion, landslides, radon, and earthquakes—and manmade problems such as soil, sediment, and water contamination from point and nonpoint sources. Resulting land degradation has impaired and restricted human use and enjoyment of the land and caused degradation and loss of wildlife habitat.
The continued economic growth of the region and the security of its population and environment are related to fundamental issues involving land, water, mineral, and biological resources. Addressing the conflicting demands on these resources without adequate information can result in land-use decisions that are not compatible with sustainable development and a continued high quality of life for future generations. Decisionmakers need knowledge of the glacial deposits— their characteristics, three-dimensional (3-D) distribution, and thickness. To provide this knowledge, a coalition of State and Federal Geological Surveys (Illinois State Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, Michigan Geological Survey Division, Ohio Division of Geological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey) has formed to conduct the necessary studies in these four States to depict the 3-D nature of these glacial and related deposits and to interpret these data in cooperation with the user community for specific societal needs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1190","usgsCitation":"Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition, Illinois State Geological Survey, Indiana Geological Survey, Michigan Geological Survey Division, Ohio Division of Geological Survey, and Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Sustainable growth in America's heartland: 3-D geologic maps as the foundation: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1190, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1190.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1190.bmp"},{"id":63,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circular/c1190","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":373581,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1190/c1190-72.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -83.232421875,\n 45.49094569262732\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -87.0556640625,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n -87.9345703125,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -87.978515625,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -86.9677734375,\n 45.61403741135093\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -86.6162109375,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -90.439453125,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -90.04394531249999,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -90.1318359375,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -90.17578124999999,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -88.06640625,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 39.26628442213066\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb8a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition","contributorId":128101,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition","id":528219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Illinois State Geological Survey","contributorId":127978,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Illinois State Geological Survey","id":528217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","contributorId":128211,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Indiana Geological Survey","id":528220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michigan Geological Survey Division","contributorId":127870,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Michigan Geological Survey Division","id":528215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohio Division of Geological Survey","contributorId":127891,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Ohio Division of Geological Survey","id":528216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70021760,"text":"70021760 - 1999 - Diffusion of radon through concrete block walls: A significant source of indoor radon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T15:29:09.449447","indexId":"70021760","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3223,"text":"Radiation Protection Dosimetry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffusion of radon through concrete block walls: A significant source of indoor radon","docAbstract":"Basement modules located in southern Minnesota have been the site of continuous radon and environmental measurements during heating seasons since 1993. Concentrations of radon within the basement modules ranged from 70 Bq.m-3 to over 4000 Bq.m-3 between November to April during the three measurement periods. In the soil gas for the same times, concentrations of radon ranged between 25,000 and 70,000 Bq.m-3. Levels of radon within the basement modules changed by factors of five or more within 24 h, in concert with pressure gradients of 4 to 20 Pa that developed between the basement modules and their surroundings. Diffusion is identified as the principal method by which radon is transferred into and out of the basement modules, and appears to be relatively independent of insulating materials and vapour retarders. The variability of radon and correlations with differential pressure gradients may be related to air currents in the block walls and soil that interrupt radon diffusing inward. This yields a net decrease of radon in the basement modules by decay and outward diffusion. Levels of radon within the basement modules increase when the pressure differential is zero and air flow ceases, allowing diffusion gradients to be re-established. Radon levels in both the soil and the basement modules then increase until an equilibrium is achieved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032604","issn":"01448420","usgsCitation":"Lively, R., and Goldberg, L., 1999, Diffusion of radon through concrete block walls: A significant source of indoor radon: Radiation Protection Dosimetry, v. 82, no. 1, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032604.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0110e4b0c8380cd4faa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lively, R.S.","contributorId":70927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, L.F.","contributorId":73364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6901,"text":"fs10600 - 1999 - Quality of shallow ground water in areas of recent residential and commercial development in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T09:51:07","indexId":"fs10600","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"106-00","title":"Quality of shallow ground water in areas of recent residential and commercial development in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1999","docAbstract":"Residential and commercial development of about 80 square miles that primarily replaced undeveloped and agricultural areas occurred in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from 1963 to 1994. The effects of human activities on the quality of shallow ground water in the recently developed areas were studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The land-use study consisted of 30 monitoring wells installed and sampled in 1999 in residential/commercial areas where shallow ground water has the potential to move to a deeper public- supply aquifer. The water samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), trace elements, and radon. The occurrence of nitrate, pesticides, and VOCs in water sampled from these wells can serve as an indicator of water affected by human activities at land surface. This report describes the nitrate, pesticide, and VOC data collected during the study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/fs10600","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 1999, Quality of shallow ground water in areas of recent residential and commercial development in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 106-00, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10600.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":140110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2000/0106/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Salt Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.98089599609375,\n 40.516409213865586\n ],\n [\n -111.98089599609375,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -111.77078247070312,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -111.77078247070312,\n 40.516409213865586\n ],\n [\n -111.98089599609375,\n 40.516409213865586\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db654a00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29665,"text":"wri984169 - 1998 - Radon-222 in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-29T20:20:51.6582","indexId":"wri984169","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4169","title":"Radon-222 in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Radon-222 concentrations in ground water in 31 geologic units in Chester County, Pa., were measured in 665 samples collected from 534 wells from 1986 to 1997. Chester County is underlain by schists, gneisses, quartzites, carbonates, sandstones, shales, and other rocks of the Piedmont Physiographic Province. On average, radon concentration was measured in water from one well per 1.4 square miles, throughout the 759 square-mile county, although the distribution of wells was not even areally or among geologic units.
The median concentration of radon-222 in ground water from the 534 wells was 1,400 pCi/L (picocuries per liter). About 89 percent of the wells sampled contained radon-222 at concentrations greater than 300 pCi/L, and about 11 percent of the wells sampled contained radon-222 at concentrations greater than 5,000 pCi/L. The highest concentration measured was 53,000 pCi/L. Of the geologic units sampled, the median radon-222 concentration in ground water was greatest (4,400 pCi/L) in the Peters Creek Schist, the second most areally extensive formation in the county. Significant differences in the radon-222 concentrations in ground water among geologic units were observed. Generally, concentrations in ground water in schists, quartzites, and gneisses were greater than in ground water in anorthosite, carbonates, and ultramafic rocks. The distribution of radon-222 in ground water is related to the distribution of uranium in aquifer materials of the various rock types.
Temporal variability in radon-222 concentrations in ground water does not appear to be greater than about a factor of two for most (75 percent) of wells sampled more than once but was observed to range up to almost a factor of three in water from one well. In water samples from this well, seasonal variations were observed; the maximum concentrations were measured in the fall and the minimum in the spring.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984169","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., 1998, Radon-222 in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4169, Report: v, 79 p.; 2 Plates: 38.80 x 28.25 inches and 35.93 x 28.37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984169.","productDescription":"Report: v, 79 p.; 2 Plates: 38.80 x 28.25 inches and 35.93 x 28.37 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2430,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4169/wri19984169.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The Prairie du Chien-Jordan (PDCJ) aquifer (Prairie du Chien-Trempealeau aquifer in Wisconsin), composed of dolomite and sandstone of Cambrian to Ordovician age, is the principal bedrock aquifer in the Upper Mississippi River study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The aquifer supplies approximately 75 percent of the ground water withdrawn in the area. In certain areas, the aquifer is overlain by bedrock or glacial deposits having low hydraulic conductivity (termed \"confined portion\" of the aquifer in this report). In other areas the aquifer is overlain by glacial sand and gravel deposits having greater hydraulic conductivity (termed \"unconfined portion\" of the aquifer in this report). Differences in the hydrogeologic characteristics of these overlying units have potential to affect the downward movement of water and of contaminants into the aquifer from the land surface.
\nGround-water samples were collected from 50 domestic wells completed in this aquifer in July, August, and September of 1996 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National WaterQuality Assessment Program. The purpose of this report is to describe the chemical characteristics of water in the PDCJ aquifer and to summarize the differences in water quality in confined and unconfined portions of the aquifer. Twenty-five wells were sampled in each portion of the aquifer. Water samples from the wells were measured for physical parameters and analyzed for concentrations of major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, trace metals, radon, tritium, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds.
\nDifferences in anthropogenic and naturally occurring materials in water between confined and unconfined portions of the PDCJ aquifer are small and frequently the differences are not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were slightly less and specific conductances and alkalinities were slightly greater in water in the confined portion of the aquifer. Only the differences in specific conductance and alkalinity, however, were statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (two sample t-test). Concentrations of most major ions were generally greater in water from the confined portion of the aquifer.
\nNitrate (nitrite plus nitrate as N) and phosphorus were generally greater in the unconfined portion of the PDCJ aquifer although the differences were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test). In the confined portion of the aquifer no samples exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter for nitrate. In the unconfined portion of the aquifer nitrate in two samples exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter. Phosphorus concentrations were generally about an order of magnitude less than nitrate concentrations.
\nIron and manganese concentrations commonly exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and were generally greater in the confined portion of the PDCJ aquifer, although the differences were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test). Radon concentrations were greater in the confined portion of the aquifer than in the unconfined portion, although the difference was not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (two sample t-test), with medians of 500 and 340 picoCuries per liter, respectively. Sixty-six percent of the radon concentrations were greater than the suspended maximum contaminant level of 300 picoCuries per liter. Tritium concentrations indicate that water in the unconfined portion of the PDCJ aquifer may have been recharged more recently than water in the confined portion of the aquifer, although differences in tritium concentrations between confined and unconfined portions of the aquifer were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric MannWhitney test). Atrazine and its metabolite, deethylatrazine, were the most frequently detected pesticide compounds in water samples from the PDCJ aquifer. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 41 of the 50 water samples, but none of the concentrations exceeded 1 microgram per liter. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds were slightly greater in the unconfined portion, although the differences in detection rates were not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test). Carbon disulfide and methyl chloride were the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds. Water in the unconfined portion of the PDCJ aquifer in Minnesota and Wisconsin appears to be affected to a greater degree by anthropogenic activities than water in the confined portion of the aquifer.
\nWater in the confined portion has a longer residence time and greater concentrations of dissolution products of minerals. In general, however, differences in anthropogenic and naturally occurring materials among confined and unconfined portions of the aquifer are small and frequently not significantly different.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri984248","usgsCitation":"Fong, A.L., Andrews, W., and Stark, J., 1998, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin— Ground-water quality in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4248, vii, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984248.","productDescription":"vii, 45 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95564,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4248/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391827,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13255.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.75,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -93.75,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -92.083,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -92.083,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -93.75,\n 44\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb64d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fong, Alison L.","contributorId":78366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6851,"text":"fs12098 - 1998 - Radon in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-09T12:47:49","indexId":"fs12098","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"120-98","title":"Radon in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"A study of the occurrence and distribution of dissolved radon in the ground water of Chester County was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and the Chester County Health Depart-ment. The results of this study are published in a technical report by Senior (1998). This fact sheet summarizes the key findings pre-sented in the technical report. Much of the background information on radon was taken from Lindsey and Ator.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and the Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., and Senior, L.A., 1998, Radon in the ground water of Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 120-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12098.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121775,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0120/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":880,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0120/fs19980120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"394 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1998-0120"}],"country":"United 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Subsurface spills of gasoline and other petroleum products are a common environmental problem throughout the industrialized world. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that 40 percent of the more than 200,000 retail service stations in the United States have had accidental releases of petroleum hydrocarbons to the subsurface (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). Restoration of a contaminated aquifer to regulatory standards is a technically difficult problem even when best engineering strategies are applied.
Natural attenuation, a remediation strategy that relies on intrinsic physical, chemical, and biological processes to decrease contaminant concentrations, is gaining widespread acceptance in aquifer restoration efforts (Tremblay and others, 1995). The potential for successful remediation by natural attenuation depends on the fate of the organic constituents of the spilled product, which may include additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). These compounds can dissolve in ground water, adsorb to subsurface sediments, volatilize and diffuse through the unsaturated zone, or undergo chemical and biological reactions (fig. 1). Volatilization and biodegradation near the water table are two processes that can contribute significantly to the natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow ground water (McAllister and Chiang, 1994). To date, quantitative information on the rates at which these processes occur has been limited.
R-UNSAT, a computer model designed for quantifying rates of volatilization and biodegradation of organic compounds near the water table, was developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is now available to the public. R-UNSAT also can be applied, however, to other unsaturated-zone transport problems that involve gas diffusion, such as radon migration, and the deposition of compounds from the atmosphere to shallow ground water. This fact sheet describes the transport model and demonstrates its capabilities through applications to point- and nonpoint-source contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01998","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1998, Simulating transport of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone using the computer model R-UNSAT: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 019-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01998.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":431464,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/fs-019-98.pdf","text":"Report","size":"81.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 019-98 PDF"},{"id":120,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"FS 019-98 HTML"},{"id":121399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-019-98/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f309e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206079,"text":"70206079 - 1998 - Evaluation of geologic radon potential in two regions in southwestern and southern Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-22T07:07:11","indexId":"70206079","displayToPublicDate":"1998-12-31T10:57:27","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of geologic radon potential in two regions in southwestern and southern Poland","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe","conferenceDate":"September 15-17, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Warsaw, Poland","language":"English","publisher":"Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas","usgsCitation":"Strzelecki, R., Wolkowicz, S., Wolkowicz, W., Mamont-Ciesa, K., Mose, D., Szabo, Z., Ivahnenko, T.I., and Mushrush, G., 1998, Evaluation of geologic radon potential in two regions in southwestern and southern Poland, in International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Warsaw, Poland, September 15-17, 1998, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368449,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Poland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[15.017,51.10667],[14.6071,51.74519],[14.68503,52.08995],[14.4376,52.62485],[14.07452,52.98126],[14.35332,53.24817],[14.11969,53.75703],[14.8029,54.05071],[16.36348,54.51316],[17.62283,54.85154],[18.62086,54.68261],[18.69625,54.43872],[19.66064,54.42608],[20.89224,54.31252],[22.7311,54.32754],[23.24399,54.22057],[23.48413,53.9125],[23.52754,53.47012],[23.80493,53.08973],[23.7992,52.6911],[23.19949,52.48698],[23.508,52.02365],[23.52707,51.57845],[24.02999,50.70541],[23.92276,50.42488],[23.42651,50.30851],[22.51845,49.47677],[22.77642,49.0274],[22.55814,49.08574],[21.60781,49.47011],[20.88796,49.32877],[20.41584,49.43145],[19.82502,49.21713],[19.32071,49.57157],[18.90957,49.43585],[18.85314,49.49623],[18.39291,49.98863],[17.64945,50.04904],[17.55457,50.36215],[16.86877,50.47397],[16.71948,50.21575],[16.17625,50.42261],[16.23863,50.69773],[15.49097,50.78473],[15.017,51.10667]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Poland\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strzelecki, Ryszard","contributorId":219881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strzelecki","given":"Ryszard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolkowicz, Stanislaw","contributorId":219882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolkowicz","given":"Stanislaw","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolkowicz, Wojciech","contributorId":219883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolkowicz","given":"Wojciech","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mamont-Ciesa, Kalina","contributorId":219884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mamont-Ciesa","given":"Kalina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mose, D.G.","contributorId":33461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mose","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":138827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ivahnenko, Tamara I. 0000-0002-1124-7688 ivahnenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-7688","contributorId":2050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"Tamara","email":"ivahnenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":773506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mushrush, G.W.","contributorId":92811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushrush","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":23196,"text":"ofr97589 - 1998 - Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr97589","displayToPublicDate":"1998-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-589","title":"Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995","docAbstract":"The National Water-Quality Assessment is based on intensive investigations of stream and ground-water quality in selected major hydrologic basins (study units) of the United States. One objective of the national assessment is to comparatively evaluate water-quality conditions within and among the different study units. Methods were developed to compare the water-quality conditions of 20 study units that were studied during 1992-1995. Two approaches were taken: (1) water-quality conditions for each study unit were ranked in relation to the findings for all study units, and (2) water-quality conditions for each study unit were compared to established criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic life.\r\n\r\nSeparate rankings were developed for several major characteristics of water quality by using selected combinations of measured values for individual constituents or properties. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for streams were nutrients and pesticides in water, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in bed sediment and tissue, semivolatile organic compounds and trace elements in bed sediment, fish community degradation, and stream habitat degradation. The water-quality characteristics that were evaluated for ground water were nitrate, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, dissolved solids, and radon. The water-quality rankings are relative strictly to the distribution of conditions measured at sampling sites included in developing the method. Sites in the first 20 National Water-Quality Assessment study units include a broad range of environmental settings, but are not a statistically representative sample of the Nation. > To supplement the relative rankings, established water-quality criteria were used to indicate where particular constituents may have adverse effects, and thus merit further investigation. Established water-quality criteria, which provide consistent benchmarks for national comparisons of individual constituents, were selected from a variety of sources and applied to specific constituents in the specific medium (water or sediment) appropriate for each criterion.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97589","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., Mueller, D.K., and Nowell, L.H., 1998, Methods for comparing water-quality conditions among National Water-Quality Assessment Study Units, 1992-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-589, vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97589.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p. :col, ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1329,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/ofr97589/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0589/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowell, Lisa H. 0000-0001-5417-7264 lhnowell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5417-7264","contributorId":490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowell","given":"Lisa","email":"lhnowell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020606,"text":"70020606 - 1998 - Consideration of measurement error when using commercial indoor radon determinations for selecting radon action levels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70020606","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Consideration of measurement error when using commercial indoor radon determinations for selecting radon action levels","docAbstract":"An examination of year-long, in-home radon measurement in Colorado from commercial companies applying typical methods indicates that considerable variation in precision exists. This variation can have a substantial impact on any mitigation decisions, either voluntary or mandated by law, especially regarding property sale or exchange. Both long-term exposure (nuclear track greater than 90 days), and short-term (charcoal adsorption 4-7 days) exposure methods were used. In addition, periods of continuous monitoring with a highly calibrated alpha-scintillometer took place for accuracy calibration. The results of duplicate commercial analysis show that typical results are no better than ??25 percent with occasional outliers (up to 5 percent of all analyses) well beyond that limit. Differential seasonal measurements (winter/summer) by short-term methods provide equivalent information to single long-term measurements. Action levels in the U.S. for possible mitigation decisions should be selected so that they consider the measurement variability; specifically, they should reflect a concentration range similar to that adopted by the European Community.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF02386350","issn":"02365731","usgsCitation":"Reimer, G., Szarzi, S., and Dolan, M.P., 1998, Consideration of measurement error when using commercial indoor radon determinations for selecting radon action levels, in Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, v. 236, no. 1-2, p. 243-245, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02386350.","startPage":"243","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206839,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386350"},{"id":230912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9f9e4b0c8380cd4d85a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szarzi, S.L.","contributorId":6860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szarzi","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, Michael P.","contributorId":12880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dolan","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7104,"text":"Dolan Integration Group, Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":386842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23824,"text":"ofr97246 - 1997 - NAWQA, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Allegheny-Monongahela River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:55:45","indexId":"ofr97246","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-246","title":"NAWQA, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Allegheny-Monongahela River Basin","docAbstract":"Surface-water and ground-water quality and aquatic life can be significantly affected by the following principal issues identified in the Allegheny-Monongahela River Basin:
Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Approximately 30 percent of the water used in Guilford County, North Carolina, is from ground-water sources. All rural supplies are from ground water; approximately 65,000 residents used ground water for their domestic water supplies in 1990.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Guilford County Soil and Water Conservation District and the Guilford County Department of Health, began a study in 1996 of the hydrogeology of Guilford County to update previous work. As part of this effort and according to methods presented in Koterba and others (1995), dissolved radon samples were collected from 70 wells throughout the county. Because radon in ground water poses a potential health hazard, this report presents results from this sampling effort and the implications that radon may have on ground-water use in Guilford County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14797","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T.B., Williams, J.B., Galeone, D.R., and Harned, D.A., 1997, Radon in ground water in Guilford County, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 147-97, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14797.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":32075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0147/fs19970147.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.26 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1997-147"},{"id":642,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0147/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121445,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0147/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Guilford County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.0368,36.2543],[-79.8315,36.2505],[-79.686,36.2462],[-79.532,36.2416],[-79.5362,36.023],[-79.5421,35.9001],[-79.7425,35.9084],[-79.7493,35.9084],[-79.8987,35.915],[-79.9833,35.9182],[-80.0469,35.9209],[-80.043,36.0103],[-80.0368,36.2543]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Guilford\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
Coal is largely composed of organic matter, but it is the inorganic matter in coal—minerals and trace elements— that have been cited as possible causes of health, environmental, and technological problems associated with the use of coal. Some trace elements in coal are naturally radioactive. These radioactive elements include uranium (U), thorium (Th), and their numerous decay products, including radium (Ra) and radon (Rn). Although these elements are less chemically toxic than other coal constituents such as arsenic, selenium, or mercury, questions have been raised concerning possible risk from radiation. In order to accurately address these questions and to predict the mobility of radioactive elements during the coal fuel-cycle, it is important to determine the concentration, distribution, and form of radioactive elements in coal and fly ash.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16397","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., and Finkelman, R.B., 1997, Radioactive Elements in Coal and Fly Ash: Abundance, Forms, and Environmental Significance: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 163-97, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16397.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":706,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs163-97/FS-163-97.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0163/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34216,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649d8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":111,"text":"wsp2356A - 1997 - Ground-water quality assessment of the Carson River basin, Nevada and California — Results of investigations, 1987–91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:22:43.369937","indexId":"wsp2356A","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2356","chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water quality assessment of the Carson River basin, Nevada and California — Results of investigations, 1987–91","docAbstract":"Using existing Nevada State drinking-water standards as a measure of the overall water quality, ground-water quality in principal aquifers of the upper Carson River basin is generally excellent. Ground-water quality in the Carson Desert, the distal end of the Carson River basin, displays extremes in concentrations of major and minor inorganic constituents, with dissolved solids reaching concentrations exceeding sea water. More than 10 percent of sampled ground water in the principal aquifers contain concentrations of arsenic, dissolved solids, and manganese greater than the drinking-water standards. Nearly all sampled ground water in the basin had radon-222 activities greater than the proposed Federal maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter. Uranium concentrations greater than the proposed Federal maximum contaminant level of 20 micrograms per liter were found in ground water in the adjacent Sierra Nevada.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National water quality assessment - Carson River Basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2356A","usgsCitation":"Welch, A., Lawrence, S.J., Lico, M.S., Thomas, J., and Schaefer, D.H., 1997, Ground-water quality assessment of the Carson River basin, Nevada and California — Results of investigations, 1987–91: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2356, Report: viii, 93 p.; 1 Plate: 28.40 × 37.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2356A.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 93 p.; 1 Plate: 28.40 × 37.11 inches","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246953,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2356a/plate-1.pdf","size":"4185","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24715,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2356a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394540,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25355.htm"},{"id":136394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2356a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Carson River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120,\n 38.3760\n ],\n [\n -118.039,\n 38.3760\n ],\n [\n -118.039,\n 40.285\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 40.285\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 38.3760\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Stephen J. slawrenc@usgs.gov","contributorId":1885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Stephen","email":"slawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":141939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lico, Michael S.","contributorId":75897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, James M.","contributorId":97880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"James M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schaefer, Donald H.","contributorId":77507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44846,"text":"wri974082B - 1997 - Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri974082B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4082","chapter":"B","title":"Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95","docAbstract":"The current (1993?95) quality of shallow ground water (generally, <25 meters below land surface) in Willamette Basin alluvium is described using results from two studies. A Study-Unit Survey, or regional assessment of shallow groundwater quality in alluvium, was done from June through August 1993. During the Study-Unit Survey, data were collected from 70 domestic wells chosen using a random-selection process and located mostly in areas of agricultural land use. An urban Land-Use Study, which was a reconnaissance of shallow urban ground-water quality from 10 monitoring wells installed in areas of residential land use, was done in July 1995. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate (henceforth, nitrate, because nitrite concentrations were low) ranged from <0.05 to 26 mg N/L (milligrams nitrogen per liter) in ground water from 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells; concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg N/L in 9 percent of Study-Unit-Survey samples. Relationships were observed between nitrate concentrations and dissolved-oxygen concentrations, the amount of clay present within and overlying aquifers, overlying geology, and upgradient land use. Tritium (3H) data indicate that 21 percent of Study-Unit-Survey samples represented water recharged prior to 1953. Nitrogen-fertilizer application rates in the basin have increased greatly over the past several decades. Thus, some observed nitrate concentrations may reflect nitrogen loading rates that were smaller than those presently applied in the basin. Concentrations of phosphorus ranged from <0.01 to 2.2 mg/L in 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells and exceeded 0.10 mg/L in 60 percent of the samples. Phosphorus and nitrate concentrations were inversely correlated. From 1 to 5 pesticides and pesticide degradation products (henceforth, pesticides) were detected in ground water from each of 23 Study-Unit-Survey wells (33 percent of 69 wells sampled for pesticides) for a total of 51 pesticide detections. Thirteen different pesticides were detected; atrazine was the most frequently encountered pesticide. Although detections were widespread, concentrations were low (generally <1,000 ng/L [nanograms per liter]). (One ng/L is equal to 0.001 mg/L [micrograms per liter].) One detection (dinoseb, at 7,900 ng/L) exceeded a USEPA MCL. Relationships were observed between the occurrence of pesticides and the amount of clay present within and overlying aquifers, overlying geology, and land use. Between 1 and 5 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected at each of 7 Study-Unit-Survey sites (11 percent of 65 sites evaluated), for a total of 14 VOC detections. One detection (tetrachloroethylene, at 29 mg/L) exceeded a USEPA MCL. Other detections were at low concentrations (0.2 to 2.0 mg/L). VOC detections generally were from sites associated with urban land use. Concentrations of arsenic ranged from <1 to 13 mg/L in 70 Study-Unit-Survey wells. Concentrations in 16 percent of samples exceeded the USEPA Risk-Specific-Dose Health Advisory of 2 mg/L. Radon concentrations ranged from 200 to 1,200 pCi/L (picocuries per liter) in 51 Study-Unit-Survey wells. All samples exceeded the USEPA Risk-Specific-Dose Health Advisory of 150 pCi/L. All urban Land-Use-Study samples were well oxygenated; thus, nitrate reduction probably did not affect these samples. Urban Land-Use-Study nitrate concentrations were similar to those of the well oxygenated, agricultural subset of Study-Unit-Survey samples. Pesticides were detected in samples from three urban Land-Use-Study sites, but concentrations were low (1 to 5 ng/L). In contrast, VOCs were detected in ground water from 80 percent of urban Land-Use-Study wells; concentrations ranged up to 7.6 mg/L. Trace-element concentrations in the urban Land-Use Study samples were low. Median concentrations consistently were <10 mg/L and frequently were <1 mg/L","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri974082B","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S.R., 1997, Quality of shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers of the Willamette Basin, Oregon, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4082, x, 48 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974082B.","productDescription":"x, 48 p. : ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3951,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://oregon.usgs.gov/pubs_dir/Pdf/97-4082b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82202,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4082b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8ee4b07f02db6549fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}