Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Macoma petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in South San Francisco Bay, California. This report includes data collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists for the period from January 2015 to December 2015. These data are appended to long-term datasets extending back to 1974, and serve as the basis for the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
\nFollowing significant reductions in the late 1980s, silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) concentrations in sediment and M. petalum appear to have stabilized. Data for other metals, including chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn), have been collected since 1994. Over this period, concentrations of these elements have remained relatively constant, aside from seasonal variation that is common to all elements. In 2015, concentrations of Ag and Cu in M. petalum varied seasonally in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and annual growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, and Se, were generally similar in timing and magnitude as those for Ag and Cu. In M. petalum, all observed elements showed annual maxima in January–February and minima in April, except for Zn, which was lowest in December. In sediments, annual maxima also occurred in January–February, and minima were measured in June and September. In 2015, metal concentrations in both sediments and clam tissue were among the lowest on record. This record suggests that regional-scale factors now largely control sedimentary and bioavailable concentrations of Ag and Cu, as well as other elements of regulatory interest, at the Palo Alto site.
\nAnalyses of the benthic community structure at the same mudflat over a 40-year period show that changes in the community have occurred concurrent with reduced concentrations of metals in the sediment and in the tissues of the biosentinel clam, M. petalum, from the same area. Analysis of M. petalum shows increases in reproductive activity concurrent with the decline in metal concentrations in the tissues of this organism. Reproductive activity is presently stable (2015), with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. The entire infaunal community has shifted from being dominated by several opportunistic species to a community where the species are more similar in abundance, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals; both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and showed signs of increasing abundance in 2015. Heteromastus filiformis (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed an increase in dominance, concurrent with the decrease in Ag and Cu concentrations, and in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. H. filiformis abundance increased slightly in 2011–2012 and returned to pre-2011 abundance in 2015. An unidentified disturbance occurred on the mudflat in early 2008 that resulted in the loss of the benthic animals, except for deep-dwelling animals like M. petalum. However, within two months of this event animals returned to the mudflat. The resilience of the community suggested that the disturbance was not due to a persistent toxin or to anoxia. The reproductive mode of most species present in 2015 is reflective of species that were available either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although oviparous (live-birth) species were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2015 benthic community data, which showed that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of species that consume the sediment, or filter feed, have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and those that brood their young. USGS scientists view the 2008 disturbance event as a response by the infaunal community to an episodic natural stressor (possibly sediment accretion or a pulse of freshwater), in contrast to the long-term recovery from metal contamination. We will compare this recovery to the long-term recovery observed after the 1970s when the decline in sediment pollutants was the dominating factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161118","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Thompson, J.K., Crauder, Jeff, Parchaso, Francis, Stewart, Robin, Turner, Mathew, Hornberger, M.I., and Luoma, S.N., 2016, Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1118, 78 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161118.","productDescription":"vii, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-076608","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416191,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1017","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2020"},{"id":416190,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211079","text":"Open-File Report 2021-1079","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2019"},{"id":416189,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191084","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1084","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2018"},{"id":416188,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181107","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1107","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2017"},{"id":416187,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171135","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1135","linkHelpText":"- Near-field receiving water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California; 2016"},{"id":325514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1118/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":325515,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1118/ofr20161118.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1118"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14530944824217,\n 37.40452830389465\n ],\n [\n -122.14530944824217,\n 37.52443079581378\n ],\n [\n -121.91871643066406,\n 37.52443079581378\n ],\n [\n -121.91871643066406,\n 37.40452830389465\n ],\n [\n -122.14530944824217,\n 37.40452830389465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"NRP staff
National Research Program
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS-435
Menlo Park, CA 94025
http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/
During the extended history of mining in the upper Clark Fork Basin in Montana, large amounts of waste materials enriched with metallic contaminants (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and the metalloid trace element arsenic were generated from mining operations near Butte and milling and smelting operations near Anaconda. Extensive deposition of mining wastes in the Silver Bow Creek and Clark Fork channels and flood plains had substantial effects on water quality. Federal Superfund remediation activities in the upper Clark Fork Basin began in 1983 and have included substantial remediation near Butte and removal of the former Milltown Dam near Missoula. To aid in evaluating the effects of remediation activities on water quality, the U.S. Geological Survey began collecting streamflow and water-quality data in the upper Clark Fork Basin in the 1980s.
Trend analysis was done on specific conductance, selected trace elements (arsenic, copper, and zinc), and suspended sediment for seven sampling sites in the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site for water years 1996–2015. The most upstream site included in trend analysis is Silver Bow Creek at Warm Springs, Montana (sampling site 8), and the most downstream site is Clark Fork above Missoula, Montana (sampling site 22), which is just downstream from the former Milltown Dam. Water year is the 12-month period from October 1 through September 30 and is designated by the year in which it ends. Trend analysis was done by using a joint time-series model for concentration and streamflow. To provide temporal resolution of changes in water quality, trend analysis was conducted for four sequential 5-year periods: period 1 (water years 1996–2000), period 2 (water years 2001–5), period 3 (water years 2006–10), and period 4 (water years 2011–15). Because of the substantial effect of the intentional breach of Milltown Dam on March 28, 2008, period 3 was subdivided into period 3A (October 1, 2005–March 27, 2008) and period 3B (March 28, 2008–September 30, 2010) for the Clark Fork above Missoula (sampling site 22). Trend results were considered statistically significant when the statistical probability level was less than 0.01.
In conjunction with the trend analysis, estimated normalized constituent loads (hereinafter referred to as “loads”) were calculated and presented within the framework of a constituent-transport analysis to assess the temporal trends in flow-adjusted concentrations (FACs) in the context of sources and transport. The transport analysis allows assessment of temporal changes in relative contributions from upstream source areas to loads transported past each reach outflow.
Trend results indicate that FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper decreased at the sampling sites from the start of period 1 through the end of period 4; the decreases ranged from large for one sampling site (Silver Bow Creek at Warm Springs [sampling site 8]) to moderate for two sampling sites (Clark Fork near Galen, Montana [sampling site 11] and Clark Fork above Missoula [sampling site 22]) to small for four sampling sites (Clark Fork at Deer Lodge, Montana [sampling site 14], Clark Fork at Goldcreek, Montana [sampling site 16], Clark Fork near Drummond, Montana [sampling site 18], and Clark Fork at Turah Bridge near Bonner, Montana [sampling site 20]). For period 4 (water years 2011–15), the most notable changes indicated for the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site were statistically significant decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable copper for sampling sites 8 and 22. The period 4 changes in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper for all other sampling sites were not statistically significant.
Trend results indicate that FACs of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic decreased at the sampling sites from period 1 through period 4 (water years 1996–2015); the decreases ranged from minor (sampling sites 8–20) to small (sampling site 22). For period 4 (water years 2011–15), the most notable changes indicated for the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site were statistically significant decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic for sampling site 8 and near statistically significant decreases for sampling site 22. The period 4 changes in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic for all other sampling sites were not statistically significant.
Trend results indicate that FACs of suspended sediment decreased at the sampling sites from period 1 through period 4 (water years 1996–2015); the decreases ranged from moderate (sampling site 8) to small (sampling sites 11–22). For period 4 (water years 2011–15), the changes in FACs of suspended sediment were not statistically significant for any sampling sites.
The reach of the Clark Fork from Galen to Deer Lodge is a large source of metallic contaminants and suspended sediment, which strongly affects downstream transport of those constituents. Mobilization of copper and suspended sediment from flood-plain tailings and the streambed of the Clark Fork and its tributaries within the reach results in a contribution of those constituents that is proportionally much larger than the contribution of streamflow from within the reach. Within the reach from Galen to Deer Lodge, unfiltered-recoverable copper loads increased by a factor of about 4 and suspended-sediment loads increased by a factor of about 5, whereas streamflow increased by a factor of slightly less than 2. For period 4 (water years 2011–15), unfiltered-recoverable copper and suspended-sediment loads sourced from within the reach accounted for about 41 and 14 percent, respectively, of the loads at Clark Fork above Missoula (sampling site 22), whereas streamflow sourced from within the reach accounted for about 4 percent of the streamflow at sampling site 22. During water years 1996–2015, decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable copper and suspended sediment for the reach generally were proportionally smaller than for most other reaches.
Unfiltered-recoverable copper loads sourced within the reaches of the Clark Fork between Deer Lodge and Turah Bridge near Bonner (just upstream from the former Milltown Dam) were proportionally smaller than contributions of streamflow sourced from within the reaches; these reaches contributed proportionally much less to copper loading in the Clark Fork than the reach between Galen and Deer Lodge. Although substantial decreases in FACs and loads of unfiltered-recoverable copper and suspended sediment were indicated for Silver Bow Creek at Warm Springs (sampling site 8), those substantial decreases were not translated to downstream reaches between Deer Lodge and Turah Bridge near Bonner. The effect of the reach of the Clark Fork from Galen to Deer Lodge as a large source of copper and suspended sediment, in combination with little temporal change in those constituents for the reach, contributes to this pattern.
With the removal of the former Milltown Dam in 2008, substantial amounts of contaminated sediments that remained in the Clark Fork channel and flood plain in reach 9 (downstream from Turah Bridge near Bonner) became more available for mobilization and transport than before the dam removal. After the removal of the former Milltown Dam, the Clark Fork above Missoula (sampling site 22) had statistically significant decreases in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper in period 3B (March 28, 2008, through water year 2010) that continued in period 4 (water years 2011–15). Also, decreases in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable arsenic and suspended sediment were indicated for period 4 at this site. The decrease in FACs of unfiltered-recoverable copper for sampling site 22 during period 4 was proportionally much larger than the decrease for the Clark Fork at Turah Bridge near Bonner (sampling site 20). Net mobilization of unfiltered-recoverable copper and arsenic from sources within reach 9 are smaller for period 4 than for period 1 when the former Milltown Dam was in place, providing evidence that contaminant source materials have been substantially reduced in reach 9.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., and Vecchia, A.V., 2016, Water-quality trends and constituent-transport analysis for selected sampling sites in the Milltown Reservoir/Clark Fork River Superfund Site in the upper Clark Fork Basin, Montana, water years 1996–2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5100, 82 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165100.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1996-10-01","ipdsId":"IP-074218","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5100/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":325352,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5100/sir20165100.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016–5100"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Clark Fork Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 47.517200697839414\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 45.706179285330855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
As part of the first-ever U.S. Geological Survey global assessment of undiscovered copper resources, data common to several regional spatial databases published by the U.S. Geological Survey, including one report from Finland and one from Greenland, were standardized, updated, and compiled into a global copper resource database. This integrated collection of spatial databases provides location, geologic and mineral resource data, and source references for deposits, significant prospects, and areas permissive for undiscovered deposits of both porphyry copper and sediment-hosted copper. The copper resource database allows for efficient modeling on a global scale in a geographic information system (GIS) and is provided in an Esri ArcGIS file geodatabase format.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global mineral resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5090)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105090Z","usgsCitation":"Dicken, C.L., Dunlap, Pamela, Parks, H.L., Hammarstrom, J.M., and Zientek, M.L., 2016, Spatial database for a global assessment of undiscovered copper resources: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5090–Z, 29 p., and GIS data, available at https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20105090Z.","productDescription":"Report: v, 29 p.; GIS Data","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066779","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325183,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/z/sir20105090z.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2010-5090-Z Report PDF"},{"id":325184,"rank":3,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/z/sir20105090z_gis.zip","text":"GIS Data","size":"66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2010-5090-Z GIS Data"},{"id":325182,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5090/z/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Contact Information, Mineral Resources Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
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Reston, VA 20192
http://minerals.usgs.gov/
In response to the recent removal of international sanctions on Iran, including the lifting of “secondary” sanctions by the United States on investment into and trade with Iran, the U.S. Geological Survey National Minerals Information Center compiled and analyzed available information on the current state of Iran’s nonfuel minerals industry. This Circular features a new map and table that identify existing mines and mineral-processing facilities and provide information on location, ownership, and capacity for metals and industrial minerals whose output levels may substantially change in the near future. Additionally, the report covers Iran’s mineral resources and reserves, official mineral production targets for 2025, and current output and share of global mineral production. Recent trends and developments in individual mineral commodities are discussed, including mineral exploration and partnerships with foreign investors.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey estimated that Iran held globally significant reserves of feldspar (2d largest in the world), barite (5th largest), gypsum (5th largest), fluorspar (8th largest), and iron ore (10th largest). The Government of Iran claimed to also have significant reserves of chromium, copper, gold, manganese, phosphate rock, and zinc. In 2014, Iran was the second-leading producer of gypsum and the sixth-leading producer of barite, with 6.1 percent and 3.6 percent of world output, respectively. Iran was also the world’s 7th-leading producer of cement, feldspar, and fluorspar; 8th-leading producer of bentonite; 9th-leading producer of molybdenum; 11th-leading producer of iron ore; and 14th-leading producer of crude steel. The Government of Iran plans to quadruple the output of aluminum, copper cathode, direct-reduced iron, and iron ore pellets; triple that of crude steel and gold; and double that of cement, pig iron, and zinc by 2025. It also plans to double the contribution of mining and to quadruple that of mineral processing to the national economy in the next decade. In order to achieve these major goals, the construction and expansion of several mines and mineral facilities are planned or under development. Whether Iran’s annual mineral production increases as rapidly as envisioned by the Government will depend largely on the amount of foreign investment into the minerals industry; integration of modern technology into mineral facilities; and availability of energy to aluminum, copper, and steel plants at competitive prices to international investors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1421","isbn":"978-1-4113-4066-4","usgsCitation":"Hastorun, Sinan, Renaud, K.M., and Lederer, G.W., 2016, Recent trends in the nonfuel minerals industry of Iran:\nU.S. Geological Survey Circular 1421, 18 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1421.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075384","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324839,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1421/circ1421.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIRC 1421"},{"id":324838,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1421/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"Iran","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
988 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov
Or visit the USGS Minerals Information Web site at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/
","tableOfContents":"In 1995, China accounted for 10 percent of world copper consumption. By 2014, China accounted for about 49 percent of world copper consumption. This change has affected global copper and copper scrap prices, the sources of copper supply, and U.S. trade of copper-containing materials.
\nThis report considers changes to the copper and copper scrap industries of the United States. For the study period, 1995 through 2014, U.S. refined copper production from all sources (primary and secondary materials) decreased from 2.28 million metric tons (Mt) of copper to 1.05 Mt (a 54 percent decrease). During the same period, U.S. copper scrap net exports increased from 0.203 Mt to 0.737 Mt (a 263 percent increase and a compound annual growth rate of about 7.0 percent per year). Copper and copper scrap prices (in constant 2014 dollars) rose such that 2014 prices were about 48 percent greater than 1995 prices. From 1995 through 2014, Chinese imports of copper scrap from the United States grew from 0.061 Mt to 0.569 Mt (an increase of about 830 percent and a compound annual growth rate of about 12.5 percent per year). In 2011, Chinese imports of U.S. copper scrap peaked at 0.745 Mt of contained copper. In 1995, Chinese imports of U.S. copper scrap accounted for 17 percent of U.S. copper scrap exports. By 2014, Chinese imports accounted for 69 percent of U.S. copper scrap exports (by weight), and Chinese imports of U.S. copper scrap were valued at $1.45 billion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165075","usgsCitation":"Goonan, T.G., 2016, United States copper metal and scrap use and trade patterns, 1995–2014: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5075, 10 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165075.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070019","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323728,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5075/sir20165075.pdf","text":"Report","size":"522 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5075"},{"id":323727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5075/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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States\"}}]}","contact":"Director, National Minerals Information Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
988 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov
Or visit the USGS Minerals Information Web site at
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/
For nearly 50 years, carbonatites have been the primary source of niobium and rare earth elements (REEs), in particular the light REEs, including La, Ce, Pr, and Nd. Carbonatites are a relatively rare type of igneous rock composed of greater than 50 vol % primary carbonate minerals, primarily calcite and/or dolomite, and contain the highest concentrations of REEs of any igneous rocks. Although there are more than 500 known carbonatites in the world, currently only four are being mined for REEs: the Bayan Obo, Maoniuping, and Dalucao deposits in China, and the Mountain Pass deposit in California, United States. The carbonatite-derived laterite deposit at Mount Weld in Western Australia is also a REE producer. In addition to REEs, carbonatite-related deposits are the primary source of Nb, with the Araxá deposit, a carbonatite-derived laterite in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, being the dominant producer. Other commodities produced from carbonatite-related deposits include phosphates, iron, fluorite, copper, vanadium, titanium, uranium, and calcite.
Types of ores include those formed as primary magmatic minerals, from late magmatic hydrothermal fluids, and by supergene enrichment in weathered horizons. Although the principal REE-bearing mineral phases include fluorocarbonates (bastnäsite, parisite, and synchysite), hydrated carbonates (ancylite), and phosphates (monazite and apatite), the dominant mineral exploited at most mines is bastnäsite. Bastnäsite typically is coarse grained and contains approximately 75 wt % RE2O3 (rare earth oxides; REOs). Processes responsible for REE enrichment include fractional crystallization of the carbonatitic magma, enrichment of REEs in orthomagmatic or hydrothermal fluids and subsequent precipitation or subsolidus metasomatic redistribution of REEs, and breakdown of primary carbonatitic mineral phases by chemical weathering and sequestration of REEs in secondary minerals or in association with clays. Carbonatites are primarily associated with continental rifting, but some carbonatites are associated with orogenic activity. Although there is debate on how carbonatite magmas are generated, the parental magma and REEs are clearly derived from mantle sources.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO","usgsCitation":"Verplanck, P.L., Mariano, A.N., and Mariano, A., 2016, Rare earth element ore geology of carbonatites, chap. of Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits, v. 18, p. 5-32.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"32","ipdsId":"IP-058100","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341670,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geoscienceworld.org/content/rare-earth-and-critical-elements-in-ore-deposits"},{"id":341672,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bb6e4b0b7ff9fb4896b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mariano, Anthony N.","contributorId":138733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mariano","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12512,"text":"CONSULTING MINERALS EXPLORATION GEOLOGIST","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mariano, Anthony Jr.","contributorId":138734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mariano","given":"Anthony","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":12512,"text":"CONSULTING MINERALS EXPLORATION GEOLOGIST","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":696020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177071,"text":"70177071 - 2016 - The Elizabeth Lake paleoseismic site: Rupture pattern constraints for the past ~800 years for the Mojave section of the south-central San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:02:53","indexId":"70177071","displayToPublicDate":"2016-06-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"The Elizabeth Lake paleoseismic site: Rupture pattern constraints for the past ~800 years for the Mojave section of the south-central San Andreas Fault","docAbstract":"The southern San Andreas Fault in California has hosted two historic surface-rupturing earthquakes, the ~M7 1812 Wrightwood earthquake and the ~M7.9 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake (e.g., Sieh, 1978; Jacoby et al., 1988). Numerous paleoseismic studies have established chronologies of historic and prehistoric earthquakes at sites along the full length of the 1857 rupture (e.g., Sieh, 1978; Scharer et al., 2014). These studies provide an unparalleled opportunity to examine patterns of recent ruptures; however, at least two significant spatial gaps in high-quality paleoseismic sites remain. At ~100 km long each, these gaps contribute up to 100 km of uncertainty to paleo-rupture lengths and could also permit a surface rupture from an earthquake up to ~M7.2 to go undetected [using scaling relationships of Wells and Coppersmith (1994)]. Given the known occurrence of an ~M7 earthquake on this portion of the SAF (1812), it is critical to fill these gaps in order to better constrain paleo-rupture lengths and to increase the probability of capturing the full spatial record of surface rupturing earthquakes. \n\nIn this study, we target a new site within the 100 km long stretch of the San Andreas Fault between the Frazier Mountain and Pallett Creek paleoseismic sites (Figure 1), near Elizabeth Lake, California. Prior excavations at the site during 1998-1999 encountered promising stratigraphy but these studies were hindered by shallow groundwater throughout the site. We began our current phase of investigations in 2012, targeting the northwestern end of a 40 x 350 m fault-parallel depression that defines the site (Figure 2). Subsequent investigations in 2013 and 2014 focused on the southeastern end of the depression where the fault trace is constrained between topographic highs and is proximal to an active drainage. In total, our paleoseismic investigations consist of 10 fault-perpendicular trenches that cross the depression (Figure 2) and expose a >2000 year depositional record. These trenches reveal that the thickest section of young stratigraphy occurs at the southeastern end of the site where the fault zone projects through an area of relatively continuous sediment accumulation from a northeast-flowing drainage. This portion of the site contains a 3-m-wide pop-up structure within the fault zone that separates alternating alluvial and paludal deposits south of the fault zone from a thick organic-rich loam on the north side of the fault zone. Faults, fissures, and tilted blocks provide evidence for 4 to 5 paleoearthquakes since ca. 1250 A.D. Radiocarbon dating established that the site has a significant component of detrital charcoal producing an age spread of up to 500 years. To supplement our age chronology we incorporated ages from collections of micro-scale organic fractions and post-IR infrared stimulated luminescence dating in order to better estimate true layer ages.","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceeding of the 7th PATA days, 2016","conferenceTitle":"7th international INQUA workshop on paleoseismology, active tectonics and archaeoseismology","conferenceDate":"30 May- 3 June 2016 ","conferenceLocation":"Crestone, Colorado, USA ","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bemis, S., Scharer, K.M., Dolan, J.F., and Rhodes, E., 2016, The Elizabeth Lake paleoseismic site: Rupture pattern constraints for the past ~800 years for the Mojave section of the south-central San Andreas Fault, in Proceeding of the 7th PATA days, 2016, Crestone, Colorado, USA , 30 May- 3 June 2016 .","ipdsId":"IP-074575","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329676,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.earthquakegeology.com/materials/proceedings/2016_Crestone.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b548c0e4b01ccd54fddfb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bemis, Sean","contributorId":175460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bemis","given":"Sean","affiliations":[{"id":27572,"text":"UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scharer, Katherine M. 0000-0003-2811-2496 kscharer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2811-2496","contributorId":3385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scharer","given":"Katherine","email":"kscharer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, James F.","contributorId":175461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dolan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13249,"text":"University of Southern California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rhodes, Ed","contributorId":175462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Ed","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27573,"text":"Sheffield","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162292,"text":"70162292 - 2016 - Book Review: Potassic igneous rocks and associated gold-copper mineralization, Fourth edition (D. Muller and D.I. Groves)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T12:25:26","indexId":"70162292","displayToPublicDate":"2016-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book Review: Potassic igneous rocks and associated gold-copper mineralization, Fourth edition (D. Muller and D.I. Groves)","docAbstract":"The fourth edition of this comprehensive textbook, which succeeds those published in 1995, 1997, and 2000, very nicely summarizes the geochemical and petrological characteristics of potassic igneous rock complexes and the different tectonic settings in which they occur. The authors provide an overview and a classification of these rocks and they outline the geochemical differences between barren and mineralized potassic igneous complexes. Owing to the common association of potassic igneous rocks with many gold- and copper-rich ore deposits, this book will be of interest not only to research scientists but also to those exploring for major deposits in young and ancient terranes. In fact, there was a clear attempt by the authors to provide a good mix of theoretical discussions based on experimental work, with case studies that illustrate field and applied research.
\nReview info: Potassic Igneous Rocks and Associated Gold-Copper Mineralization, Fourth Edition. By Daniel Müller, David I. Groves. 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-23051-1. 311 p.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.111.3.796","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K.D., 2016, Book Review: Potassic igneous rocks and associated gold-copper mineralization, Fourth edition (D. Muller and D.I. Groves): Economic Geology, v. 111, no. 3, p. 796-798, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.3.796.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"796","endPage":"798","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-071791","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324615,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5774e329e4b07dd077c5fbe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. kdkelley@usgs.gov","contributorId":431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188880,"text":"70188880 - 2016 - Geologic history of the Blackbird Co-Cu district in the Lemhi subbasin of the Belt-Purcell Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T13:49:02","indexId":"70188880","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic history of the Blackbird Co-Cu district in the Lemhi subbasin of the Belt-Purcell Basin","docAbstract":"The Blackbird cobalt-copper (Co-Cu) district in the Salmon River Mountains of east-central Idaho occupies the central part of the Idaho cobalt belt—a northwest-elongate, 55-km-long belt of Co-Cu occurrences, hosted in grayish siliciclastic metasedimentary strata of the Lemhi subbasin (of the Mesoproterozoic Belt-Purcell Basin). The Blackbird district contains at least eight stratabound ore zones and many discordant lodes, mostly in the upper part of the banded siltite unit of the Apple Creek Formation of Yellow Lake, which generally consists of interbedded siltite and argillite. In the Blackbird mine area, argillite beds in six stratigraphic intervals are altered to biotitite containing over 75 vol% of greenish hydrothermal biotite, which is preferentially mineralized.
Past production and currently estimated resources of the Blackbird district total ~17 Mt of ore, averaging 0.74% Co, 1.4% Cu, and 1.0 ppm Au (not including downdip projections of ore zones that are open downward). A compilation of relative-age relationships and isotopic age determinations indicates that most cobalt mineralization occurred in Mesoproterozoic time, whereas most copper mineralization occurred in Cretaceous time.
Mesoproterozoic cobaltite mineralization accompanied and followed dynamothermal metamorphism and bimodal plutonism during the Middle Mesoproterozoic East Kootenay orogeny (ca. 1379–1325 Ma), and also accompanied Grenvilleage (Late Mesoproterozoic) thermal metamorphism (ca. 1200–1000 Ma). Stratabound cobaltite-biotite ore zones typically contain cobaltite1 in a matrix of biotitite ± tourmaline ± minor xenotime (ca. 1370–1320 Ma) ± minor chalcopyrite ± sparse allanite ± sparse microscopic native gold in cobaltite. Such cobaltite-biotite lodes are locally folded into tight F2 folds with axial-planar S2 cleavage and schistosity. Discordant replacement-style lodes of cobaltite2-biotite ore ± xenotime2 (ca. 1320–1270 Ma) commonly follow S2fractures and fabrics. Discordant quartz-biotite and quartz-tourmaline breccias, and veins contain cobaltite3 ± xenotime3 (ca. 1058–990 Ma).
Mesoproterozoic cobaltite deposition was followed by: (1) within-plate plutonism (530–485 Ma) and emplacement of mafic dikes (which cut cobaltite lodes but are cut by quartz-Fe-Cu-sulfide veins); (2) garnet-grade metamorphism (ca. 151–93 Ma); (3) Fe-Cu-sulfide mineralization (ca. 110–92 Ma); and (4) minor quartz ± Au-Ag ± Bi mineralization (ca. 92–83 Ma).
Cretaceous Fe-Cu-sulfide vein, breccia, and replacement-style deposits contain various combinations of chalcopyrite ± pyrrhotite ± pyrite ± cobaltian arsenopyrite (not cobaltite) ± arsenopyrite ± quartz ± siderite ± monazite (ca. 144–88 Ma but mostly 110–92 Ma) ± xenotime (104–93 Ma). Highly radiogenic Pb (in these sulfides) and Sr (in siderite) indicate that these elements resided in Mesoproterozoic source rocks until they were mobilized after ca. 100 Ma. Fe-Cu-sulfide veins, breccias, and replacement deposits appear relatively undeformed and generally lack metamorphic fabrics.
Composite Co-Cu-Au ore contains early cobaltite-biotite lodes, cut by Fe-Cu-sulfide veins and breccias, or overprinted by Fe-Cu-sulfide replacement-style deposits, and locally cut by quartz veinlets ± Au-Ag ± Bi minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2016.2522(08)","usgsCitation":"Bookstrom, A.A., Box, S.E., Cossette, P.M., Frost, T.P., Gillerman, V., King, G., and Zirakparvar, N.A., 2016, Geologic history of the Blackbird Co-Cu district in the Lemhi subbasin of the Belt-Purcell Basin: GSA Special Papers, v. 522, p. 185-219, https://doi.org/10.1130/2016.2522(08).","productDescription":"36 p. ","startPage":"185","endPage":"219","ipdsId":"IP-068425","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/2016.2522(08)","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342938,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Lemhi Subbasin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.12573242187499,\n 44.327777761284416\n ],\n [\n -112.9119873046875,\n 44.327777761284416\n ],\n [\n -112.9119873046875,\n 45.75985868785574\n ],\n [\n -115.12573242187499,\n 45.75985868785574\n ],\n [\n -115.12573242187499,\n 44.327777761284416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"522","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ea9e4b062508e3c7a83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bookstrom, Arthur A. 0000-0003-1336-3364 abookstrom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1336-3364","contributorId":1542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookstrom","given":"Arthur","email":"abookstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Box, Stephen E. 0000-0002-5268-8375 sbox@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5268-8375","contributorId":1843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"Stephen","email":"sbox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cossette, Pamela M. 0000-0002-9608-6595 pcossette@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9608-6595","contributorId":1458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cossette","given":"Pamela","email":"pcossette@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frost, Thomas P. 0000-0001-8348-8432 tfrost@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8348-8432","contributorId":203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"Thomas","email":"tfrost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":700801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gillerman, Virginia","contributorId":193550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gillerman","given":"Virginia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"King, George","contributorId":193551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zirakparvar, N. Alex","contributorId":193552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zirakparvar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alex","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":700804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70171452,"text":"70171452 - 2016 - Geologic and geochemical insights into the formation of the Taiyangshan porphyry copper–molybdenum deposit, Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T15:53:46","indexId":"70171452","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-02T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1848,"text":"Gondwana Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic and geochemical insights into the formation of the Taiyangshan porphyry copper–molybdenum deposit, Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China","docAbstract":"Taiyangshan is a poorly studied copper–molybdenum deposit located in the Triassic Western Qinling collisional belt of northwest China. The intrusions exposed in the vicinity of the Taiyangshan deposit record episodic magmatism over 20–30 million years. Pre-mineralization quartz diorite porphyries, which host some of the deposit, were emplaced at 226.6 ± 6.2 Ma. Syn-collisional monzonite and quartz monzonite porphyries, which also host mineralization, were emplaced at 218.0 ± 6.1 Ma and 215.0 ± 5.8 Ma, respectively. Mineralization occurred during the transition from a syn-collisional to a post-collisional setting at ca. 208 Ma. A barren post-mineralization granite porphyry marked the end of post-collisional magmatism at 200.7 ± 5.1 Ma. The ore-bearing monzonite and quartz monzonite porphyries have a εHf(t) range from − 2.0 to + 12.5, which is much more variable than that of the slightly older quartz diorite porphyries, with TDM2 of 1.15–1.23 Ga corresponding to the positive εHf(t) values and TDM1 of 0.62–0.90 Ga corresponding to the negative εHf(t) values. Molybdenite in the Taiyangshan deposit with 27.70 to 38.43 ppm Re suggests metal sourced from a mantle–crust mixture or from mafic and ultramafic rocks in the lower crust. The δ34S values obtained for pyrite, chalcopyrite, and molybdenite from the deposit range from + 1.3‰ to + 4.0‰, + 0.2‰ to + 1.1‰, and + 5.3‰ to + 5.9‰, respectively, suggesting a magmatic source for the sulfur. Calculated δ18Ofluid values for magmatic K-feldspar from porphyries (+ 13.3‰), hydrothermal K-feldspar from stockwork veins related to potassic alteration (+ 11.6‰), and hydrothermal sericite from quartz–pyrite veins (+ 8.6 to + 10.6‰) indicate the Taiyangshan deposit formed dominantly from magmatic water. Hydrogen isotope values for hydrothermal sericite ranging from − 85 to − 50‰ may indicate that magma degassing progressively depleted residual liquid in deuterium during the life of the magmatic–hydrothermal system. Alternatively, δD variability may have been caused by a minor amount of mixing with meteoric waters. We propose that the ore-related magma was derived from partial melting of the ancient Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic middle to lower continental crust. This crust was likely metasomatized during earlier subduction, and the crustal magmas may have been contaminated with lithospheric mantle derived magma triggered by MASH (e.g., melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization) processes during collisional orogeny. In addition, a significant proportion of the metals and sulfur supplied from mafic magma were simultaneously incorporated into the resultant hybrid magmas.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Gondwana Research","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.014","usgsCitation":"Kun-Feng Qiu, Taylor, R.D., Song, Y., Yu, H., Kai-Rui Song, and Li, N., 2016, Geologic and geochemical insights into the formation of the Taiyangshan porphyry copper–molybdenum deposit, Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, China: Gondwana Research, v. 35, p. 40-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.014.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072464","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 102,\n 32\n ],\n [\n 102,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 107,\n 36\n ],\n [\n 107,\n 32\n ],\n [\n 102,\n 32\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500763e4b0ee97d51bb609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kun-Feng Qiu","contributorId":169784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kun-Feng Qiu","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Song, Yao-Hui","contributorId":169785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Yao-Hui","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yu, Hao-Cheng","contributorId":169788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yu","given":"Hao-Cheng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kai-Rui Song","contributorId":169786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kai-Rui Song","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, Nan","contributorId":169787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Nan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70169062,"text":"sim3351 - 2016 - Geologic map of the Valdez D-1 and D-2 quadrangles (Mount Wrangell Volcano), Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T19:49:59","indexId":"sim3351","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-29T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3351","title":"Geologic map of the Valdez D-1 and D-2 quadrangles (Mount Wrangell Volcano), Alaska","docAbstract":"Mount Wrangell (elev. 4,317 m) is the youngest and only active volcano in the Oligocene to Holocene-aged Wrangell volcanic field that extends from beyond the Alaska-Yukon border northwest through the Wrangell Mountains to the Copper River Basin. The volcano is a very large (900 km3) broad shield containing an ice-filled, nonexplosive, collapse caldera measuring 3.2 by 5.6 kilometers. Three known craters, the West, North, and East occur along the north and west margins of the caldera; the caldera is open to the southeast. The volcano is best exposed on its southwest flank (this map area) where a number of deep glaciated canyons cut through hundreds of meters of shield lava flows creating routes for younger, valley-filling lava flows. The shield extends north into the Gulkana A-1 quadrangle, northeast into the Nabesna A-6 quadrangle, and east into the McCarthy quadrangle where it is almost entirely covered by ice. The present extent of the Mount Wrangell shield showing the entire caldera and locations of the three summit craters is depicted in figure 1.
\nMount Wrangell was built rapidly beginning about 650 ka by the outpourings of hundreds of voluminous lava flows from a vent, or vents, apparently in the present summit area. By 200 ka to 300 ka, activity waned and only an occasional lava flow coursed down the glacially carved valleys radiating from the summit or flowed over the upper summit area above the heads of the glacial valleys. The youngest dated valley-fill lava flow is approximately 25,000 years old; one or two undated flows may be younger.
\nIn historical times there have been several reports of lava flows issuing from the summit area. The most reliable and convincing of these were two independent observations from Copper Center, Alaska on September 3, 1899 that described great earth movements (the 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquake) followed by an eruption at Mount Wrangell’s summit, consisting of vigorous ash emission and flowing lava on the volcano’s northwest flank. This eruptive activity apparently continued for several years after the earthquake, as a photo taken around 1901–02 shows a large part of Mount Wrangell’s summit blanketed by ash. During this study, no evidence of young lava flows in the region were found, although it is very possible that a small-volume flow could be entirely hidden by snow and ice in the 100 years since the event. However, abundant juvenile andesitic pumice was found on the upper Chetaslina Glacier, strongly supporting a very young pyroclastic eruption.
\nIn addition to the 1899–1902 eruptions there have been accounts of strong ash-producing activity on at least four different occasions: 1912, July 3, 1921, April 6, 1930, and February 20, 1982. Of these, the 1921 activity was the most spectacular, and possibly erupted from the northeast side of the summit caldera.
\nPresent activity is limited to fumaroles in North and West Crater at the summit, at the summit ridge near East Crater, and at two localities at an elevation of 3,657 m on the southwest flank. The summit fumaroles frequently give rise to visible steam plumes, and occasionally sporadic explosive phreatic activity in North and West Crater will put a thin dusting of ash on the summit ice.
\nThis study was directed toward Mount Wrangell volcano and the older Wrangell volcanic field rocks that underlie the volcano. These older lavas include the Chetaslina lavas (867 ka–1,650 ka) and a basaltic andesite–dacite center (1,590 ka–1,640 ka) whose source areas are not well defined. Older Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks of the Wrangellia terrane underlie the entire Wrangell volcanic field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3351","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Richter, D.H., McGimsey, R.G., Labay, K.A., Lanphere, M.A., Moore, R.B., Nye, C.J., Rosenkrans, D.S., and Winkler, G.R., 2016, Geologic map of the Valdez D-1 and D-2 quadrangles (Mount Wrangell Volcano), Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3351, 20 p., scale 1:63,360, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3351.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iii, 20 p.; Sheet: 45.54 x 28.53 inches; Metadata: FAQ, html, txt, xml; Read Me; Databases","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061459","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318874,"rank":5,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_readme.pdf","text":"Read Me","size":"22 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3351 Read Me"},{"id":318866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318873,"rank":4,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_databases.zip","text":"Databases","size":"5.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIM 3351 Databases"},{"id":318867,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"49.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3351 Sheet 1"},{"id":318868,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"880 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3351 Pamphlet"},{"id":318869,"rank":7,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_meta.html","text":"Metadata (html)","size":"58 KB","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIM 3351 Metadata (html)"},{"id":318870,"rank":8,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_meta.txt","text":"Metadata (txt)","size":"41 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"SIM 3351 Metadata (txt)"},{"id":318871,"rank":9,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_meta.xml","text":"Metadata (xml)","size":"38 KB","description":"SIM 3351 Metadata (xml)"},{"id":318872,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3351/sim3351_meta.faq.html","text":"Metadata FAQ","size":"33 KB","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIM 3351 Metadata FAQ"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Wrangell Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.75,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -144.75,\n 61.75\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 61.75\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -144.75,\n 62\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Staff, Alaska Science Center
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4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Alaska Science Center
Alaska Mineral Resources
Data specific to the Harlem River, New York, have been summarized and are presented in this report. The data illustrate improvements in the quality of water for the past 65 years and emphasize the importance of a continuous water-quality record for establishing trends in environmental conditions. Although there is a paucity of sediment-quality data, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP) Bureau of Wastewater Treatment has maintained a water-quality monitoring network in the Harlem River (and throughout the harbor of New York City) to which 61 combined sewer outfalls discharge effluent. In cooperation with the NYCDEP, the U.S. Geological Survey evaluated water-quality data collected by the NYCDEP dating back to 1945, which indicate trends in water quality and reveal improvement following the 1972 passage of the Clean Water Act. These improvements are indicated by the steady increase in median dissolved oxygen concentrations and an overall decrease in fecal indicator bacteria concentrations starting in the late 1970s. Further, the magnitude of the highest fecal indicator bacteria concentrations (that is, the 90th percentile) in samples collected from the Harlem River have decreased significantly over the past four decades. Other parameters of water quality used to gauge the health of a water body include total suspended solids and nutrient (inorganic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations—mean concentrations for these indicators have also decreased in the past decades. The limited sediment data available for one sample in the Harlem River indicate concentrations of copper, zinc, and lead are above sediment-quality thresholds set by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. However, more data are needed to better understand the changes in both sediment and water quality in the Harlem River, both as the tide cycles and during precipitation events. As a partner in the Urban Waters Federal Partnership, the U.S. Geological Survey has worked to address the chronic water-quality concerns of the Harlem River by compiling relevant data and studies, which is an important component for understanding and rectifying water-quality problems within a watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165044","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Fisher, S.C., 2016, Historical water-quality data from the Harlem River, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5044, 21 p., appendix, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165044.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 19 p.; Water-quality data","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055014","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320361,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5044/sir20165044_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Water-quality data - Tables 1-1 through 1-9 ","size":"3.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016-5044"},{"id":320327,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5044/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":320328,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5044/sir20165044.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5044"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Harlem River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.9657974243164,\n 40.76520144280567\n ],\n [\n -73.9657974243164,\n 40.883928811599326\n ],\n [\n -73.89335632324219,\n 40.883928811599326\n ],\n [\n -73.89335632324219,\n 40.76520144280567\n ],\n [\n -73.9657974243164,\n 40.76520144280567\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2045 Route 112, Building 4
Coram, NY 11727
Or visit our Web site at:
http://ny.water.usgs.gov
","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"publishedDate":"2016-04-22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571b3d1ae4b071321fe26ec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Shawn C. 0000-0001-6324-1061 scfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6324-1061","contributorId":4843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Shawn","email":"scfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":626135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169333,"text":"70169333 - 2016 - Improving the ecological relevance of toxicity tests on scleractinian corals: Influence of season, life stage, and seawater temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-25T11:11:27","indexId":"70169333","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-24T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving the ecological relevance of toxicity tests on scleractinian corals: Influence of season, life stage, and seawater temperature","docAbstract":"
Metal pollutants in marine systems are broadly acknowledged as deleterious: however, very little data exist for tropical scleractinian corals. We address this gap by investigating how life-history stage, season and thermal stress influence the toxicity of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Our results show that under ambient temperature, adults and larvae appear to tolerate exposure to unusually high levels of copper (96 h-LC50 ranging from 167 to 251 μg Cu L−1) and lead (from 477 to 742 μg Pb L−1). Our work also highlights that warmer conditions (seasonal and experimentally manipulated) reduce the tolerance of adults and larvae to Cu toxicity. Despite a similar trend observed for the response of larvae to Pb toxicity to experimentally induced increase in temperature, surprisingly adults were more resistant in warmer condition to Pb toxicity. In the summer adults were less resistant to Cu toxicity (96 h-LC50 = 175 μg L−1) than in the winter (251 μg L−1). An opposite trend was observed for the Pb toxicity on adults between summer and winter (96 h-LC50 of 742 vs 471 μg L−1, respectively). Larvae displayed a slightly higher sensitivity to Cu and Pb than adults. An experimentally induced 3 °C increase in temperature above ambient decreased larval resistance to Cu and Pb toxicity by 23–30% (96 h-LC50 of 167 vs 129 μg Cu L−1 and 681 vs 462 μg Pb L−1).
\nOur data support the paradigm that upward excursions in temperature influence physiological processes in corals that play key roles in regulating metal toxicity. These influences are more pronounced in larva versus adult corals. These findings are important when contextualized climate change-driven warming in the oceans and highlight that predictions of ecological outcomes to metal pollutants will be improved by considering environmental context and the life stages of organism under study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Applied Science Publishers","publisherLocation":"Barking, Essex, England","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.086","collaboration":"Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna road, 96744, Hawai‘i, United States ; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands, 300 Ala Moana Blvd, Room 3-122, Honolulu, HI 96850","usgsCitation":"Hedouin, L., Wolf, R.E., Phillips, J., and Gates, R.D., 2016, Improving the ecological relevance of toxicity tests on scleractinian corals: Influence of season, life stage, and seawater temperature: Environmental Pollution, v. 213, p. 240-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.086.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"240","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-069356","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319395,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"213","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66175e4b07d796bf7708f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedouin, Laetitia","contributorId":167852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hedouin","given":"Laetitia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24838,"text":"Laboratoire d'Excellence \"CORAIL\", Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, Ruth E. rwolf@usgs.gov","contributorId":903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Ruth","email":"rwolf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Jeff","contributorId":32560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gates, Ruth D.","contributorId":167853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gates","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":24839,"text":"Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Hawaii","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168487,"text":"70168487 - 2016 - Critical elements in sediment-hosted deposits (clastic-dominated Zn-Pb-Ag, Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb, sedimentary rock-hosted Stratiform Cu, and carbonate-hosted Polymetallic Deposits): A review: Chapter 12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-01T13:55:26","indexId":"70168487","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Critical elements in sediment-hosted deposits (clastic-dominated Zn-Pb-Ag, Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb, sedimentary rock-hosted Stratiform Cu, and carbonate-hosted Polymetallic Deposits): A review: Chapter 12","docAbstract":"Some sediment-hosted base metal deposits, specifically the clastic-dominated (CD) Zn-Pb deposits, carbonate-hosted Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits, sedimentary-rock hosted stratiform copper deposits, and carbonate-hosted polymetallic (“Kipushi type”) deposits, are or have been important sources of critical elements including Co, Ga, Ge, and Re. The generally poor data concerning trace element concentrations in these types of sediment-hosted ores suggest that there may be economically important concentrations of critical elements yet to be recognized.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology Vol. 18 ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","isbn":"978-1-629495-76-7","usgsCitation":"Marsh, E.E., Hitzman, M., and Leach, D.L., 2016, Critical elements in sediment-hosted deposits (clastic-dominated Zn-Pb-Ag, Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb, sedimentary rock-hosted Stratiform Cu, and carbonate-hosted Polymetallic Deposits): A review: Chapter 12, chap. of Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology Vol. 18 , p. 307-321.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"321","ipdsId":"IP-061905","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328182,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":328181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.segweb.org/store/detail.aspx?id=EDOCREV18CH12"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c9512ce4b0f2f0cec15be0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532 emarsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":1250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin","email":"emarsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":620550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitzman, Murray W.","contributorId":31320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitzman","given":"Murray W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leach, David L.","contributorId":83902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70169028,"text":"70169028 - 2016 - Paleozoic magmatism and porphyry Cu-mineralization in an evolving tectonic setting in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, NW China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-11T09:22:50","indexId":"70169028","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-11T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2184,"text":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic magmatism and porphyry Cu-mineralization in an evolving tectonic setting in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, NW China","docAbstract":"The NWW-striking North Qilian Orogenic Belt records the Paleozoic accretion–collision processes in NW China, and hosts Paleozoic Cu–Pb–Zn mineralization that was temporally and spatially related to the closure of the Paleo Qilian-Qinling Ocean. The Wangdian Cu deposit is located in the eastern part of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, NW China. Copper mineralization is spatially associated with an altered early Paleozoic porphyritic granodiorite, which intruded tonalites and volcaniclastic rocks. Alteration zones surrounding the mineralization progress outward from a potassic to a feldspar-destructive phyllic assemblage. Mineralization consists mainly of quartz-sulfide stockworks and disseminated sulfides, with ore minerals chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, and minor galena and sphalerite. Gangue minerals include quartz, orthoclase, biotite, sericite, and K-feldspar. Zircon LA-ICPMS U–Pb dating of the ore-bearing porphyritic granodiorite yielded a mean 206Pb/238U age of 444.6 ± 7.8 Ma, with a group of inherited zircons yielding a mean U–Pb age of 485 ± 12 Ma, consistent with the emplacement age (485.3 ± 6.2 Ma) of the barren precursor tonalite. Rhenium and osmium analyses of molybdenite grains returned model ages of 442.9 ± 6.8 Ma and 443.3 ± 6.2 Ma, indicating mineralization was coeval with the emplacement of the host porphyritic granodiorite. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite (208.9–213.2 ppm) suggest a mantle Re source. The tonalities are medium-K calc-alkaline. They are characterized by enrichment of light rare-earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs), depletion of heavy rare-earth elements (HREEs) and high-field-strength elements (HFSEs), and minor negative Eu anomalies. They have εHf(t) values in the range of +3.6 to +11.1, with two-stage Hf model ages of 0.67–1.13 Ga, suggesting that the ca. 485 Ma barren tonalites were products of arc magmatism incorporating melts from the mantle wedge and the lithosphere. In contrast, the 40-m.y.-younger ore-bearing porphyritic granodiorite is sub-alkaline and peraluminous. They are enriched in LREEs and LILEs, depleted in HFSEs, and show weak negative Eu anomalies. They displayεHf(t) values of captured or inherited zircons in the range of +8.5 to +10.0, and younger two-stage Hf model ages of 0.78 Ga and 0.86 Ga, similar to those of ca. 485 Ma tonalite. The ca. 445 Ma zircons have εHf(t) values of −2.1 to +9.9, with two-stage Hf model ages of 0.75–1.27 Ga. Moreover, they have relatively high oxygen fugacity than that of the precursor barren tonalite. The ca. 445 Ma magmas at Wangdian thus formed in a subduction setting, and incorporated melts from the subduction-modified lithosphere that had previously been enriched by additions of chalcophile and siderophile element-rich materials by the earlier magmatism and metasomatism during the Paleo Qilian-Qinling Ocean subduction event.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.02.007","collaboration":"Kunfeng Qiu; Jun Deng; Liqiang Yang; Ryan D Taylor; Kairui Song, Yaohui Song; Quanzhong Li; Richard J Goldfarb","usgsCitation":"Qiu, K., Deng, J., Taylor, R.D., Song, K., Song, Y., Li, Q., and Goldfarb, R.J., 2016, Paleozoic magmatism and porphyry Cu-mineralization in an evolving tectonic setting in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, NW China: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 122, p. 20-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.02.007.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-063294","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"North Qilian Orogenic Belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 89.56054687499999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n 89.56054687499999,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n 112.412109375,\n 41.37680856570233\n ],\n [\n 112.412109375,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n 89.56054687499999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"122","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e3ec2be4b0f59b85d42df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qiu, Kun-Feng","contributorId":167527,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qiu","given":"Kun-Feng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deng, Jun","contributorId":167528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deng","given":"Jun","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Song, Kai-Rui","contributorId":167530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Kai-Rui","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Song, Yao-Hui","contributorId":167531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Yao-Hui","affiliations":[{"id":24737,"text":"China University of Geosciences, Beijing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, Quan-Zhong","contributorId":167532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Quan-Zhong","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24738,"text":"Hefei University of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":622599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70168750,"text":"70168750 - 2016 - Quantifying fish swimming behavior in response to acute exposure of aqueous copper using computer assisted video and digital image analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-09T12:11:03","indexId":"70168750","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-02T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2498,"text":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying fish swimming behavior in response to acute exposure of aqueous copper using computer assisted video and digital image analysis","docAbstract":"Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction. However, these responses may be subtle, and measurement can be challenging. Using juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with copper exposures, this paper illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses using computer assisted video and digital image analysis. In previous studies severe impairments in swimming behavior were observed among early life stage white sturgeon during acute and chronic exposures to copper. Sturgeon behavior was rapidly impaired and to the extent that survival in the field would be jeopardized, as fish would be swept downstream, or readily captured by predators. The objectives of this investigation were to illustrate protocols to quantify swimming activity during a series of acute copper exposures to determine time to effect during early lifestage development, and to understand the significance of these responses relative to survival of these vulnerable early lifestage fish. With mortality being on a time continuum, determining when copper first affects swimming ability helps us to understand the implications for population level effects. The techniques used are readily adaptable to experimental designs with other organisms and stressors.
","language":"English","publisher":"JoVE","doi":"10.3791/53477","usgsCitation":"Calfee, R.D., Puglis, H.J., Little, E.E., Brumbaugh, W.G., and Mebane, C.A., 2016, Quantifying fish swimming behavior in response to acute exposure of aqueous copper using computer assisted video and digital image analysis: Journal of Visualized Experiments, v. 108, e53477, https://doi.org/10.3791/53477.","productDescription":"e53477","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064597","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/53477","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d80eb2e4b015c306f5ea12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calfee, Robin D. 0000-0001-6056-7023 rcalfee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6056-7023","contributorId":1841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calfee","given":"Robin","email":"rcalfee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puglis, Holly J. 0000-0002-3090-6597 hpuglis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3090-6597","contributorId":4686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puglis","given":"Holly","email":"hpuglis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mebane, Christopher A. 0000-0002-9089-0267 cmebane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-0267","contributorId":110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mebane","given":"Christopher","email":"cmebane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168341,"text":"cir1400 - 2016 - Mountains, glaciers, and mines—The geological story of the Blue River valley, Colorado, and its surrounding mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-29T17:12:35.025107","indexId":"cir1400","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-16T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1400","title":"Mountains, glaciers, and mines—The geological story of the Blue River valley, Colorado, and its surrounding mountains","docAbstract":"This report describes, in a nontechnical style, the geologic history and mining activity in the Blue River region of Colorado, which includes all of Summit County. The geologic story begins with the formation of ancient basement rocks, as old as about 1700 million years, and continues with the deposition of sedimentary rocks on a vast erosional surface beginning in the Cambrian Period (about 530 million years ago). This deposition was interrupted by uplift of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains during the late Paleozoic Era (about 300 million years ago). The present Rocky Mountains began to rise at the close of the Mesozoic Era (about 65 million years ago). A few tens of millions years ago, rifting began to form the Blue River valley; a major fault along the east side of the Gore Range dropped the east side down, forming the present valley. The valley once was filled by sediments and volcanic rocks that are now largely eroded. During the last few hundred-thousand years, at least two periods of glaciation sculpted the mountains bordering the valley and glaciers extended down the Blue River valley as far south as present Dillon Reservoir. Discovery of deposits of gold, silver, copper, and zinc in the late 1800s, particularly in the Breckenridge region, brought an influx of early settlers. The world-class molybdenum deposit at Climax, mined since the First World War, reopened in 2012 after a period of closure.
\nThe report includes a glossary to explain geologic terms used in the text, and numerous photos, maps, and diagrams illustrate the geologic principles discussed. References for further reading are also included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1400","isbn":"978-1-4113-3966-8 (pbk.)","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K.S., Bryant, Bruce, and Shroba, R.R., 2016, Mountains, glaciers, and mines—The geological story of the Blue River valley, Colorado, and its surrounding mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1400, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/cir1400.","productDescription":"vii, 44 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503651,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_103967.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":317909,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1400/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":317910,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1400/circ1400.pdf","text":"Report","size":"40.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Circular 1400"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Summit County","otherGeospatial":"Blue River valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.49871826171875,\n 40.10328591293442\n ],\n [\n -105.99334716796875,\n 40.10328591293442\n ],\n [\n -106.00296020507811,\n 39.82857709114199\n ],\n [\n -105.88485717773438,\n 39.69556418405592\n ],\n [\n -105.65414428710938,\n 39.606746222241476\n ],\n [\n -105.64041137695312,\n 39.48390532305253\n ],\n [\n -106.0015869140625,\n 39.299236474818194\n ],\n [\n -106.3641357421875,\n 39.30348722334712\n ],\n [\n -106.50009155273438,\n 39.642710095411786\n ],\n [\n -106.49871826171875,\n 40.10328591293442\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, USGS Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
Surface-water supplies are important sources of drinking water for residents in the Triangle area of North Carolina, which is located within the upper Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins. Since 1988, the U.S. Geological Survey and a consortium of local governments have tracked water-quality conditions and trends in several of the area’s water-supply lakes and streams. This report summarizes data collected through this cooperative effort, known as the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, during October 2009 through September 2010 (water year 2010) and October 2010 through September 2011 (water year 2011). Major findings for this data-collection effort include
\nDirector, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
We performed toxicity tests with two species of pulmonate snails (Lymnaea stagnalis and Physa gyrina) and four taxa of nonpulmonate snails in the family Hydrobiidae (Pyrgulopsis robusta,Taylorconcha serpenticola, Fluminicola sp., and Fontigens aldrichi). Snails were maintained in static-renewal or recirculating culture systems with adults removed periodically to isolate cohorts of offspring for toxicity testing. This method successfully produced offspring for both species of pulmonate snails and for two hydrobiid species, P. robusta and Fluminicola sp. Toxicity tests were performed for 28 days with copper, ammonia, and pentachlorophenol in hard reconstituted water with endpoints of survival and growth. Tests were started with 1-week-old L. stagnalis, 2-week-old P. gyrina, 5- to 13-week-old P. robusta and Fluminicola sp., and older juveniles and adults of several hydrobiid species. For all three chemicals, chronic toxicity values for pulmonate snails were consistently greater than those for hydrobiid snails, and hydrobiids were among the most sensitive taxa in species sensitivity distributions for all three chemicals. These results suggest that the toxicant sensitivity of nonpulmonate snails in the family Hydrobiidae would not be adequately represented by results of toxicity testing with pulmonate snails.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-015-0255-3","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Dorman, R.A., Hardesty, D., and Ingersoll, C.G., 2016, Survival and growth of freshwater pulmonate and nonpulmonate snails in 28-day exposures to copper, ammonia, and pentachlorophenol: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 70, no. 2, p. 321-331, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0255-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"331","ipdsId":"IP-067139","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a898b1e4b0b28f1184dbcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorman, Rebecca A. 0000-0002-5748-7046","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5748-7046","contributorId":28522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorman","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hardesty, Douglas K. dhardesty@usgs.gov","contributorId":3281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardesty","given":"Douglas K.","email":"dhardesty@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168662,"text":"70168662 - 2016 - Copper speciation in variably toxic sediments at the Ely Copper Mine, Vermont, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T08:52:02","indexId":"70168662","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper speciation in variably toxic sediments at the Ely Copper Mine, Vermont, United States","docAbstract":"At the Ely Copper Mine Superfund site, Cu concentrations exceed background values in both streamwater (160–1200 times) and sediments (15–79 times). Previously, these sediment samples were incubated with laboratory test organisms, and they exhibited variable toxicity for different stream sites. In this study we combined bulk- and microscale techniques to determine Cu speciation and distribution in these contaminated sediments on the basis of evidence from previous work that Cu was the most important stressor in this environment and that variable observed toxicity could have resulted from differences in Cu speciation. Copper speciation results were similar at microscopic and bulk scales. The major Cu species in the more toxic samples were sorbed or coprecipitated with secondary Mn (birnessite) and Fe minerals (jarosite and goethite), which together accounted for nearly 80% of the total Cu. The major Cu species in the less toxic samples were Cu sulfides (chalcopyrite and a covellite-like phase), making up about 80–95% of the total Cu, with minor amounts of Cu associated with jarosite or goethite. These Cu speciation results are consistent with the toxicity results, considering that Cu sorbed or coprecipitated with secondary phases at near-neutral pH is relatively less stable than Cu bound to sulfide at lower pH. The more toxic stream sediment sites were those that contained fewer detrital sulfides and were upstream of the major mine waste pile, suggesting that removal and consolidation of sulfide-bearing waste piles on site may not eliminate all sources of bioaccessible Cu.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b04081","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.E., Foster, A.L., Seal, R., Piatak, N., Webb, S.M., and Hammarstrom, J.M., 2016, Copper speciation in variably toxic sediments at the Ely Copper Mine, Vermont, United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04081.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1136","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070005","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Ely Copper Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.3,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -72.3,\n 43.9\n ],\n [\n -72.1,\n 43.9\n ],\n [\n -72.1,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -72.3,\n 44\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"3","edition":"1126","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56cc3f4ae4b059daa47e43a6","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5b04081","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04081","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Kimball Bryn E., Foster Andrea L., Seal Robert R., Piatak Nadine M., Webb Samuel M., Hammarstrom Jane M.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"2/2/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Bryn E. bekimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":4184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Bryn","email":"bekimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":621189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, Andrea L. 0000-0003-1362-0068 afoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":1740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"afoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":149066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert R. ","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":621190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":167138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":621191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webb, Samuel M.","contributorId":62088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70188885,"text":"70188885 - 2016 - Relationship between porphyry systems, crustal preservation levels, and amount of exploration in magmatic belts of the Central Tethys Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-05T18:14:09.239506","indexId":"70188885","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Relationship between porphyry systems, crustal preservation levels, and amount of exploration in magmatic belts of the Central Tethys Region","docAbstract":"Tectonic, geologic, geochemical, geochronologic, and ore deposit data from the U.S. Geological Survey-led assessment of 26 porphyry belts identified in the central Tethys region of Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, western Pakistan, and southern Afghanistan relate porphyry mineralization to the tectonomagmatic evolution of the region and associated subduction and postsubduction processes. However, uplift, erosion, subsidence, and burial of porphyry systems, as well as post-mineral deformation, also played an essential role in shaping the observed metallogenic patterns.
We present a methodology that systematically evaluates the relationship between the level of erosion, the extent of cover, and the number of known porphyry occurrences in porphyry belts. Porphyry belts that exhibit coeval volcanic-to-plutonic rock aerial ratios between 33 and 66 and limited cover contain numerous identified porphyry occurrences. These belts are relatively well explored because porphyry systems are not eroded or buried. Porphyry belts with volcanic-to-plutonic ratios that are greater than 66, but are modestly covered, contain fewer identified porphyry occurrences. Current exploration in these belts is increasingly identifying porphyry systems under associated epithermal deposits. Porphyry belts that show volcanic-to-plutonic ratios that are greater than 66, but are extensively covered, contain few identified porphyry occurrences. These belts have not been extensively explored but have potential for discoveries under cover. Deformed porphyry belts exhibit variable volcanic-to-plutonic ratios that are typically below 33, but can be as high as 60. Commonly, these deformed belts are extensively covered. Exploration efforts for porphyry deposits in these variably exhumed belts have been limited.
Exploration has resulted in the identification of 62.7 million tonnes (Mt) of copper, 2.0 Mt of molybdenum, and 4.200 t of gold in the 45 porphyry deposits contained in the 26 porphyry belts of the region: (1) 54.7 Mt of copper (87% of total), 1.74 Mt of molybdenum (87%), and 3,370 t of gold (80%) occur in the 25 deposits of the four porphyry belts that exhibit coeval volcanic-to-plutonic ratios between 33 and 66 and limited cover; (2) 5.44 Mt of copper (9%), 0.148 Mt of molybdenum (7%), and 581 t of gold (14%) are contained in the 11 deposits of the 11 porphyry belts that display volcanic-to-plutonic ratios greater than 66 and modest cover; (3) 2.08 Mt of copper (3%), 0.110 Mt of molybdenum (6%), and 244 t of gold (6%) occur in the seven deposits of the three porphyry belts that have volcanic-to-plutonic ratios that are greater than 66 and extensive cover; and (4) 0.388 Mt of copper (1%), 0.006 Mt of molybdenum (<<1%), and 6 t of gold (<<1%) are contained in the two deposits of the eight deformed and covered porphyry belts with variable but typically low volcanic-to-plutonic ratios.
The central Tethys region is receiving considerable exploration attention. It hosts the Kadjaran (4.6 Mt Cu), Sungun (5.1 Mt Cu), Sar Cheshmeh (8.9 Mt Cu), and Reko Diq (23.0 Mt Cu) world-class porphyry deposits. Continued exploration for porphyry deposits in the region will likely lead to new discoveries in known porphyry belts, particularly under cover and below high- and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal systems.
Porphyry Cu and porphyry Mo deposits are large to giant deposits ranging up to >20 and 1.6 Gt of ore, respectively, that supply about 60 and 95% of the world’s copper and molybdenum, as well as significant amounts of gold and silver. These deposits form from hydrothermal systems that affect 10s to >100 km3 of the upper crust and result in enormous mass redistribution and potential concentration of many elements.
Several critical elements, including Re, Se, and Te, which lack primary ores, are concentrated locally in some porphyry Cu deposits, and despite their low average concentrations in Cu-Mo-Au ores (100s of ppb to a few ppm), about 80% of the Re and nearly all of the Se and Te produced by mining is from porphyry Cu deposits.
Rhenium is concentrated in molybdenite, whose Re content varies from about 100 to 3,000 ppm in porphyry Cu deposits, ≤150 ppm in arc-related porphyry Mo deposits, and ≤35 ppm in alkali-feldspar rhyolite-granite (Climax-type) porphyry Mo deposits. Because of the relatively small size of porphyry Mo deposits compared to porphyry Cu deposits and the generally low Re contents of molybdenites in them, rhenium is not recovered from porphyry Mo deposits. The potential causes of the variation in Re content of molybdenites in porphyry deposits are numerous and complex, and this variation is likely the result of a combination of processes that may change between and within deposits. These processes range from variations in source and composition of parental magmas to physiochemical changes in the shallow hydrothermal environment. Because of the immense size of known and potential porphyry Cu resources, especially continental margin arc deposits, these deposits likely will provide most of the global supply of Re, Te, and Se for the foreseeable future.
Although Pd and lesser Pt are recovered from some deposits, platinum group metals are not strongly enriched in porphyry Cu deposits and PGM resources contained in known porphyry deposits are small. Because there are much larger known PGM resources in deposits in which PGMs are the primary commodities, it is unlikely that porphyry deposits will become a major source of PGMs.
Other critical commodities, such as In and Nb, may eventually be recovered from porphyry Cu and Mo deposits, but available data do not clearly define significant resources of these commodities in porphyry deposits. Although alkali-feldspar rhyolite-granite porphyry Mo deposits and their cogenetic intrusions are locally enriched in many rare metals (such as Li, Nb, Rb, Sn, Ta, and REEs) and minor amounts of REEs and Sn have been recovered from the Climax mine, these elements are generally found in uneconomic concentrations.
As global demand increases for critical elements that are essential for the modern world, porphyry deposits will play an increasingly important role as suppliers of some of these metals. The affinity of these metals and the larger size and greater number of porphyry Cu deposits suggest that they will remain more significant than porphyry Mo deposits in supplying many of these critical metals.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/Rev.18.07","usgsCitation":"John, D.A., and Taylor, R.D., 2016, By-products of porphyry copper and molybdenum deposits, chap. 7 of Rare earth and critical elements in ore deposits, v. 18, p. 137-164, https://doi.org/10.5382/Rev.18.07.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"164","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050834","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355932,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b6fca44e4b0f5d57878ec95","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740796,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitzman, Murray W. 0000-0002-3876-0537 mhitzman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-0537","contributorId":200913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitzman","given":"Murray","email":"mhitzman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740797,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70154792,"text":"70154792 - 2016 - The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T10:48:27","indexId":"70154792","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-13T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1814,"text":"Geoscience Frontiers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings","docAbstract":"It is quite evident that it is not anomalous metal transport, nor unique depositional conditions, nor any single factor at the deposit scale, that dictates whether a mineral deposit becomes a giant or not. A hierarchical approach thus is required to progressively examine controlling parameters at successively decreasing scales in the total mineral system to understand the location of giant gold deposits in non-arc environments. For giant orogenic, intrusion-related gold systems (IRGS) and Carlin-type gold deposits and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, there are common factors among all of these at the lithospheric to crustal scale. All are sited in giant gold provinces controlled by complex fundamental fault or shear zones that follow craton margins or, in the case of most Phanerozoic orogenic giants, define the primary suture zones between tectonic terranes. Giant provinces of IRGS, IOCG, and Carlin-type deposits require melting of metasomatized lithosphere beneath craton margins with ascent of hybrid lamprophyric to granitic magmas and associated heat flux to generate the giant province. The IRGS and IOCG deposits require direct exsolution of volatile-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, whereas the association of such melts with Carlin-type ores is more indirect and enigmatic. Giant orogenic gold provinces show no direct relationship to such magmatism, forming from metamorphic fluids, but show an indirect relationship to lamprophyres that reflect the mantle connectivity of controlling first-order structures.
\nIn contrast to their province scale similarities, the different giant gold deposit styles show contrasting critical controls at the district to deposit scale. For orogenic gold deposits, the giants appear to have formed by conjunction of a greater number of parameters to those that control smaller deposits, with resultant geometrical and lithostratigraphic complexity as a guide to their location. There are few giant IRGS due to their inferior fluid-flux systems relative to orogenic gold deposits, and those few giants are essentially preservational exceptions. Many Carlin-type deposits are giants due to the exceptional conjunction of both structural and lithological parameters that caused reactive and permeable rocks, enriched in syngenetic gold, to be located below an impermeable cap along antiformal “trends”. Hydrocarbons probably played an important role in concentrating metal. The supergiant Post-Betze deposit has additional ore zones in strain heterogeneities surrounding the pre-gold Goldstrike stock. All unequivocal IOCG deposits are giant or near-giant deposits in terms of gold-equivalent resources, partly due to economic factors for this relatively poorly understood, low Cu-Au grade deposit type. The supergiant Olympic Dam deposit, the most shallowly formed deposit among the larger IOCGs, probably owes its origin to eruption of volatile-rich hybrid magma at surface, with formation of a large maar and intense and widespread brecciation, alteration and Cu-Au-U deposition in a huge rock volume.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gsf.2015.07.001","usgsCitation":"Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., and Santosh, M., 2016, The conjunction of factors that lead to formation of giant gold provinces and deposits in non-arc settings: Geoscience Frontiers, v. 7, no. 3, p. 303-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.07.001.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"314","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-065563","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":471464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.07.001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdb1b1e4b08400b1fe13c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, David I.","contributorId":34194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groves","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santosh, M.","contributorId":52873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santosh","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":564172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047189,"text":"70047189 - 2016 - Manganese nodules","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T13:43:00","indexId":"70047189","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T11:49:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Manganese nodules","docAbstract":"The existence of manganese (Mn) nodules (Figure 1) has been known since the late 1800s when they were collected during the Challenger expedition of 1873–1876. However, it was not until after WWII that nodules were further studied in detail for their ability to adsorb metals from seawater. Many of the early studies did not distinguish Mn nodules from Mn crusts. Economic interest in Mn nodules began in the late 1950s and early 1960s when John Mero finished his Ph.D. thesis on this subject, which was published in the journal Economic Geology (Mero, 1962) and later as a book (Mero, 1965). By the mid-1970s, large consortia had formed to search for and mine Mn nodules that occur between the Clarion and Clipperton fracture zones (CCZ) in the NE Pacific (Figure 2). This is still the area considered of greatest economic potential in the global ocean because of high nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and Mn contents and the dense distribution of nodules in the area. While the mining of nodules was fully expected to begin in the late 1970s or early 1980s, this never occurred due to a downturn in the price of metals on the global market. Since then, many research cruises have been undertaken to study the CCZ nodules, and now 15 contracts for exploration sites have been given or are pending by the International Seabed Authority (ISA). Many books and science journal articles have been published summarizing the early work (e.g., Baturin, 1988; Halbach et al., 1988), and research has continued to the present day (e.g., ISA, 1999; ISA, 2010). Although the initial attraction for nodules was their high Ni, Cu, and Mn contents, subsequent work has shown that nodules host large quantities of other critical metals needed for high-tech, green-tech, and energy applications (Hein et al., 2013; Hein and Koschinsky, 2014).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of marine geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., 2016, Manganese nodules, chap. of Encyclopedia of marine geosciences, p. 408-412.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"412","ipdsId":"IP-049388","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-6238-1_26"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe679fe4b0824b2d143719","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Harff, Jan","contributorId":63957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harff","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Sven","contributorId":76586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"Sven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519982,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519983,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":2828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":518092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70141846,"text":"ofr20151021 - 2015 - GIS-Based Identification of Areas with Mineral Resource Potential for Six Selected Deposit Groups, Bureau of Land Management Central Yukon Planning Area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T07:25:06","indexId":"ofr20151021","displayToPublicDate":"2020-01-15T08:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1021","displayTitle":"GIS-based identification of areas with mineral resource potential for six selected deposit groups, Bureau of Land Management Central Yukon Planning Area, Alaska","title":"GIS-Based Identification of Areas with Mineral Resource Potential for Six Selected Deposit Groups, Bureau of Land Management Central Yukon Planning Area, Alaska","docAbstract":"This study, covering the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Central Yukon Planning Area (CYPA), Alaska, was prepared to aid BLM mineral resource management planning. Estimated mineral resource potential and certainty are mapped for six selected mineral deposit groups: (1) rare earth element (REE) deposits associated with peralkaline to carbonatitic intrusive igneous rocks, (2) placer and paleoplacer gold, (3) platinum group element (PGE) deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic intrusive igneous rocks, (4) carbonate-hosted copper deposits, (5) sandstone uranium deposits, and (6) tin-tungsten-molybdenum-fluorspar deposits associated with specialized granites. These six deposit groups include most of the strategic and critical elements of greatest interest in current exploration.
\nThis study has used a data-driven, geographic information system (GIS)-based method for evaluating the mineral resource potential across the large region of the CYPA. This method systematically and simultaneously analyzes geoscience data from multiple geospatially referenced datasets and uses individual subwatersheds (12-digit hydrologic unit codes or HUCs) as the spatial unit of classification. The final map output indicates an estimated potential (high, medium, low) for a given mineral deposit group and indicates the certainty (high, medium, low) of that estimate for any given subwatershed (HUC). Accompanying tables describe the data layers used in each analysis, the values assigned for specific analysis parameters, and the relative weighting of each data layer that contributes to the estimated potential and certainty determinations. Core datasets used include the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Alaska Geochemical Database (AGDB2), the Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys Web-based geochemical database, data from an anticipated USGS geologic map of Alaska, and the USGS Alaska Resource Data File. Map plates accompanying this report illustrate the mineral prospectivity for the six deposit groups across the CYPA and estimates of mineral resource potential. There are numerous areas, some of them large, rated with high potential for one or more of the selected deposit groups within the CYPA.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.V., III, Karl, S.M., Labay, K.A., Shew, N.B., Granitto, M., Hayes, T.S., Mauk, J.L., Schmidt, J.M., Todd, E., Wang, B., Werdon, M.B., and Yager, D.B., 2015, GIS-based identification of areas with mineral resource potential for six selected deposit groups, Bureau of Land Management Central Yukon Planning Area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1021, 78 p., 5 appendixes, 12 pls., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151021.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 78 p.; 12 Plates: 11 inches x 16.3 inches; Metadata; 5 Appendices","numberOfPages":"86","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056688","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371212,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxD.xlsx","text":"Appendix D","size":"17.2 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Lithology keyword search terms for an anticipated U.S. Geological Survey geologic map of Alaska."},{"id":371213,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxE.zip","text":"Appendix E","size":"411 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - Scoring results for HUC analysis of selected deposit groups (folder containing Excel spreadsheet and geospatial data files)"},{"id":371214,"rank":9,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021.zip","text":"Complete data package","size":"451 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"linkHelpText":" - A single ZIP file that contains the report, appendixes, metadata and plates."},{"id":371215,"rank":10,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_meta.txt","size":"83.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":371211,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxC.xlsx","text":"Appendix C","size":"38.6 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF) mineral deposit keyword and scoring templates."},{"id":371191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/coverthb3.jpg"},{"id":371192,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.17 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1021"},{"id":371210,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxB.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"138 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":" - Igneous rock geochemistry peer-reviewed literature sources."},{"id":371208,"rank":11,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_metadatafaq.pdf","text":"Metadata FAQ","size":"243 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":371209,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_appxE.zip","text":"Appendix A","size":"28.4 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":" - Stream-sediment geochemistry summary statistics and percentile cutoffs."},{"id":371207,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1021/ofr20151021_plates.pdf","text":"Plates 1-12","size":"39.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":" - A single PDF file that contains the 12 plates not included in the report."}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Central Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 71.1877539181316\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 71.1877539181316\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 62.431074232920906\n ],\n [\n -165.05859375,\n 62.431074232920906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Alaska Science Center staff
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Dr.
Anchorage, AK 99508
Alaska Science Center