North Carolina’s rich history and importance in the colonial days played a critical role in the Nation’s economic development. It was also the setting for events like the Wright Brothers’ famous first flight of a powered aircraft, called “Wright Flyer,” which took place in Kitty Hawk in 1903. Today, North Carolina license plates proudly proclaim the State as “First in Flight.”
The aerospace and defense sectors remain large players in the State’s economy to this day. Boeing, Lockheed Martin, General Electric Aviation, and others maintain a presence in the Tar Heel State, and military installations dot the landscape.
It is fitting, then, that North Carolinians rely upon a satellite system to monitor and study the health of their State’s vast and varied terrain: its coastal plain, the sweeping valleys and peaks of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and the fertile rolling plateau of the Piedmont ecoregion that separates the two. The U.S. Geological Survey Landsat satellite program’s unparalleled 50-year record of Earth surface change offers scientists, watershed and land managers, urban planners, and others insight into landscape change, both drastic and mild. Landsat observations document everything from posthurricane floods that push inland to subtle shifts in forest composition and coastal encroachment on urban and military infrastructure.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The Rangeland Condition Monitoring Assessment and Projection (RCMAP) project has partnered with the Bureau of Land Management to provide annual maps of rangeland vegetation condition across the Western United States from 1985 to present. Annual mapping can assist land managers and scientists with monitoring changes to vegetation composition, evaluating past management practices, targeting future improvements, determining locations of critical wildlife habitat, and assessing landscape health and fragmentation. Impacts of climate variability and long-term change are often gradual and frequently do not present as a land cover change (for example, shrubland to grassland); however, RCMAP fractional vegetation cover data capture these gradual changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20223036","usgsCitation":"Rigge, M.B., 2022, Rangeland Condition Monitoring Assessment and Projection (RCMAP): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2022–3036, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223036.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-139947","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401389,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20223036/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401374,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3036/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":401375,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3036/fs20223036.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2022-3036"},{"id":401377,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3036/images"},{"id":401376,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3036/fs20223036.XML"}],"contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
LANDFIRE is a Federal program that provides a suite of spatial datasets indicating areas of disturbance, vegetation and fuels distributions and structure, and historical conditions. The level of detail presented in LANDFIRE’s classifications of disturbance, vegetation, and fuels is unparalleled and can be used in a variety of applications, including (1) modeling wildfire risk and fire behavior, (2) modeling habitat and species ranges, (3) understanding how disturbances affect the landscape, and (4) researching departure from precolonial conditions. Additionally, the all-lands paradigm of LANDFIRE mapping creates spatial data that do not stop at jurisdictional boundaries. The primary research and management applications of LANDFIRE data are detailed in this fact sheet, providing users with a well-rounded understanding of the potential of LANDFIRE’s spatial data layers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20223034","usgsCitation":"La Puma, I.P., and Hatten, T.D., 2022, LANDFIRE data and applications: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2022–3034, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223034.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-139789","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401366,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20223034/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":400993,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3034/images"},{"id":400991,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication 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]\n}","contact":"LANDFIRE help desk
Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated undiscovered, technically recoverable mean resources of 906 million barrels of oil and 132.8 trillion cubic feet of gas in four geologic provinces of Western Australia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20213060","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., Mercier, T.J., Woodall, C.A., Finn, T.M., Le, P.A., Marra, K.R., Leathers-Miller, H.M., and Drake, R.M., II, 2022, Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the Perth Basin, NW Shelf, Browse Basin, and Bonaparte Gulf Basin provinces of Western Australia, 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021−3060, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213060.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-122784","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401244,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3060/fs20213060.xml"},{"id":401243,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3060/images"},{"id":401169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3060/fs20213060.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2021-3060"},{"id":401168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3060/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":401170,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TRGOQC","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS National and Global Oil and Gas Assessment Project - Western Australia Assessment Unit Boundaries and Assessment Input Forms"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Perth Basin, NW Shelf, Browse Basin, and Bonaparte Gulf Basin provinces","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 108.19335937499999,\n -39.57182223734373\n ],\n [\n 132.5390625,\n -39.57182223734373\n ],\n [\n 132.5390625,\n -8.667918002363107\n ],\n [\n 108.19335937499999,\n -8.667918002363107\n ],\n [\n 108.19335937499999,\n -39.57182223734373\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046
Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated means of 806 million barrels of oil and 17.0 trillion cubic feet of gas within the greater Taranaki Basin and East Coast Basin of New Zealand.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20213059","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., Mercier, T.J., Tennyson, M.E., Ellis, G.S., Woodall, C.A., Le, P.A., Leathers-Miller, H.M., and Drake, R.M., II, 2022, Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of the greater Taranaki Basin and East Coast Basin of New Zealand, 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021−3059, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20213059.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-126854","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401249,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3059/fs20213059.xml"},{"id":401248,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3059/images"},{"id":401159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3059/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":401161,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WKWP6U","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS National and Global Oil and Gas Assessment Project-Greater Taranaki and East Coast Basins, New Zealand, Assessment Unit Boundaries and Assessment Input Forms"},{"id":401160,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2021/3059/fs20213059.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2021-3059"}],"country":"New Zealand","otherGeospatial":"Taranaki Basin, East Coast Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 171.123046875,\n -41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n 180.08789062499997,\n -41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n 180.08789062499997,\n -33.46810795527895\n ],\n [\n 171.123046875,\n -33.46810795527895\n ],\n [\n 171.123046875,\n -41.96765920367816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Energy Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-939
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The retreat of Barry Glacier has contributed to the destabilization of slopes in Barry Arm, creating the possibility that a landslide could rapidly enter the fjord and trigger a tsunami.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently released a report documenting potential tsunami wave heights in the event of a large, fast-moving landslide at the Barry Arm fiord near Prince William Sound, Alaska (Barnhart and others, 2021). This new work shows that the largest plausible wave height is smaller than initial estimates published in Dai and others (2020), but waves still represent a substantial hazard to the people who live, work, and recreate in Prince William Sound. Thus, it is important that residents and visitors remain informed about this hazard and prepare accordingly.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20223020","usgsCitation":"Macías, M.A., Barnhart, K.R., Staley, D.M., 2022, New model of the Barry Arm landslide in Alaska reveals potential tsunami wave heights of 2 meters, values much lower than previously estimated: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2022–3020, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223020.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-132586","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501486,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_113066.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":400821,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3020/images"},{"id":400820,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3020/fs20223020.xml"},{"id":400817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3020/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":400818,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3020/fs20223020.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.63 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2022-3020"},{"id":400819,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211071","linkHelpText":"Preliminary Assessment of the Wave Generating Potential from Landslides at Barry Arm, Prince William Sound, Alaska"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Barry Arm landslide","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.27423095703125,\n 61.09348761017874\n ],\n [\n -148.08883666992188,\n 61.09348761017874\n ],\n [\n -148.08883666992188,\n 61.194228075714236\n ],\n [\n -148.27423095703125,\n 61.194228075714236\n ],\n [\n -148.27423095703125,\n 61.09348761017874\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geologic Hazards Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046, MS 966
Denver, CO 80225–0046
Selenium entering the 90-mile long transboundary Koocanusa Reservoir (also called Lake Koocanusa) in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, and northwestern Montana, United States, has been measured at concentrations above State and Federal water-quality and aquatic life standards. The reservoir is within the international Kootenai (or “Kootenay” in Canada) drainage basin, which contains critical habitat for native fish species and is impounded by Libby Dam 16 miles upstream from Libby, Montana. Since 1984, selenium concentrations have ranged from below detection to greater than 8 micrograms per liter in the Elk River, measured 2.2 miles above its discharge into Koocanusa Reservoir at a British Columbia environmental monitoring station (site 0200016). Selenium is a required micro-nutrient, but elevated concentrations in water bioaccumulate in egg-laying fish and birds, causing various sublethal effects and death. One possible source of selenium in the Kootenai River Basin is the excavation of bedrock in the Elk River Valley to access coal seams for metallurgical steelmaking and coal production. Five open-pit coal mines are operating in this region of southeastern British Columbia that produce about 21 million tons of metallurgical coal annually.
Site-specific selenium standards were established for the reservoir in 2020 following collaborative work by the U.S. Geological Survey, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, the British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, the Lake Koocanusa Monitoring and Research Working Group, and the Selenium Technical Subcommittee. The standards of 0.8 microgram per liter for dissolved selenium in the water column and 15.1 milligrams per kilogram dry weight for fish egg (ovary) tissue (in addition to the muscle and wholebody standards) were adopted into Montana State law in 2020 and approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2021.
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U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Avenue
Helena, MT 59601
Oklahoma benefits from a varied landscape abundant in resources. Mountains, grasslands, reservoirs, rivers, fields, and forests offer employment and enjoyment in a State that epitomizes the transition from north to south and east to west. Wheat grows in northern Oklahoma; cotton grows in the south. Wetter deciduous forest lands in the southeast contrast with drier mesas in the northwest. Among the many lakes and reservoirs, the Great Salt Plains Lake on the Arkansas River has thousands of acres of salt flats with unique hourglass-shaped selenite crystals.
Grassland and grazing permeate the Sooner State, which is the second largest cattle producer in the country. Oil, natural gas, and coal have long played a key role in Oklahoma’s economy and energy industry, whereas wind farms in western Oklahoma are a more recent addition.
The Landsat series of Earth observation satellites has allowed analysts to search for oil in Oklahoma from hundreds of miles above the Earth. The satellite program also helps Oklahoma’s agriculture industry keep an eye on the condition of crops and grazing land.
Here are just a few ways Landsat has benefited Oklahoma.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Comprehensive, data-driven geographic information system analyses utilize publicly available lithologic, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral occurrence datasets to delineate gold resource potential in Alaska. These prospectivity analyses successfully identify areas containing known lode gold occurrences, expand areas of high prospectivity around known occurrences, improve the precision of delineation of areas of high prospectivity for lode gold deposit types, and determine new areas that may have potential for gold deposits. These analyses indicate prospectivity in areas where exposure is good and in areas where exposure is poor, which provide useful guidance for land-use decisions and exploration strategies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20223008","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Karl, S.M., Kreiner, D.C., Case, G.N.D., and Labay, K., 2022, Geospatial analysis delineates lode gold prospectivity in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2022–3008, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223008.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-130560","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400745,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CAM3F9","text":"Data and results for GIS-based identification of areas that have resource potential for lode gold deposits in Alaska","description":"Karl, S.M., Kreiner, D.C., Case, G.N.D., Labay, K.A., Shew, N.B., Granitto, M., Wang, B., and Anderson, E.D., 2021, Data and results for GIS-based identification of areas that have resource potential for lode gold deposits in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CAM3F9."},{"id":400741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3008/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":400763,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211041","text":"Open-File Report 2021-1041","description":"Karl, S.M., Kreiner, D.C., Case, G.N.D., Labay, K.A., Shew, N.B., Granitto, M., Wang, B., and Anderson, E.D., 2021, GIS-based identification of areas that have resource potential for lode gold in Alaska (ver. 1.1, October 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1041, 75 p., 9 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211041.","linkHelpText":"- GIS-based identification of areas that have resource potential for lode gold in 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Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
The Extending Government Funding and Delivering Emergency Assistance Act (Public Law 117-43) was enacted on September 30, 2021. The U.S. Geological Survey received $26.3 million in supplemental funding to repair and replace facilities and equipment, collect high-resolution elevation data, and complete scientific assessments to support direct recovery and rebuilding decisions in areas affected by declared disasters—earthquakes, wildfires, hurricanes, and floods—that occurred between 2019 and 2021.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20223031","usgsCitation":"Hinck, J.E., and Stachyra, J., 2022, 2022 Emergency Assistance Act—USGS recovery activities: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2022–3031, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223031.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-139600","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400692,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3031/fs20223031.XML"},{"id":400691,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3031/fs20223031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2022-3031"},{"id":400690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3031/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Associate Director, Natural Hazards Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Central Midwest Water Science Center (CMWSC) includes three States—Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. USGS water science centers across the Nation provide information on water resources including streamflow, water use, water availability, and the quality of surface water and groundwater (https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources).
The USGS CMWSC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) team is dedicated to studying the complexity of HABs and is currently (2021) researching ways to better predict the timing, magnitude, and toxicity of HABs. Updated information about the HABs team including current projects, data releases, and publications are available on the CMWSC website (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water/science-topics/harmful-algal-blooms).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20223011","usgsCitation":"Summers, K.M., Krempa, H.M., and Garrett, J.D., 2022, Central Midwest Water Science Center— Harmful Algal Blooms team: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 2022–3011, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223011.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-132581","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400625,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/fs20223011/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":400591,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3011/images"},{"id":400590,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3011/fs20223011.XML"},{"id":400589,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3011/fs20223011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2022-3011"},{"id":400588,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3011/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
Hawaii stands apart from the rest of the United States, literally and figuratively. The nearest of the eight islands that make up the Hawaiian archipelago is 2,000 miles from the U.S. mainland. Like every bit of land mass within the State, it emerged from the Pacific Ocean after thousands of years of undersea volcanic activity. Kona International Airport, on the “Big Island” of Hawai‘i, was built atop 220-year-old lava flows from the Hualālai volcano.
The volcanic soils and tropical vegetation that stretch across Hawaii’s postcard-perfect peaks and valleys, as well as the trade winds that blow precipitation northeast across the islands and the warm Kona winds that move in from the south, are among the factors that make the study of the State’s landscapes distinct from the rest of the Nation.
Six active volcanoes continue to alter the land surface. Some of them, like the constantly erupting Kīlauea or Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, can threaten human life and property. Man-made changes to the islands, such as the long-term agricultural production of sugar cane or pineapple, along with the introduction of non-native species, have also affected the health of the State’s ecosystems.
Landsat satellites, with 50 years of repeat Earth observations and decades of data from infrared and thermal instruments capable of tracking lava flows, can offer unique opportunities for the study of Hawaii’s ever-changing landscapes. Here are a few examples of how Landsat benefits the State.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania straddles an array of landscapes. From east to west, its 46,055 square miles connect the sea-level lowlands of the Atlantic seaboard with the rolling hills of the Midwest. It also acts as a bridge between regions from north to south, with the Appalachian Mountains swooping through its center from its northern border with New York to its southern borders with Maryland and West Virginia.
The Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution were signed in the Commonwealth’s largest city, Philadelphia, and it was the second of the original 13 colonies to ratify the Constitution. The pivotal Civil War battle of Gettysburg took place in the southern part of Pennsylvania. Western Pennsylvania was an early hub for the coal, oil, and steel industries that fueled the Nation’s growth in the 20th century and still factor into Pennsylvania’s economy. The varied natural features of Pennsylvania have been an important proving ground for the value of satellite imagery from the USGS Landsat Program. Scientists began to lean on Landsat observations early in the program’s history to map the effect of invasive moths on Commonwealth forests. That activity continues to this day. Space-based imagery has also contributed to the study and management of land change from energy development, urban growth, and shifting land use patterns.
The Landsat Program’s unparalleled 50-year archive of repeat Earth observations remains a critical public resource for Pennsylvania as climate change and land use patterns present new challenges to land managers and urban planners in the Keystone State.
Here are just a few examples of how Landsat has benefited Pennsylvania.
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\"}}]}","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Nevada’s geography is colorful—and contradictory. As one of the most mountainous States, Nevada shares the country’s second-deepest lake, Lake Tahoe, with neighboring California. It is also the driest State and largely covered by desert. Northern Nevada has long, cold winters, whereas the south has long, hot summers. It is the seventh-largest State, but it ranks in the bottom one-half of States for population. More than 72 percent of its 3.1 million residents live in the Las Vegas area.
In Nevada, the desert is not dull. An extraordinary variety of wildflowers bloom in the spring, and other plants include mesquite, cacti, creosote, and yucca such as Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia). Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is more than the State flower; it is a hardy, enduring shrub foundational to a vast ecosystem in the Great Basin that feeds and shelters hundreds of wildlife species. The Silver State has a strong mining tradition, and agriculture centers around livestock ranching and irrigated crops. Although mining and agriculture once formed the base of Nevada’s economy, tourism now leads the way, mostly from gambling and entertainment in Las Vegas, Reno, and other cities. Water is a critical resource for supporting residents, visitors, and industries, and Lake Mead behind Hoover Dam on the Colorado River supplies most of it for southern Nevada.
Nevada has significant natural resources, but they face threats—especially in a warming climate. Here are a few ways Landsat benefits Nevada.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Wyoming has the smallest population of any State—fewer than 600,000 people—but an abundance of wildlife. The largest number of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), often called antelope, and the biggest public bison (Bison bison) herd in the United States live in Wyoming, which also hosts elk (Cervus elaphus), moose (Alces americanus), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), black bears (Ursus americanus), and grizzly bears (U. arctos). The terrain of the Nation’s 10th largest State varies from the Black Hills to the Rocky Mountains, and from Great Plains grassland to Wyoming Basin desert sagebrush.
Natural resources attract millions of visitors annually, especially to the country’s first national park, Yellowstone, and the ski slopes in Grand Teton National Park and elsewhere. Natural resources account for much of the employment in the Cowboy State, from tourism and ranching to coal, natural gas, and oil mining.
To help monitor these natural resources, researchers and land managers have relied on USGS Landsat imagery and data. The scale of images from the first Landsat satellites helped geologists detect previously unknown uranium deposits in Wyoming, which is the leading State for uranium production. Today, land managers and researchers take advantage of Landsat and its 50-year archive to explore landscape change over time—and continue to make new discoveries.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Water Resources Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Utah’s list of notable features runs long, but scenery rises to the top. The Colorado River does not simply run through southeastern Utah; it meanders through steep canyons of the eroded sedimentary rock that colors the sweeping vistas of the Colorado Plateau. Stone arches, spires, hoodoos, cliffs, and bridges in hues of red enchant residents and tourists. Mountain ranges extending through the State add dynamic views—and skiing opportunities.
The Great Salt Lake in northern Utah is the largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere. The western part of Utah, including the Great Salt Lake, lies in the Great Basin, a multi-State drainage area with no outlet. Because the lake has no outlet to flush out any salt, evaporation produces a higher concentration of salts in the water or soils, called salinity. The lake lacks fish but supports algae and brine shrimp, and extensive wetlands around the lake attract millions of migratory birds.
Landsat imagery is useful for showing surface changes, such as the fluctuating water levels of the shallow Great Salt Lake. The lake flooded in the 1980s, but the southern part dropped to its lowest level in recorded history in 2021. Landsat data also can take a much deeper look at land and water conditions. Here are several ways Landsat benefits Utah.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Washington is a State of untamed wonders, from its ruggedly beautiful coastline to the volcanic peaks of the Cascades. “The Evergreen State” is also a State of contrasts, home to rainforests west of the Cascades and deserts to the east. Half of Washington is forested, and its orchards grow more than one-half of the apples sold in the United States. Rivers are important to the State, particularly the Columbia River, the largest North American river that flows into the Pacific Ocean. Dozens of dams have been constructed in the river basin, including the largest hydroelectric producer in the Nation, the Grand Coulee Dam.
Washington’s diverse landscapes also change in various ways over time. Some are relatively steady, like urban expansion in the populous Puget Sound region. Others can be sudden, like the Mount Saint Helens eruption in 1980—one of the largest volcanic eruptions that caused the largest landslide in U.S. history. Although landscape change may be hard to detect at any one time, the Landsat program provides an objective view of it over decades. Landsat not only allows one to see what Mount Saint Helens looked like before and after the eruption, but also how the area has evolved since.
Here are a few examples of how Landsat benefits Washington.
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: April 25, 2022; Version 1.1: January 24, 2023","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
More than 21 million people call Florida home, but many more visit the peninsula each year—including a record 131 million in 2019. Residents and tourists enjoy the State’s warm weather and varied attractions amid incredibly diverse biological and natural resources. Numerous lakes and rivers, and 8,400 miles of ocean shoreline, play a prominent role, as do unique habitats like the Everglades, which are home to protected species such as the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus), and Florida panther (Puma concolor couguar). The State also supports cattle, sugarcane, and citrus production—along with nearly one-half of the tree species in the United States.
A changing climate is expected to bring rising sea levels and more extreme weather events. In a State where the average elevation is 100 feet above sea level, climate change could affect everything from urban shores and beaches to agriculture and forests. In addition, as cities grow, more land cover tends to shift from natural vegetation to impervious surfaces such as pavement, which can add to environmental risks such as flooding.
Landsat can help Florida’s agencies, organizations, and residents monitor the State’s fragile landscapes and plan for a resilient future. Here are just a few examples of how Landsat benefits Florida.
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: April 5, 2022; Version 1.1: January 13, 2023","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the Federal Government’s independent research agency that conducts research to inform management of invasive species. Bighead, black, grass, and silver carp, which are native to China, were originally stocked in aquaculture facilities to control algae, snails, and vegetation. These species have invaded the Mississippi River and are now established throughout the lower and middle Mississippi River Basins and some of its large tributaries where they damage ecosystems and harm economies. A reproducing population of grass carp in Lake Erie is a risk to the $7 billion Great Lakes fishery. The USGS is leading research efforts on risk assessment and on early detection of new invasions. The USGS is also developing and evaluating harvest methods, barriers and deterrents, and baits/attractants to provide Federal and State management agencies the tools needed to manage and reduce populations of these species.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
From its rolling pastures to its forested Appalachian peaks, Kentucky’s scenery offers beauty along with contrast. Rivers, including the Mississippi and the Ohio, border much of the State, and more rivers and hundreds of lakes are inside its borders. Kentucky is also home to the world’s longest known cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park, and its residents maintain long-held traditions of coal mining, farming, horse racing, and bourbon making.
Although residents and visitors have a lot to explore up close, viewing Kentucky through a long lens—one extending into space—can offer even more information about its environmental and natural resources. Landsat satellite data can help State and Federal governments monitor the quality and health of Kentucky’s lands and waters.
Here is a closer look at some of the many ways that Landsat benefits Kentucky.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Massachusetts is the seventh smallest U.S. State in land area, but its size is surpassed by its contributions to U.S. history and the economy, its academic and medical expertise, and its natural features. The Atlantic Ocean to the east gives the “Bay State” more than 1,500 miles of coastline that were important in past fishing and maritime trade industries and in the tourism industry of today for destinations such as Boston, Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha’s Vineyard. Forests cover roughly 60 percent of the State, which owns 315,000 acres of forests in parklands, reserves, and woodlands.
Massachusetts celebrates many strengths, but its strengths can be vulnerable to environmental change. A robust population of 7 million translates to a density of more than 800 people per square mile; in Boston, the density rises to more than 18,000 people per square mile. Urban temperature hotspots can increase health risks to residents.
Although the whims of wind and water have long reshaped coastlines, climate change-induced sea-level rise and severe storms can amplify coastal effects. In forests, changes in temperature or precipitation can provide more favorable conditions for invasive species.
State and local governments have been taking steps to address climate change. Here are several ways Landsat has benefited the residents of Massachusetts.
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: March 24, 2022; Version 1.1: January 23, 2023","contact":"Program Coordinator, National Land Imaging Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Invasive annual grasses (IAGs)—including Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead), and Ventenata dubia (ventenata) species—present significant challenges for rangeland management by altering plant communities, impacting ecosystem function, reducing forage for wildlife and livestock, and increasing fire risk. Numerous spatial data products are used to map IAGs, and understanding the similarities, differences, and potential tradeoffs among these products is key to selecting the right maps for specific applications. This short guide outlines considerations for selecting regional- and national-scale spatial data to support the management of IAGs.
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U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118
Missouri, one of only two States that borders eight different States, lies in the heart of the United States. Distinguished by its farm fields and forests, substantial rivers and lakes, and cities filled with culture and industry, the “Show Me State” has abundant beauty and a long history of connecting the East and the West. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, and California Trail all began in Missouri.
The land and the people of Missouri contribute to its resiliency. Landsat data provide important tools for Missourians to protect their landscapes and waterways and enhance their economy under a variety of circumstances, from fast-arising natural disasters to longer-term environmental phenomena.
Here are several ways that Landsat data benefit Missouri.
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U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Kansas Water Science Center Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory (OGRL) was established in 1987. The OGRL is a multidisciplinary program that contributes knowledge about the distribution, fate, transport, and effects of new and understudied organic compounds that may affect human health and (or) ecosystems. The OGRL consists of two units: Algal and Other Environmental Toxins Unit and Environmental Organic Chemistry Unit. The OGRL does independent and collaborative research, develops robust analytical methods, and provides fee-for-service analytical laboratory analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20223009","usgsCitation":"Dietze, J.E., Lane, R.F., Loftin, K.A., Tush, D.L., and Wilson, M.C., 2022, Detecting algal toxins and organic contaminants of concern in the environment: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2022–3009, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20223009.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120628","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397001,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3009/fs20223009.XML"},{"id":397000,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3009/fs20223009.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.25 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2022-3009"},{"id":396999,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3009/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":397002,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2022/3009/images"}],"contact":"Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049