1. Resource selection estimated by logistic regression is used increasingly in studies to identify critical resources for animal populations and to predict species occurrence.
2. Most frequently, individual animals are monitored and pooled to estimate population-level effects without regard to group or individual-level variation. Pooling assumes that both observations and their errors are independent, and resource selection is constant given individual variation in resource availability.
3. Although researchers have identified ways to minimize autocorrelation, variation between individuals caused by differences in selection or available resources, including functional responses in resource selection, have not been well addressed.
4. Here we review random-effects models and their application to resource selection modelling to overcome these common limitations. We present a simple case study of an analysis of resource selection by grizzly bears in the foothills of the Canadian Rocky Mountains with and without random effects.
5. Both categorical and continuous variables in the grizzly bear model differed in interpretation, both in statistical significance and coefficient sign, depending on how a random effect was included. We used a simulation approach to clarify the application of random effects under three common situations for telemetry studies: (a) discrepancies in sample sizes among individuals; (b) differences among individuals in selection where availability is constant; and (c) differences in availability with and without a functional response in resource selection.
6. We found that random intercepts accounted for unbalanced sample designs, and models with random intercepts and coefficients improved model fit given the variation in selection among individuals and functional responses in selection. Our empirical example and simulations demonstrate how including random effects in resource selection models can aid interpretation and address difficult assumptions limiting their generality. This approach will allow researchers to appropriately estimate marginal (population) and conditional (individual) responses, and account for complex grouping, unbalanced sample designs and autocorrelation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01106.x","usgsCitation":"Gillies, C., Hebblewhite, M., Nielsen, S., Krawchuk, M., Aldridge, C.L., Frair, J., Saher, D., Stevens, C., and Jerde, C., 2006, Application of random effects to the study of resource selection by animals: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 75, no. 4, p. 887-898, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01106.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"898","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01106.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a8a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillies, C.S.","contributorId":94255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillies","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hebblewhite, M.","contributorId":58979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hebblewhite","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nielsen, S.E.","contributorId":21114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krawchuk, M.A.","contributorId":75875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krawchuk","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aldridge, Cameron L. 0000-0003-3926-6941 aldridgec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-6941","contributorId":191773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Cameron","email":"aldridgec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":322253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frair, J.L.","contributorId":8047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frair","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saher, D.J.","contributorId":54933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saher","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stevens, C.E.","contributorId":57407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jerde, C.L.","contributorId":52114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jerde","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70028977,"text":"70028977 - 2006 - River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028977","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management","docAbstract":"Low river flows are commonly controlled by river-aquifer exchange, the magnitude of which is governed by hydraulic properties of both aquifer and aquitard materials beneath the river. Low flows are often important ecologically. Numerical simulations were used to assess how textural heterogeneity of an alluvial system influences river seepage and low flows. The Cosumnes River in California was used as a test case. Declining fall flows in the Cosumnes River have threatened Chinook salmon runs. A ground water-surface water model for the lower river basin was developed, which incorporates detailed geostatistical simulations of aquifer heterogeneity. Six different realizations of heterogeneity and a homogenous model were run for a 3-year period. Net annual seepage from the river was found to be similar among the models. However, spatial distribution of seepage along the channel, water table configuration and the level of local connection, and disconnection between the river and aquifer showed strong variations among the different heterogeneous models. Most importantly, the heterogeneous models suggest that river seepage losses can be reduced by local reconnections, even when the regional water table remains well below the riverbed. The percentage of river channel responsible for 50% of total river seepage ranged from 10% to 26% in the heterogeneous models as opposed to 23% in the homogeneous model. Differences in seepage between the models resulted in up to 13 d difference in the number of days the river was open for salmon migration during the critical fall months in one given year. Copyright ?? 2006 The Author(s).","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Fleckenstein, J., Niswonger, R., and Fogg, G., 2006, River-aquifer interactions, geologic heterogeneity, and low-flow management, in Ground Water, v. 44, no. 6, p. 837-852, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x.","startPage":"837","endPage":"852","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209858,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadbbe4b0c8380cd86f72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleckenstein, J.H.","contributorId":67273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleckenstein","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niswonger, R.G.","contributorId":103393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fogg, G.E.","contributorId":58379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fogg","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028638,"text":"70028638 - 2006 - Grassland songbirds in a dynamic management landscape: Behavioral responses and management strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028638","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grassland songbirds in a dynamic management landscape: Behavioral responses and management strategies","docAbstract":"In recent decades, earlier and more frequent harvests of agricultural grasslands have been implicated as a major cause of population declines in grassland songbirds. From 2002 to 2005, in the Champlain Valley of Vermont and New York, USA, we studied the reproductive success of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) and Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) on four grassland treatments: (1) early-hayed fields cut before 11 June and again in early- to mid-July; (2) middle-hayed fields cut once between 21 June and 10 July; (3) late-hayed fields cut after 1 August; and (4) rotationally grazed pastures. Both the number of fledglings per female per year and nest success (logistic-exposure method) varied among treatments and between species. Although birds initiated nests earlier on early-hayed fields compared to others, haying caused 99% of active Savannah Sparrow and 100% of active Bobolink nests to fail. Both the initial cutting date and time between cuttings influenced renesting behavior. After haying, Savannah Sparrows generally remained on early-hayed fields and immediately renested (clutch completion 15.6 ?? 1.28 days post-haying; all values are reported as mean ?? SE), while Bobolinks abandoned the fields for at least two weeks (mean clutch completion 33 ?? 0.82 days post-haying). While female Savannah Sparrows fledged more offspring per year (1.28 ?? 0.16) than female Bobolinks (0.05 ?? 0.05), reproductive success on early-hayed fields was low. The number of fledglings per female per year was greater on middle-hayed fields (Savannah Sparrows, 3.47 ?? 0.42; Bobolinks, 2.22 ?? 0.26), and late-hayed fields (Savannah Sparrows, 3.29 ?? 0.30; Bobolinks, 2.79 ?? 0.18). Reproductive success was moderate on rotationally grazed pastures, where female Savannah Sparrows and female Bobolinks produced 2.32 ?? 0.25 and 1.79 ?? 0.33 fledgling per year, respectively. We simultaneously conducted cutting surveys throughout the Champlain Valley and found that 3-8% of hayfield habitat was cut by 1-4 June, 25-40% by 12-16 June, and 32-60% by 28 June-2 July. Thus, the majority of grassland habitat was cut during the breeding season; however, late-hayed fields served as high-quality reserves for late-nesting female Bobolinks that were displaced from previously hayed fields. For fields first cut in May, a 65-day interval between cuts could provide enough time for both species to successfully fledge young. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2235:GSIADM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Perlut, N., Strong, A., Donovan, T., and Buckley, N.J., 2006, Grassland songbirds in a dynamic management landscape: Behavioral responses and management strategies: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 6, p. 2235-2247, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2235:GSIADM]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"2235","endPage":"2247","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209762,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2235:GSIADM]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236468,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29e9e4b0c8380cd5ad37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perlut, N.G.","contributorId":12671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlut","given":"N.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strong, A.M.","contributorId":39568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donovan, T.M.","contributorId":91602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donovan","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buckley, N. J.","contributorId":38757,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buckley","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028296,"text":"70028296 - 2006 - Can basin-scale recharge be estimated reasonably with water-balance models?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:25:08","indexId":"70028296","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can basin-scale recharge be estimated reasonably with water-balance models?","docAbstract":"We examine in-place recharge as an example of the complex, basin-scale hydrologic processes that are being represented with simplified numerical models. The rate and distribution of recharge depend on local meteorological conditions and hydrogeologic properties. The pattern of recharge is defined predominantly by the distribution of net precipitation (precipitation less evapotranspiration), but different pedotransfer functions (PTFs) predict different fractions of precipitation that become in-place recharge at a given location. At any single location, these differences can often be explained on the basis of the PTF characteristics, but because of the complex averaging that occurs across a basin, the combined effects of meteorological variation and soil textural variation on the basin-wide recharge rates cannot be predicted on the basis of the characteristics of different PTFs. In fact, we show that the same basin-scale numerical model, using identical inputs and modeling options, can produce almost an order of magnitude variation in predicted basin total recharge depending on the choice of PTF. This suggests that sensitivity analyses should be performed on the choice of constitutive relationship (e.g., PTF) when assessing the predictive capability of basin-scale hydrologic models. ?? Soil Science Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Vadose Zone Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2136/vzj2005.0109","issn":"15391663","usgsCitation":"Faust, A., Ferre, T., Schaap, M., Hinnell, A., and Brown, G.E., 2006, Can basin-scale recharge be estimated reasonably with water-balance models?: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 850-855, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2005.0109.","startPage":"850","endPage":"855","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210238,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2005.0109"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f333e4b0c8380cd4b660","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, A.E.","contributorId":100600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferre, T.P.A.","contributorId":196167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"T.P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaap, M.G.","contributorId":70583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinnell, A.C.","contributorId":70175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinnell","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Gordon E. Jr.","contributorId":10166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028365,"text":"70028365 - 2006 - Relationship between shrubs and foods in mountain plover habitat in Park County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028365","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between shrubs and foods in mountain plover habitat in Park County, Colorado","docAbstract":"We explored habitat use in terms of vegetation structure and potential forage availability for mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus) in Park County, Colorado. We quantified the percentage cover of bare ground, percentage cover of shrubs (Chrysothamnus visadiflorus), linear distance to nearest shrub, arthropod biomass, and grasshopper density for 102 plots of 1,963 m2, 51 of which were occupied by plovers and 51 of which were selected randomly within previously-classified potential habitat. We modeled the probability of habitat use by plovers based on these measurements. We further subdivided the occupied plots to model probability of habitat use by adults with broods as compared with use by pre-nesting and post-nesting adults. Percentage of bare ground and probability of habitat use for adults with broods were related inversely, but not so for adults without broods. Grasshopper density was positively related to probability of habitat use by adults without broods, whereas proximity to nearest shrub was negatively related. We propose that habitat use by plovers in South Park is influenced by the amount of available shrub-grassland edge habitat and the availability of forage.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southwestern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[197:RBSAFI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00384909","usgsCitation":"Schneider, S., Wunder, M., and Knopf, F., 2006, Relationship between shrubs and foods in mountain plover habitat in Park County, Colorado: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 51, no. 2, p. 197-202, https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[197:RBSAFI]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"197","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210271,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[197:RBSAFI]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":237140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a75ee4b0e8fec6cdc41d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, S.C.","contributorId":92126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wunder, Michael B.","contributorId":65406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wunder","given":"Michael B.","affiliations":[{"id":6674,"text":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028845,"text":"70028845 - 2006 - Nature and origin of the hematite-bearing plains of Terra Meridiani based on analyses of orbital and Mars Exploration rover data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:26:01","indexId":"70028845","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nature and origin of the hematite-bearing plains of Terra Meridiani based on analyses of orbital and Mars Exploration rover data sets","docAbstract":"The ∼5 km of traverses and observations completed by the Opportunity rover from Endurance crater to the Fruitbasket outcrop show that the Meridiani plains consist of sulfate‐rich sedimentary rocks that are largely covered by poorly‐sorted basaltic aeolian sands and a lag of granule‐sized hematitic concretions. Orbital reflectance spectra obtained by Mars Express OMEGA over this region are dominated by pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, crystalline hematite (i.e., concretions), and nano‐phase iron oxide dust signatures, consistent with Pancam and Mini‐TES observations. Mössbauer Spectrometer observations indicate more olivine than observed with the other instruments, consistent with preferential optical obscuration of olivine features in mixtures with pyroxene and dust. Orbital data covering bright plains located several kilometers to the south of the landing site expose a smaller areal abundance of hematite, more dust, and a larger areal extent of outcrop compared to plains proximal to the landing site. Low‐albedo, low‐thermal‐inertia, windswept plains located several hundred kilometers to the south of the landing site are predicted from OMEGA data to have more hematite and fine‐grained olivine grains exposed as compared to the landing site. Low calcium pyroxene dominates spectral signatures from the cratered highlands to the south of Opportunity. A regional‐scale model is presented for the formation of the plains explored by Opportunity, based on a rising ground water table late in the Noachian Era that trapped and altered local materials and aeolian basaltic sands. Cessation of this aqueous process led to dominance of aeolian processes and formation of the current configuration of the plains.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2006JE002728","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arvidson, R., Poulet, F., Morris, R., Bibring, J., Bell, J., Squyres, S.W., Christensen, P.R., Bellucci, G., Gondet, B., Ehlmann, B., Farrand, W.H., Fergason, R., Golombeck, M., Griffes, J., Grotzinger, J., Guinness, E., Herkenhoff, K.E., Johnson, J.R., Klingelhofer, G., Langevin, Y., Ming, D., Seelos, K., Sullivan, R., Ward, J., Wiseman, S., and Wolff, M., 2006, Nature and origin of the hematite-bearing plains of Terra Meridiani based on analyses of orbital and Mars Exploration rover data sets: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. E12, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002728.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006je002728","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"111","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6396e4b0c8380cd7259f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. 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H.","contributorId":64372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Fergason, R.L.","contributorId":13786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fergason","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Golombeck, M.","contributorId":56525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombeck","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Griffes, J.L.","contributorId":18982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffes","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Grotzinger, J.","contributorId":73384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grotzinger","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Guinness, E.A.","contributorId":78070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinness","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Klingelhofer, G.","contributorId":57195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klingelhofer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Langevin, Y.","contributorId":24900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Ming, D.","contributorId":107921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ming","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Seelos, K.","contributorId":96813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seelos","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Sullivan, R.J.","contributorId":21302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Ward, J.G.","contributorId":16284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Wiseman, S.M.","contributorId":58097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiseman","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Wolff, M.J.","contributorId":64374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26}]}} ,{"id":70028608,"text":"70028608 - 2006 - Historical trace element distribution in sediments from the Mississippi River delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028608","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical trace element distribution in sediments from the Mississippi River delta","docAbstract":"Five sediment cores were collected on the shelf of the inner Mississippi Bight in June 2003 for a suite of radionuclides to establish geochronologies and trace elements to examine patterns of contaminant deposition and accumulation. Core sites were chosen to reflect a matrix of variable water depths, proximity to the Mississippi River mouth as the primary source for terrigenous particles, and extent and duration of summertime water column hypoxia. The vertical distribution of 239,240Pu and 210Pbxs (= 210Pbtotal - 226Ra) provided reliable geochronological age constraints to develop models for mass accumulation rates and historic trace element inputs and variations. Mass accumulation rates ranged from 0.27 to 0.87 g cm-2 yr-1 and were internally consistent using either 210Pbxs or 239,240Pu. Measured inventories of 137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 210Pbxs were compared to atmospheric deposition rates to quantify potential sediment focusing or winnowing. Observed variability in calculated mass accumulation rates may be attributed foremost to site-specific proximity to the river mouth (i.e., sediment source), variability in water depth, and enhanced sediment focusing at the Mississippi River canyon site. Trace element concentrations were first normalized to Al, and then Al-normalized enrichment factors (ANEF) were calculated based on preanthropogenic and crustal trace element abundances. These ANEFs were typically > 1 for V and Ba, while for most other elements studied, either no enrichment or depletion was observed. The enrichment of Ba may be related, in part, to the seasonal occurrence of oxygen-depleted subsurface waters off the Mississippi River delta, as well as being an ubiquitous by-product of the petroleum industry. ?? 2006 Estuarine Research Federation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P., Baskaran, M., Rosenbauer, R., and Orem, W., 2006, Historical trace element distribution in sediments from the Mississippi River delta: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 29, no. 6 B, p. 1094-1107.","startPage":"1094","endPage":"1107","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31a2e4b0c8380cd5e0c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swarzenski, P.W. 0000-0003-0116-0578","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-0578","contributorId":29487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swarzenski","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028846,"text":"70028846 - 2006 - Effects of altered temperature and precipitation on desert protozoa associated with biological soil crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028846","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2272,"text":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of altered temperature and precipitation on desert protozoa associated with biological soil crusts","docAbstract":"Biological soil crusts are diverse assemblages of bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, and mosses that cover much of arid land soils. The objective of this study was to quantify protozoa associated with biological soil crusts and test the response of protozoa to increased temperature and precipitation as is predicted by some global climate models. Protozoa were more abundant when associated with cyanobacteria/lichen crusts than with cyanobacteria crusts alone. Amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates originating from the Colorado Plateau desert (cool desert, primarily winter precipitation) declined 50-, 10-, and 100-fold, respectively, when moved in field mesocosms to the Chihuahuan Desert (hot desert, primarily summer rain). However, this was not observed in protozoa collected from the Chihuahuan Desert and moved to the Sonoran desert (hot desert, also summer rain, but warmer than Chihuahuan Desert). Protozoa in culture began to encyst at 37??C. Cysts survived the upper end of daily temperatures (37-55??C), and could be stimulated to excyst if temperatures were reduced to 15??C or lower. Results from this study suggest that cool desert protozoa are influenced negatively by increased summer precipitation during excessive summer temperatures, and that desert protozoa may be adapted to a specific desert's temperature and precipitation regime. ?? 2006 by the International Society of Protistologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00134.x","issn":"10665234","usgsCitation":"Darby, B., Housman, D., Zaki, A., Shamout, Y., Adl, S., Belnap, J., and Neher, D., 2006, Effects of altered temperature and precipitation on desert protozoa associated with biological soil crusts: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, v. 53, no. 6, p. 507-514, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00134.x.","startPage":"507","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209671,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00134.x"},{"id":236343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0685e4b0c8380cd512a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darby, B.J.","contributorId":29186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darby","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Housman, D.C.","contributorId":6236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Housman","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zaki, A.M.","contributorId":59606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaki","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shamout, Y.","contributorId":52379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shamout","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adl, S.M.","contributorId":76530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adl","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Neher, D.A.","contributorId":93683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neher","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028833,"text":"70028833 - 2006 - The practical use of simplicity in developing ground water models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028833","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The practical use of simplicity in developing ground water models","docAbstract":"The advantages of starting with simple models and building complexity slowly can be significant in the development of ground water models. In many circumstances, simpler models are characterized by fewer defined parameters and shorter execution times. In this work, the number of parameters is used as the primary measure of simplicity and complexity; the advantages of shorter execution times also are considered. The ideas are presented in the context of constructing ground water models but are applicable to many fields. Simplicity first is put in perspective as part of the entire modeling process using 14 guidelines for effective model calibration. It is noted that neither very simple nor very complex models generally produce the most accurate predictions and that determining the appropriate level of complexity is an ill-defined process. It is suggested that a thorough evaluation of observation errors is essential to model development. Finally, specific ways are discussed to design useful ground water models that have fewer parameters and shorter execution times.","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00227.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., 2006, The practical use of simplicity in developing ground water models, in Ground Water, v. 44, no. 6, p. 775-781, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00227.x.","startPage":"775","endPage":"781","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209931,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00227.x"},{"id":236691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baec0e4b08c986b3242f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028619,"text":"70028619 - 2006 - Use of borehole radar tomography to monitor steam injection in fractured limestone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T18:19:23","indexId":"70028619","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2850,"text":"Near Surface Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of borehole radar tomography to monitor steam injection in fractured limestone","docAbstract":"Borehole radar tomography was used as part of a pilot study to monitor steam‐enhanced remediation of a fractured limestone contaminated with volatile organic compounds at the former Loring Air Force Base, Maine, USA. Radar tomography data were collected using 100‐MHz electric‐dipole antennae before and during steam injection to evaluate whether cross‐hole radar methods could detect changes in medium properties resulting from the steam injection. Cross‐hole levelrun profiles, in which transmitting and receiving antennae are positioned at a common depth, were made before and after the collection of each full tomography data set to check the stability of the radar instruments. Before tomographic inversion, the levelrun profiles were used to calibrate the radar tomography data to compensate for changes in traveltime and antenna power caused by instrument drift. Observed changes in cross‐hole radar traveltime and attenuation before and during steam injection were small. Slowness‐ and attenuation‐difference tomograms indicate small increases in radar slowness and attenuation at depths greater than about 22 m below the surface, consistent with increases in water temperature observed in the boreholes used for the tomography. Based on theoretical modelling results, increases in slowness and attenuation are interpreted as delineating zones where steam injection heating increased the electrical conductivity of the limestone matrix and fluid. The results of this study show the potential of cross‐hole radar tomography methods to monitor the effects of steam‐induced heating in fractured rock environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.3997/1873-0604.2006009","issn":"15694445","usgsCitation":"Gregoire, C., and Joesten, P., 2006, Use of borehole radar tomography to monitor steam injection in fractured limestone: Near Surface Geophysics, v. 4, no. 6, p. 355-365, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2006009.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"365","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Former Loring Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.93413162231445,\n 46.94563336418989\n ],\n [\n -67.89379119873047,\n 46.94563336418989\n ],\n [\n -67.89379119873047,\n 46.97673875853991\n ],\n [\n -67.93413162231445,\n 46.97673875853991\n ],\n [\n -67.93413162231445,\n 46.94563336418989\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbec7e4b08c986b3297aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gregoire, C.","contributorId":37142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregoire","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joesten, P. K.","contributorId":62818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesten","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028869,"text":"70028869 - 2006 - Consumers limit the abundance and dynamics of a perennial shrub with a seed bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028869","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":740,"text":"American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consumers limit the abundance and dynamics of a perennial shrub with a seed bank","docAbstract":"For nearly 30 years, ecologists have argued that predators of seeds and seedlings seldom have population-level effects on plants with persistent seed banks and density-dependent seedling survival. We parameterized stage-based population models that incorporated density dependence and seed dormancy with data from a 5.5-year experiment that quantified how granivorous mice and herbivorous voles influence bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus) demography. We asked how seed dormancy and density-dependent seedling survival mediate the impacts of these consumers in dune and grassland habitats. In dune habitat, mice reduced analytical ?? (the intrinsic rate of population growth) by 39%, the equilibrium number of above-ground plants by 90%, and the seed bank by 98%; voles had minimal effects. In adjacent grasslands, mice had minimal effects, but seedling herbivory by voles reduced analytical ?? by 15% and reduced both the equilibrium number of aboveground plants and dormant seeds by 63%. A bootstrap analysis demonstrated that these consumer effects were robust to parameter uncertainty. Our results demonstrate that the quantitative strengths of seed dormancy and density-dependent seedling survival-not their mere existence-critically mediate consumer effects. This study suggests that plant population dynamics and distribution may be more strongly influenced by consumers of seeds and seedlings than is currently recognized. ?? 2006 by The University of Chicago.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/507877","issn":"00030147","usgsCitation":"Kauffman, M.J., and Maron, J., 2006, Consumers limit the abundance and dynamics of a perennial shrub with a seed bank: American Naturalist, v. 168, no. 4, p. 454-470, https://doi.org/10.1086/507877.","startPage":"454","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209933,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507877"},{"id":236693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa23e4b0c8380cd4d954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauffman, M. J.","contributorId":44262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maron, J.L.","contributorId":87735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maron","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028558,"text":"70028558 - 2006 - Glacial modification of granite tors in the Cairngorms, Scotland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028558","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2437,"text":"Journal of Quaternary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacial modification of granite tors in the Cairngorms, Scotland","docAbstract":"A range of evidence indicates that many granite tors in the Cairngorms have been modified by the flow of glacier ice during the Pleistocene. Comparisons with SW England and the use of a space-time transformation across 38 tor groups in the Cairngorms allow a model to be developed for progressive glacial modification. Tors with deeply etched surfaces and no, or limited, block removal imply an absence of significant glacial modification. The removal of superstructure and blocks, locally forming boulder trains, and the progressive reduction of tors to stumps and basal slabs represent the more advanced stages of modification. Recognition of some slabs as tor stumps from which glacial erosion has removed all superstructure allows the original distribution of tors to be reconstructed for large areas of the Cairngorms. Unmodified tors require covers of non-erosive, cold-based ice during all of the cold stages of the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Deformation beneath cold-based glacier ice is capable of the removal of blocks but advanced glacial modification requires former wet-based glacier ice. The depth of glacial erosion at former tor sites remains limited largely to the partial or total elimination of the upstanding tor form. Cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages (Phillips et al., 2006) together with data from weathering pit depths (Hall and Phillips, 2006), from the surfaces of tors and large erratic blocks require that the glacial entrainment of blocks from tors occurred in Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 4-2, 6 and, probably, at least one earlier phase. The occurrence of glacially modified tors on or close to, the main summits of the Cairngorms requires full ice cover over the mountains during these Stages. Evidence from the Cairngorms indicates that tor morphology can be regarded as an important indicator of former ice cover in many formerly glaciated areas, particularly where other evidence of ice cover is sparse. Recognition of the glacial modification of tors is important for debates about the former existence of nunataks and refugia. Copyright ?? 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Quaternary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/jqs.1003","issn":"02678179","usgsCitation":"Hall, A., and Phillips, W., 2006, Glacial modification of granite tors in the Cairngorms, Scotland: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 21, no. 8, p. 811-830, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1003.","startPage":"811","endPage":"830","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209688,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1003"}],"volume":"21","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2909e4b0c8380cd5a61c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, A.M.","contributorId":40400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, W.M.","contributorId":49332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028630,"text":"70028630 - 2006 - The importance of physiological ecology in conservation biology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028630","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The importance of physiological ecology in conservation biology","docAbstract":"Many of the threats to the persistence of populations of sensitive species have physiological or pathological mechanisms, and those mechanisms are best understood through the inherently integrative discipline of physiological ecology. The desert tortoise was listed under the Endangered Species Act largely due to a newly recognized upper respiratory disease thought to cause mortality in individuals and severe declines in populations. Numerous hypotheses about the threats to the persistence of desert tortoise populations involve acquisition of nutrients, and its connection to stress and disease. The nutritional wisdom hypothesis posits that animals should forage not for particular food items, but instead, for particular nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus used in building bones. The optimal foraging hypothesis suggests that, in circumstances of resource abundance, tortoises should forage as dietary specialists as a means of maximizing intake of resources. The optimal digestion hypothesis suggests that tortoises should process ingesta in ways that regulate assimilation rate. Finally, the cost-of-switching hypothesis suggests that herbivores, like the desert tortoise, should avoid switching food types to avoid negatively affecting the microbe community responsible for fermenting plants into energy and nutrients. Combining hypotheses into a resource acquisition theory leads to novel predictions that are generally supported by data presented here. Testing hypotheses, and synthesizing test results into a theory, provides a robust scientific alternative to the popular use of untested hypotheses and unanalyzed data to assert the needs of species. The scientific approach should focus on hypotheses concerning anthropogenic modifications of the environment that impact physiological processes ultimately important to population phenomena. We show how measurements of such impacts as nutrient starvation, can cause physiological stress, and that the endocrine mechanisms involved with stress can result in disease. Finally, our new syntheses evince a new hypothesis. Free molecules of the stress hormone corticosterone can inhibit immunity, and the abundance of \"free corticosterone\" in the blood (thought to be the active form of the hormone) is regulated when the corticosterone molecules combine with binding globulins. The sex hormone, testosterone, combines with the same binding globulin. High levels of testosterone, naturally occurring in the breeding season, may be further enhanced in populations at high densities, and the resulting excess testosterone may compete with binding globulins, thereby releasing corticosterone and reducing immunity to disease. This sequence could result in physiological and pathological phenomena leading to population cycles with a period that would be essentially impossible to observe in desert tortoise. Such cycles could obscure population fluctuations of anthropogenic origin. ?? 2006 The Author(s).","largerWorkTitle":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","language":"English","doi":"10.1093/icb/icl054","issn":"15407063","usgsCitation":"Tracy, C., Nussear, K., Esque, T., Dean-Bradley, K., DeFalco, L., Castle, K., Zimmerman, L., Espinoza, R., and Barber, A., 2006, The importance of physiological ecology in conservation biology, in Integrative and Comparative Biology, v. 46, no. 6, p. 1191-1205, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icl054.","startPage":"1191","endPage":"1205","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477395,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icl054","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209690,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icl054"},{"id":236365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacfbe4b08c986b3238c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tracy, C.R.","contributorId":73524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nussear, K.E.","contributorId":80227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nussear","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean-Bradley, K.","contributorId":35268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean-Bradley","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeFalco, L.A.","contributorId":46032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFalco","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Castle, K.T.","contributorId":60592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Zimmerman, L.C.","contributorId":55784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Espinoza, R.E.","contributorId":9048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espinoza","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Barber, A.M.","contributorId":6238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70028394,"text":"70028394 - 2006 - Using models to manage systems subject to sustainability indicators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028394","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using models to manage systems subject to sustainability indicators","docAbstract":"Mathematical and numerical models can provide insight into sustainability indicators using relevant simulated quantities, which are referred to here as predictions. To be useful, many concerns need to be considered. Four are discussed here: (a) mathematical and numerical accuracy of the model; (b) the accuracy of the data used in model development, (c) the information observations provide to aspects of the model important to predictions of interest as measured using sensitivity analysis; and (d) the existence of plausible alternative models for a given system. The four issues are illustrated using examples from conservative and transport modelling, and using conceptual arguments. Results suggest that ignoring these issues can produce misleading conclusions.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., 2006, Using models to manage systems subject to sustainability indicators, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 302, p. 53-58.","startPage":"53","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"302","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc071e4b08c986b32a11b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028640,"text":"70028640 - 2006 - New ghost-node method for linking different models with varied grid refinement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028640","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New ghost-node method for linking different models with varied grid refinement","docAbstract":"A flexible, robust method for linking grids of locally refined ground-water flow models constructed with different numerical methods is needed to address a variety of hydrologic problems. This work outlines and tests a new ghost-node model-linking method for a refined \"child\" model that is contained within a larger and coarser \"parent\" model that is based on the iterative method of Steffen W. Mehl and Mary C. Hill (2002, Advances in Water Res., 25, p. 497-511; 2004, Advances in Water Res., 27, p. 899-912). The method is applicable to steady-state solutions for ground-water flow. Tests are presented for a homogeneous two-dimensional system that has matching grids (parent cells border an integer number of child cells) or nonmatching grids. The coupled grids are simulated by using the finite-difference and finite-element models MODFLOW and FEHM, respectively. The simulations require no alteration of the MODFLOW or FEHM models and are executed using a batch file on Windows operating systems. Results indicate that when the grids are matched spatially so that nodes and child-cell boundaries are aligned, the new coupling technique has error nearly equal to that when coupling two MODFLOW models. When the grids are nonmatching, model accuracy is slightly increased compared to that for matching-grid cases. Overall, results indicate that the ghost-node technique is a viable means to couple distinct models because the overall head and flow errors relative to the analytical solution are less than if only the regional coarse-grid model was used to simulate flow in the child model's domain.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM","conferenceTitle":"11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceDate":"30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0894486918; 9780894486913","usgsCitation":"James, S., Dickinson, J., Mehl, S., Hill, M.C., Leake, S.A., Zyvoloski, G., and Eddebbarh, A., 2006, New ghost-node method for linking different models with varied grid refinement, in Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM, v. 2006, Las Vegas, NV, 30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006, p. 338-344.","startPage":"338","endPage":"344","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a658be4b0c8380cd72c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, S.C.","contributorId":103059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickinson, J.E.","contributorId":28790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, S.W.","contributorId":84555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zyvoloski, G.A.","contributorId":20123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zyvoloski","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eddebbarh, A.-A.","contributorId":101425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddebbarh","given":"A.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028871,"text":"70028871 - 2006 - Seismic characteristics of central Brazil crust and upper mantle: A deep seismic refraction study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-28T15:07:48.918445","indexId":"70028871","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic characteristics of central Brazil crust and upper mantle: A deep seismic refraction study","docAbstract":"[1] A two‐dimensional model of the Brazilian central crust and upper mantle was obtained from the traveltime interpretation of deep seismic refraction data from the Porangatu and Cavalcante lines, each approximately 300 km long. When the lines were deployed, they overlapped by 50 km, forming an E‐W transect approximately 530 km long across the Tocantins Province and western São Francisco Craton. The Tocantins Province formed during the Neoproterozoic when the São Francisco, the Paranapanema, and the Amazon cratons collided, following the subduction of the former Goiás ocean basin. Average crustal VP and VP/VS ratios, Moho topography, and lateral discontinuities within crustal layers suggest that the crust beneath central Brazil can be associated with major geological domains recognized at the surface. The Moho is an irregular interface, between 36 and 44 km deep, that shows evidences of first‐order tectonic structures. The 8.05 and 8.23 km s−1 P wave velocities identify the upper mantle beneath the Porangatu and Cavalcante lines, respectively. The observed seismic features allow for the identification of (1) the crust has largely felsic composition in the studied region, (2) the absence of the mafic‐ultramafic root beneath the Goiás magmatic arc, and (3) block tectonics in the foreland fold‐and‐thrust belt of the northern Brasília Belt during the Neoproterozoic. Seismic data also suggested that the Bouguer gravimetric discontinuities are mainly compensated by differences in mass distribution within the lithospheric mantle. Finally, the Goiás‐Tocantins seismic belt can be interpreted as a natural seismic alignment related to the Neoproterozoic mantle domain.
Multiphase, multicomponent numerical models of long-term unsaturated-zone liquid and vapor movement were created for a thick alluvial basin at the Nevada Test Site to predict present-day liquid and vapor fluxes. The numerical models are based on recently developed conceptual models of unsaturated-zone moisture movement in thick alluvium that explain present-day water potential and tracer profiles in terms of major climate and vegetation transitions that have occurred during the past 10 000 yr or more. The numerical models were calibrated using borehole hydrologic and environmental tracer data available from a low-level radioactive waste management site located in a former nuclear weapons testing area. The environmental tracer data used in the model calibration includes tracers that migrate in both the liquid and vapor phases (δD, δ18O) and tracers that migrate solely as dissolved solutes (Cl), thus enabling the estimation of some gas-phase as well as liquid-phase transport parameters. Parameter uncertainties and correlations identified during model calibration were used to generate parameter combinations for a set of Monte Carlo simulations to more fully characterize the uncertainty in liquid and vapor fluxes. The calculated background liquid and vapor fluxes decrease as the estimated time since the transition to the present-day arid climate increases. However, on the whole, the estimated fluxes display relatively little variability because correlations among parameters tend to create parameter sets for which changes in some parameters offset the effects of others in the set. Independent estimates on the timing since the climate transition established from packrat midden data were essential for constraining the model calibration results. The study demonstrates the utility of environmental tracer data in developing numerical models of liquid- and gas-phase moisture movement and the importance of considering parameter correlations when using Monte Carlo analysis to characterize the uncertainty in moisture fluxes.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2006.0021","usgsCitation":"Kwicklis, E.M., Wolfsberg, A.V., Stauffer, P.H., Walvoord, M.A., and Sully, M.J., 2006, Multiphase, multicomponent parameter estimation for liquid and vapor fluxes in deep arid systems using hydrologic data and natural environmental tracers: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 934-950, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2006.0021.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"934","endPage":"950","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a605ae4b0c8380cd713c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward M.","contributorId":25970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfsberg, Andrew V.","contributorId":22530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolfsberg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Philip H.","contributorId":69262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13447,"text":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sully, Michael J.","contributorId":82911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sully","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16973,"text":"Neptune and Company Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179516,"text":"70179516 - 2006 - Effects of hydropower operations on spawning habitat, rearing habitat, and standing/entrapment mortality of fall Chinook salmon in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:18:20","indexId":"70179516","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Effects of hydropower operations on spawning habitat, rearing habitat, and standing/entrapment mortality of fall Chinook salmon in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River","docAbstract":"This report describes research conducted primarily in 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of upstream dam operations on spawning and rearing conditions for fall Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Results from habitat modeling tasks which continued in 2005 and 2006 are also included in this report. This study is focused on the effects of streamflows and streamflow fluctuations on 1) entrapment and entrapment mortality of juveniles, 2) adult spawning habitat, and 3) juvenile rearing habitat. An independent peer review was conducted on the draft version of this report utilizing three reviewers, each with different areas of expertise and different levels of knowledge regarding hydrodynamic modeling, fall Chinook biology, life history, and habitat requirements, and fishery issues relating to hydropower development and operations. Peer review comments have been incorporated into this final version.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Anglin, D.R., Haeseker, S.L., Skalicky, J., Schaller, H., Tiffan, K.F., Hatten, J.R., Hoffarth, P., Nugent, J., Benner, D., and Yoshinaka, M., 2006, Effects of hydropower operations on spawning habitat, rearing habitat, and standing/entrapment mortality of fall Chinook salmon in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River, xiii., 247 p.","productDescription":"xiii., 247 p.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hanford Reach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.89448547363281,\n 46.65179288658016\n ],\n 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The new fish screen was placed between the upstream baffle panels and the fish gates and flume system that lead to the Cowlitz Falls Fish Facility. We initiated a radio telemetry evaluation of the screen using juvenile coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). These evaluations were intended to provide guidance to direct efforts to further improve juvenile fish collection. Based on study findings in 2006, and 2007 the screen will be modified and evaluated again in 2008.
","language":"English","publisher":"Tacoma Power","usgsCitation":"Kock, T., Kritter, M., Liedtke, T., and Rondorf, D., 2006, Behavior and passage of juvenile salmonids during evaluation of a new fish screen at Cowlitz Falls Dam, 2006.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cowlitz Falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 46.50524553517963\n ],\n [\n -122.0962142944336,\n 46.48917442111501\n ],\n [\n -122.12265014648438,\n 46.477117968460334\n ],\n [\n -122.13535308837889,\n 46.4662412291809\n ],\n [\n -122.13329315185545,\n 46.45891002666903\n ],\n [\n -122.12127685546875,\n 46.45891002666903\n ],\n [\n -122.06668853759766,\n 46.46198452210705\n ],\n [\n -122.01793670654297,\n 46.44684686803493\n ],\n [\n -122.02480316162108,\n 46.50477292314974\n ],\n [\n -122.04711914062499,\n 46.50524553517963\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586e1837e4b0f5ce109fcb43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kock, T.J.","contributorId":39578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kritter, M.A","contributorId":177850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kritter","given":"M.A","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liedtke, T.L.","contributorId":32800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liedtke","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028332,"text":"70028332 - 2006 - Acoustic bed velocity and bed load dynamics in a large sand bed river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-03T16:36:26","indexId":"70028332","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic bed velocity and bed load dynamics in a large sand bed river","docAbstract":"Development of a practical technology for rapid quantification of bed load transport in large rivers would represent a revolutionary advance for sediment monitoring and the investigation of fluvial dynamics. Measurement of bed load motion with acoustic Doppler current profiles (ADCPs) has emerged as a promising approach for evaluating bed load transport. However, a better understanding of how ADCP data relate to conditions near the stream bed is necessary to make the method practical for quantitative applications. In this paper, we discuss the response of ADCP bed velocity measurements, defined as the near-bed sediment velocity detected by the instrument's bottom-tracking feature, to changing sediment-transporting conditions in the lower Missouri River. Bed velocity represents a weighted average of backscatter from moving bed load particles and spectral reflections from the immobile bed. The ratio of bed velocity to mean bed load particle velocity depends on the concentration of the particles moving in the bed load layer, the bed load layer thickness, and the backscatter strength from a unit area of moving particles relative to the echo strength from a unit area of unobstructed bed. A model based on existing bed load transport theory predicted measured bed velocities from hydraulic and grain size measurements with reasonable success. Bed velocities become more variable and increase more rapidly with shear stress when the transport stage, defined as the ratio of skin friction to the critical shear stress for particle entrainment, exceeds a threshold of about 17. This transition in bed velocity response appears to be associated with the appearance of longer, flatter bed forms at high transport stages.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union, Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2005JF000411","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gaeuman, D., and Jacobson, R., 2006, Acoustic bed velocity and bed load dynamics in a large sand bed river: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 111, no. 2, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000411.","productDescription":"14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477522,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jf000411","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210292,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000411"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e69ce4b0c8380cd47525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaeuman, D.","contributorId":73807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaeuman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, R. B. 0000-0002-8368-2064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":92614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"R. 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M ??? 7.1 \"training-set\" events in southern California were used to obtain the attenuation relation MMI = 1.64 + 1.41M - 0.00526 * ??h - 2.63 * log ??h, where ??h is the hypocentral distance in kilometers and M is moment magnitude. Intensity magnitudes MI and locations for five 5.9 ??? M ??? 7.3 independent test events were consistent with the instrumental source parameters. Fourteen \"historical\" earthquakes between 1890 and 1927 were then analyzed. Of particular interest are the MI 7.2 9 February 1890 and MI 6.6 28 May 1892 earthquakes, which were previously assumed to have occurred near the southern San Jacinto fault; a more likely location is in the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). These events, and the 1992 M 7.3 Landers and 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine events, suggest that the ECSZ has been seismically active since at least the end of the nineteenth century. The earthquake catalog completeness level in the ECSZ is ???M 6.5 at least until the early twentieth century.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050205","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., 2006, Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in southern California from modified Mercalli intensities: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 A, p. 1278-1295, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050205.","startPage":"1278","endPage":"1295","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210293,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050205"},{"id":237171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b28e4b0c8380cd525d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. 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We examined the distribution of fuel components before fire, their effects on fire behavior, and the effects of fire on subsequent fuel recovery in pine forests within the National Key Deer Refuge in the Florida Keys. We conducted a burning experiment in six blocks, within each of which we assigned 1-ha plots to three treatments: control, summer, and winter burn. Owing to logistical constraints, we burned only 11 plots, three in winter and eight in summer, over a 4-year period from 1998 to 2001. We used path analysis to model the effects of fuel type and char height, an indicator of fire intensity, on fuel consumption. Fire intensity increased with surface fuel loads, but was negatively related to the quantity of hardwood shrub fuels, probably because these fuels are associated with a moist microenvironment within hardwood patches, and therefore tend to resist fire. Winter fires were milder than summer fires, and were less effective at inhibiting shrub encroachment. A mixed seasonal approach is suggested for fire management, with burns applied opportunistically under a range of winter and summer conditions, but more frequently than that prevalent in the recent past. ?? IAWF 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1071/WF05100","issn":"10498001","usgsCitation":"Sah, J., Ross, M., Snyder, J., Koptur, S., and Cooley, H., 2006, Fuel loads, fire regimes, and post-fire fuel dynamics in Florida Keys pine forests: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 15, no. 4, p. 463-478, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF05100.","startPage":"463","endPage":"478","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF05100"},{"id":236782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1409e4b0c8380cd54898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sah, J.P.","contributorId":58819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sah","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, M.S.","contributorId":96781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, J.R.","contributorId":96622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koptur, S.","contributorId":85379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koptur","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cooley, H.C.","contributorId":105899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}