To investigate the potential for the geologic storage of CO2 in saline sedimentary aquifers, 1600 t of CO2 were injected at 1500 m depth into a 24-m-thick sandstone section of the Frio Formation, a regional brine and oil reservoir in the U.S. Gulf Coast. Fluid samples obtained from the injection and observation wells before CO2 injection showed a Na-Ca-Cl–type brine with 93,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) at near saturation with CH4 at reservoir conditions. Following CO2 breakthrough, samples showed sharp drops in pH (6.5–5.7), pronounced increases in alkalinity (100–3000 mg/L as HCO3) and Fe (30–1100 mg/L), and significant shifts in the isotopic compositions of H2O, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and CH4. Geochemical modeling indicates that brine pH would have dropped lower but for the buffering by dissolution of carbonate and iron oxyhydroxides. This rapid dissolution of carbonate and other minerals could ultimately create pathways in the rock seals or well cements for CO2 and brine leakage. Dissolution of minerals, especially iron oxyhydroxides, could mobilize toxic trace metals and, where residual oil or suitable organics are present, the injected CO2 could also mobilize toxic organic compounds. Environmental impacts could be major if large brine volumes with mobilized toxic metals and organics migrated into potable groundwater. The δ18O values for brine and CO2 samples indicate that supercritical CO2 comprises ∼50% of pore-fluid volume ∼6 mo after the end of injection. Postinjection sampling, coupled with geochemical modeling, indicates that the brine gradually will return to its preinjection composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G22357.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y.K., Cole, D.R., Hovorka, S.D., Gunter, W., Knauss, K.G., and Freifeild, B.M., 2006, Gas-water-rock interactions in Frio Formation following CO2 injection: Implications for the storage of greenhouse gases in sedimentary basins: Geology, v. 34, no. 7, p. 577-580, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22357.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"580","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14e0e4b0c8380cd54be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, David R.","contributorId":79044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hovorka, Susan D.","contributorId":175572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hovorka","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gunter, W.D.","contributorId":14018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunter","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knauss, Kevin G.","contributorId":177240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knauss","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13621,"text":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":416356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Freifeild, Barry M.","contributorId":42444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freifeild","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028048,"text":"70028048 - 2006 - Status and trends in demography of northern spotted owls, 1985-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028048","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status and trends in demography of northern spotted owls, 1985-2003","docAbstract":"We analyzed demographic data from northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) from 14 study areas in Washington, Oregon, and California for 1985-2003. The purpose of our analyses was to provide an assessment of the status and trends of northern spotted owl populations throughout most of their geographic range. The 14 study areas made up approximately 12% of the range of the subspecies and included federal, tribal, private, and mixed federal and private lands. The study areas also included all the major forest types that the subspecies inhabits. The analyses followed rigorous protocols that were developed a priori and were the result of extensive discussions and consensus among the authors. Our primary objectives were to estimate fecundity, apparent survival (??), and annual rate of population change (??) and to determine if there were any temporal trends in these population parameters. In addition to analyses of data from individual study areas, we conducted 2 meta-analyses on each demographic parameter. One meta-analysis was conducted on all 14 areas, and the other was restricted to the 8 areas that constituted the Effectiveness Monitoring Plan for northern spotted owls under the Northwest Forest Plan. The average number of years of reproductive data per study area was 14 (range = 5-19), and the average number of recapture occasions per study area was 13 (range = 4-18). Only 1 study area had <12 years of data. Our results were based on 32,054 captures and resightings of 11,432 banded individuals for estimation of survival and 10,902 instances in which we documented the number of young produced by territorial females. The number of young fledged (NYF) per territorial female was analyzed by testing a suite of a priori models that included (1) effects of age, (2) linear or quadratic time trends, (3) presence of barred owls (Strix varia) in spotted owl territories, and (4) an even-odd year effect. The NYF varied among years on most study areas with a biennial cycle of high reproduction in even-numbered years and low reproduction in odd-numbered years. These cyclic fluctuations did not occur on all study areas, and the even-odd year effect waned during the last 5 years of the study. Fecundity was highest for adults (x??=0.372, SE=0.029), lower for 2-year-olds (x??=0.208, SE=0.032), and very low for 1-year-olds (x??=0.074, SE = 0.029). Fecundity was stable over time for 6 areas (Rainier, Olympic, Warm Springs, H. J. Andrews, Klamath, and Marin), declining for 6 areas (Wenatchee, Cle Elum, Oregon Coast Range, Southern Oregon Cascades, Northwest California, and Simpson), and slightly increasing for 2 areas (Tyee, Hoopa). We found little association between NYF and the proportion of northern spotted owl territories where barred owls were detected, although results were suggestive of a negative effect of barred owls on the Wenatchee and Olympic study areas. The meta-analysis on fecundity indicated substantial annual variability with no increasing or decreasing trends. Fecundity was highest in the mixed-conifer region of eastern Washington (x??=0.560, SE=0.041) and lowest in the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) region of the Oregon coast (x??=0.306, SE=0.039). We used Cormack-Jolly-Seber open population models and Program MARK to estimate apparent survival rates of owls >1 year old. We found no differences in apparent survival rates between sexes except for 1 area (Marin), which had only 6 years of data. Estimates of apparent survival from individual study areas indicated that there were differences among age classes with adults generally having higher survival than 1- and 2-year-olds. Apparent survival rates ranged from 0.750 (SE=0.026) to 0.886 (SE=0.010) for adults, 0.626 (SE=0.073) to 0.886 (SE=0.010) for 2-year-olds, and 0.415 (SE=0.111) to 0.860 (SE=0.017) for 1-year-olds. These estimates were comparable to survival rates from previous studies on the subspecies. We found evidence for negative time trends in survival rate","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R., Forsman, E., Franklin, A., Anderson, D., Burnham, K., White, G.C., Schwarz, C., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Olson, G., Ackers, S., Andrews, L., Biswell, B., Carlson, P., Diller, L., Dugger, K., Fehring, K., Fleming, T., Gerhardt, R., Gremel, S., Gutierrez, R.J., Happe, P., Herter, D., Higley, J., Horn, R., Irwin, L., Loschl, P., Reid, J., and Sovern, S., 2006, Status and trends in demography of northern spotted owls, 1985-2003: Wildlife Monographs, no. 163, p. 1-48.","startPage":"1","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"163","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9795e4b08c986b31bb4b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krausman, P.R.","contributorId":35525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krausman","given":"P.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508910,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forsman, 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Although higher-level products derived from different sensors (e.g., vegetation cover, albedo, surface temperature) can be validated independently, the degree to which these sensors and their products can be compared to one another is vastly improved if their relative spectro-radiometric responses are known. Most often, sensors are directly calibrated to diffuse solar irradiation or vicariously to ground targets. However, space-based targets are not traceable to metrological standards, and vicarious calibrations are expensive and provide a poor sampling of a sensor's full dynamic range. Cross-calibration of two sensors can augment these methods if certain conditions can be met: (1) the spectral responses are similar, (2) the observations are reasonably concurrent (similar atmospheric & solar illumination conditions), (3) errors due to misregistrations of inhomogeneous surfaces can be minimized (including scale differences), and (4) the viewing geometry is similar (or, some reasonable knowledge of surface bi-directional reflectance distribution functions is available). This study extends on a previous study of Terra/MODIS and Landsat/ETM+ cross calibration by including the Terra/ASTER and EO-1/ALI sensors, exploring the impacts of cross-calibrating sensors when conditions described above are met to some degree but not perfectly. Measures for spectral response differences and methods for cross calibrating such sensors are provided in this study. These instruments are cross calibrated using the Railroad Valley playa in Nevada. Best fit linear coefficients (slope and offset) are provided for ALI-to-MODIS and ETM+-to-MODIS cross calibrations, and root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients are provided to quantify the uncertainty in these relationships. Due to problems with direct calibration of ASTER data, linear fits were developed between ASTER and ETM+ to assess the impacts of spectral bandpass differences between the two systems. In theory, the linear fits and uncertainties can be used to compare radiance and reflectance products derived from each instrument.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Remote Sensing Technology, Techniques, and Applications","conferenceDate":"November 13-16, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Goa, India","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.694127","usgsCitation":"Meyer, D., and Chander, G., 2006, Cross-calibration of A.M. constellation sensors for long term monitoring of land surface processes, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 6405, Goa, India, November 13-16, 2006, 64050Z, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.694127.","productDescription":"64050Z","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc0e4b0c8380cd4e3f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, D.","contributorId":31131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chander, G.","contributorId":51449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chander","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028803,"text":"70028803 - 2006 - Wave energy dissipation by intertidal sand waves on a mixed-sediment Beach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028803","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Wave energy dissipation by intertidal sand waves on a mixed-sediment Beach","docAbstract":"Within the surf zone, the energy expended by wave breaking is strongly influenced by nearshore bathymetry, which is often linked to the character and abundance of local sediments. Based upon a continuous, two year record of Argus Beach Monitoring System (ABMS) data on the north shore of Kachemak Bay in southcentral Alaska, we model the enhancement of wave energy dissipation by the presence of intertidal sand waves. Comparison of model results from simulations in the presence and absence of sand waves illustrates that these ephemeral morphological features can offer significant protection to the backing beach and sea cliff through two mechanisms: (1) by moving the locus of wave breaking seaward and (2) by increasing energy expenditure associated with the turbulence of wave breaking. Copyright ASCE 2006.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Dynamics 2005 - Proceedings of the Fifth Coastal Dynamics International Conference","conferenceTitle":"5th Coastal Dynamics International Conference","conferenceDate":"4 April 2005 through 8 April 2005","conferenceLocation":"Barcelona","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40855(214)18","isbn":"0784408556; 9780784408551","usgsCitation":"Adams, P., and Ruggiero, P., 2006, Wave energy dissipation by intertidal sand waves on a mixed-sediment Beach, in Coastal Dynamics 2005 - Proceedings of the Fifth Coastal Dynamics International Conference, Barcelona, 4 April 2005 through 8 April 2005, https://doi.org/10.1061/40855(214)18.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210002,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40855(214)18"},{"id":236788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf90e4b08c986b32e98f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, P.","contributorId":39570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruggiero, P.","contributorId":25995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028890,"text":"70028890 - 2006 - Stratigraphic framework for Pliocene paleoclimate reconstruction: The correlation conundrum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028890","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3481,"text":"Stratigraphy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic framework for Pliocene paleoclimate reconstruction: The correlation conundrum","docAbstract":"Pre-Holocene paleoclimate reconstructions face a correlation conundrum because complications inherent in the stratigraphic record impede the development of synchronous reconstruction. The Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) paleoenvironmental reconstructions have carefully balanced temporal resolution and paleoclimate proxy data to achieve a useful and reliable product and are the most comprehensive pre-Pleistocene data sets available for analysis of warmer-than-present climate and for climate modeling experiments. This paper documents the stratigraphic framework for the mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction of the North Atlantic and explores the relationship between stratigraphic/temporal resolution and various paleoceanographic estimates of SST. The magnetobiostratigraphic framework for the PRISM North Atlantic region is constructed from planktic foraminifer, calcareous nannofossil and paleomagnetic reversal events recorded in deep-sea cores and calibrated to age. Planktic foraminifer census data from multiple samples within the mid-Pliocene yield multiple SST estimates for each site. Extracting a single SST value at each site from multiple estimates, given the limitations of the material and stratigraphic resolution, is problematic but necessary for climate model experiments. The PRISM reconstruction, unprecedented in its integration of many different types of data at a focused stratigraphic interval, utilizes a time slab approach and is based on warm peak average temperatures. A greater understanding of the dynamics of the climate system and significant advances in models now mandate more precise, globally distributed yet temporally synchronous SST estimates than are available through averaging techniques. Regardless of the precision used to correlate between sequences within the midd-Pliocene, a truly synoptic reconstruction in the temporal sense is unlikely. SST estimates from multiple proxies promise to further refine paleoclimate reconstructions but must consider the complications associated with each method, what each proxy actually records, and how these different proxies compare in time-averaged samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Stratigraphy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/1484329","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H., and Robinson, M., 2006, Stratigraphic framework for Pliocene paleoclimate reconstruction: The correlation conundrum: Stratigraphy, v. 3, no. 1, p. 53-64, https://doi.org/10.2307/1484329.","startPage":"53","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209801,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1484329"},{"id":236518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9901e4b08c986b31c1c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, M.M.","contributorId":56263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175717,"text":"70175717 - 2006 - Nest survival in dusky Canada geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis): Use of discrete-time models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T07:59:42","indexId":"70175717","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest survival in dusky Canada geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis): Use of discrete-time models","docAbstract":"The Dusky Canada Goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis) population that breeds in the Copper River Delta, Alaska, has declined substantially since the late 1970s. Persistent low numbers have been attributed to low productivity in recent years. We examined patterns in survival rates of 1,852 nests to better understand ecological processes that influenced productivity during 1997-2000. We compared 10 nonparametric models of daily survival rate of nests (DSR) that included variation among years, calendar dates, nest initiation dates, and nest ages with equivalent models based on parametric functions. The unequivocal best model included patterns of DSR that varied among discrete periods of years, calendar dates, and nest ages. Generally, DSR was low early in the nesting season and higher midseason. Across years, patterns in DSR were most variable early and late in the nesting season. Daily survival rates of nests declined between the first and second week after initiation, increased until the fourth week, and then declined during the last week before hatch. Nest survival probability estimates ranged from 0.07 to 0.71 across years and nest initiation dates. Mean rates of nest survival ranged between 0.21 and 0.31 each year. We suggest (1) considering models that do not limit estimates of daily nest survival to parametric forms; (2) placing greater emphasis on sample size when nests are rare, to obtain accurate estimates of nest survival; and (3) developing new techniques to estimate the number of nests initiated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0198:NSIDCG]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Grand, J., Fondell, T., Miller, D., and Anthony, R.M., 2006, Nest survival in dusky Canada geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis): Use of discrete-time models: The Auk, v. 123, no. 1, p. 198-210, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0198:NSIDCG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"210","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0198:nsidcg]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":326825,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc69e4b03fd6b7d94c6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fondell, T.F.","contributorId":11154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Dick","contributorId":46054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Dick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028043,"text":"70028043 - 2006 - Flow and form in rehabilitation of large-river ecosystems: an example from the Lower Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T15:30:54","indexId":"70028043","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow and form in rehabilitation of large-river ecosystems: an example from the Lower Missouri River","docAbstract":"On large, intensively engineered rivers like the Lower Missouri, the template of the physical habitat is determined by the nearly independent interaction of channel form and flow regime. We evaluated the interaction between flow and form by modeling four combinations of modern and historical channel form and modern and historical flow regimes. The analysis used shallow, slow water (shallow-water habitat, SWH, defined as depths between 0 and 1.5 m, and current velocities between 0 and 0.75 m/s) as an indicator of habitat that has been lost on many intensively engineered rivers and one that is thought to be especially important in rearing of young fishes. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models for modern and historical channels of the Lower Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri, indicate substantial differences between the two channels in total availability and spatial characteristics of SWH. In the modern channel, SWH is maximized at extremely low flows and in overbank flows, whereas the historical channel had substantially more SWH at all discharges and SWH increased with increasing discharge. The historical channel form produced 3-7 times the SWH area of the modern channel regardless of flow regime. The effect of flow regime is evident in increased within-year SWH variability with the natural flow regime, including significant seasonal peaks of SWH associated with spring flooding. Comparison with other reaches along the Lower Missouri River indicates that a) channel form is the dominant control of the availability of habitat even in reaches where the hydrograph is more intensively altered, and b) rehabilitation projects that move toward the historical condition can be successful in increasing topographic diversity and thereby decreasing sensitivity of the availability of habitat to flow regime. The relative efficacy of managing flow and form in creating SWH is useful information toward achieving socially acceptable rehabilitation of the ecosystem in large river systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.014","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R., and Galat, D., 2006, Flow and form in rehabilitation of large-river ecosystems: an example from the Lower Missouri River: Geomorphology, v. 77, no. 3-4, p. 249-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.014.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210036,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.014"}],"volume":"77","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1237e4b0c8380cd5420c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, R. B. 0000-0002-8368-2064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":92614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galat, D.L.","contributorId":54546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015125,"text":"1015125 - 2006 - Transverse and longitudinal variation in woody riparian vegetation along a montane river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T21:40:20","indexId":"1015125","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transverse and longitudinal variation in woody riparian vegetation along a montane river","docAbstract":"This study explores how the relationship between flow and riparian vegetation varies along a montane river. We mapped occurrence of woody riparian plant communities along 58 km of the San Miguel River in southwestern Colorado. We determined the recurrence interval of inundation for each plant community by combining step-backwater hydraulic modeling at 4 representative reaches with Log-Pearson analysis of 4 stream gaging stations. Finally, we mapped bottomland surficial geology and used a Geographic Information System to overlay the coverages of geology and vegetation. Plant communities were distinctly arrayed along the hydrologic gradient. The Salix exigua Nuttall (sand-bar willow) community occurred mostly on surfaces with a recurrence interval of inundation shorter than 2.2 years; the Betula occidentalis Hooker (river birch) community peaked on sites with recurrence intervals of inundation between 2.2 and 4.6 years. The hydrologic position occupied by communities dominated by Populus angustifolia James (narrowleaf cottonwood) was strongly related to age of trees and species composition of understory shrubs. The fraction of riparian vegetation on surfaces historically inundated by the river decreased in the upstream direction from almost 100% near Uravan to <50% along the South Fork of the San Miguel River. In upstream reaches much of the physical disturbance necessary to maintain riparian vegetation is provided by valley-side processes including debris flows, floods from minor tributaries, landslides, and beaver activity. Where valley-side processes are important, prediction of riparian vegetation change based on alterations of river flow will be incomplete.
","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","doi":"10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[78:TALVIW]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., Auble, G., Andrews, E., Kittel, G., Madole, R., Griffin, E., and Allred, T.M., 2006, Transverse and longitudinal variation in woody riparian vegetation along a montane river: Western North American Naturalist, v. 66, no. 1, p. 78-91, https://doi.org/10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[78:TALVIW]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"p. 78-91","startPage":"78","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol66/iss1/7","text":"External Repository"},{"id":130095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626cb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kittel, G.","contributorId":36082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Madole, R.F. 0000-0002-9081-570X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":34086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Griffin, E.R.","contributorId":15143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Allred, Tyler M.","contributorId":173170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allred","given":"Tyler","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27172,"text":"Allred Restoration, Inc., Tremonton, UT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028157,"text":"70028157 - 2006 - An effective medium inversion algorithm for gas hydrate quantification and its application to laboratory and borehole measurements of gas hydrate-bearing sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:13:03","indexId":"70028157","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An effective medium inversion algorithm for gas hydrate quantification and its application to laboratory and borehole measurements of gas hydrate-bearing sediments","docAbstract":"The presence of gas hydrate in marine sediments alters their physical properties. In some circumstances, gas hydrate may cement sediment grains together and dramatically increase the seismic P- and S-wave velocities of the composite medium. Hydrate may also form a load-bearing structure within the sediment microstructure, but with different seismic wave attenuation characteristics, changing the attenuation behaviour of the composite. Here we introduce an inversion algorithm based on effective medium modelling to infer hydrate saturations from velocity and attenuation measurements on hydrate-bearing sediments. The velocity increase is modelled as extra binding developed by gas hydrate that strengthens the sediment microstructure. The attenuation increase is modelled through a difference in fluid flow properties caused by different permeabilities in the sediment and hydrate microstructures. We relate velocity and attenuation increases in hydrate-bearing sediments to their hydrate content, using an effective medium inversion algorithm based on the self-consistent approximation (SCA), differential effective medium (DEM) theory, and Biot and squirt flow mechanisms of fluid flow. The inversion algorithm is able to convert observations in compressional and shear wave velocities and attenuations to hydrate saturation in the sediment pore space. We applied our algorithm to a data set from the Mallik 2L–38 well, Mackenzie delta, Canada, and to data from laboratory measurements on gas-rich and water-saturated sand samples. Predictions using our algorithm match the borehole data and water-saturated laboratory data if the proportion of hydrate contributing to the load-bearing structure increases with hydrate saturation. The predictions match the gas-rich laboratory data if that proportion decreases with hydrate saturation. We attribute this difference to differences in hydrate formation mechanisms between the two environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03038.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Chand, S., Minshull, T., Priest, J., Best, A., Clayton, C., and Waite, W., 2006, An effective medium inversion algorithm for gas hydrate quantification and its application to laboratory and borehole measurements of gas hydrate-bearing sediments: Geophysical Journal International, v. 166, no. 2, p. 543-552, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03038.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"552","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488257,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/1771","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210231,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03038.x"}],"volume":"166","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea2ee4b0c8380cd486ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chand, S.","contributorId":27384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chand","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minshull, T.A.","contributorId":75815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minshull","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Priest, J.A.","contributorId":75869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Priest","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Best, A.I.","contributorId":75082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clayton, C.R.I.","contributorId":7213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"C.R.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Waite, W.F.","contributorId":40329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028126,"text":"70028126 - 2006 - Modeling effects of multinode wells on solute transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T10:42:35","indexId":"70028126","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling effects of multinode wells on solute transport","docAbstract":"Long-screen wells or long open boreholes with intraborehole flow potentially provide pathways for contaminants to move from one location to another in a ground water flow system. Such wells also can perturb a flow field so that the well will not provide water samples that are representative of ground water quality a short distance away from the well. A methodology is presented to accurately and efficiently simulate solute transport in ground water systems that include wells longer than the grid spacing used in a simulation model of the system and hence are connected to multiple nodes of the grid. The methods are implemented in a MODFLOW-compatible solute-transport model and use MODFLOW's Multi-Node Well Package but are generic and can be readily implemented in other solute-transport models. For nonpumping multinode wells (used to simulate open boreholes or observation wells, for example) and for low-rate pumping wells (in which the flow between the well and the ground water system is not unidirectional), a simple routing and local mixing model was developed to calculate nodal concentrations within the borehole. For high-rate pumping multinode wells (either withdrawal or injection, in which flow between the well and the ground water system is in the same direction at all well nodes), complete and instantaneous mixing in the wellbore of all inflows is assumed.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00231.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., and Hornberger, G., 2006, Modeling effects of multinode wells on solute transport: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 5, p. 648-660, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00231.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"648","endPage":"660","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210230,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00231.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bf5e4b0c8380cd6f919","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":416654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, G.Z.","contributorId":71582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015176,"text":"1015176 - 2006 - Modeling post-fledging survival of lark buntings in response to ecological and biological factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T18:30:58","indexId":"1015176","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling post-fledging survival of lark buntings in response to ecological and biological factors","docAbstract":"We evaluated the influences of several ecological, biological, and methodological factors on post-fledging survival of a shortgrass prairie bird, the Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). We estimated daily post-fledging survival (n = 206, 82 broods) using radiotelemetry and color bands to track fledglings. Daily survival probabilities were best explained by drought intensity, time in season (quadratic trend), ages ≤3 d post-fledging, and rank given drought intensity. Drought intensity had a strong negative effect on survival. Rank was an important predictor of fledgling survival only during the severe drought of 2002 when the smallest fledglings had lower survival. Recently fledged young (ages ≤3 d post-fledging) undergoing the transition from nest to surrounding habitat experienced markedly lower survival, demonstrating the vulnerable nature of this time period. Survival was greater in mid and late season than early season, corresponding to our assumptions of food availability. Neither mark type nor sex of attending parent influenced survival. The model-averaged product of the 22-d survival calculated using mean rank and median value of time in season was 0.360 ± 0.08 in 2001 and 0.276 ± 0.08 in 2002. Survival estimates that account for age, condition of young, ecological conditions, and other factors are important for parameterization of realistic population models. Biologists using population growth models to elucidate mechanisms of population declines should attempt to estimate species-specific of post-fledging survival rather than use generalized estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/04-1922","usgsCitation":"Yackel Adams, A., Skagen, S., and Savidge, J.A., 2006, Modeling post-fledging survival of lark buntings in response to ecological and biological factors: Ecology, v. 87, no. 1, p. 178-188, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1922.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yackel Adams, A. A. 0000-0002-7044-8447","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-8447","contributorId":16792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackel Adams","given":"A. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skagen, S. K. 0000-0002-6744-1244","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":31348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savidge, J. A.","contributorId":36078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savidge","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028077,"text":"70028077 - 2006 - The influence of hazard models on GIS-based regional risk assessments and mitigation policies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028077","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2069,"text":"International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of hazard models on GIS-based regional risk assessments and mitigation policies","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems (GIS) are important tools for understanding and communicating the spatial distribution of risks associated with natural hazards in regional economies. We present a GIS-based decision support system (DSS) for assessing community vulnerability to natural hazards and evaluating potential mitigation policy outcomes. The Land Use Portfolio Modeler (LUPM) integrates earth science and socioeconomic information to predict the economic impacts of loss-reduction strategies. However, the potential use of such systems in decision making may be limited when multiple but conflicting interpretations of the hazard are available. To explore this problem, we conduct a policy comparison using the LUPM to test the sensitivity of three available assessments of earthquake-induced lateral-spread ground failure susceptibility in a coastal California community. We find that the uncertainty regarding the interpretation of the science inputs can influence the development and implementation of natural hazard management policies. Copyright ?? 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1504/IJRAM.2006.009537","issn":"14668297","usgsCitation":"Bernknopf, R., Rabinovici, S., Wood, N., and Dinitz, L., 2006, The influence of hazard models on GIS-based regional risk assessments and mitigation policies: International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, v. 6, no. 4-6, p. 369-387, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJRAM.2006.009537.","startPage":"369","endPage":"387","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210038,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJRAM.2006.009537"},{"id":236836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad26e4b08c986b3239f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rabinovici, S.J.M.","contributorId":103832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabinovici","given":"S.J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, N.J.","contributorId":7900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dinitz, L.B.","contributorId":16192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinitz","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028049,"text":"70028049 - 2006 - Patterns of growth and body condition in sea otters from the Aleutian archipelago before and after the recent population decline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T15:03:08","indexId":"70028049","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of growth and body condition in sea otters from the Aleutian archipelago before and after the recent population decline","docAbstract":"1. Growth models for body mass and length were fitted to data collected from 1842 sea otters Enhydra lutris shot or live-captured throughout south-west Alaska between 1967 and 2004. Growth curves were constructed for each of two main year groups: 1967–71 when the population was at or near carrying capacity and 1992–97 when the population was in steep decline. Analyses of data collected from animals caught during 2004, when the population density was very low, were precluded by a small sample size and consequently only examined incidentally to the main growth curves.
2. Growth curves demonstrated a significant increase in body mass and body length at age in the 1990s. Asymptotic values of body mass were 12–18% higher in the 1990s than in the 1960s/70s, and asymptotic values for body length were 10–11% higher between the same periods. Data collected in 2004 suggest a continued increase in body size, with nearly all data points for mass and length falling significantly above the 1990s growth curves.
3. In addition to larger asymptotic values for mass and length, the rate of growth towards asymptotic values was more rapid in the 1990s than in the 1960s/70s: sea otters reached 95% of asymptotic body mass and body length 1–2 years earlier in the 1990s.
4. Body condition (as measured by the log mass/log length ratio) was significantly greater in males than in females. There was also an increasing trend from the 1960s/70s through 2004 despite much year-to-year variation.
5. Population age structures differed significantly between the 1960s/70s and the 1990s with the latter distribution skewed toward younger age classes (indicating an altered lxfunction) suggesting almost complete relaxation of age-dependent mortality patterns (i.e. those typical of food-limited populations).
6. This study spanned a period of time over which the population status of sea otters in the Aleutian archipelago declined precipitously from levels at or near equilibrium densities at some islands in the 1960s/70s to < 5% of estimated carrying capacity by the late 1990s. The results of this study indicate an improved overall health of sea otters over the period of decline and suggest that limited nutritional resources were not the cause of the observed reduced population abundance. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the decline was caused by increased killer whale predation.
We made predictions of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) autumn distribution in the Chukchi Sea with a Resource Selection Function (RSF) developed from 1198 satellite radio-collar locations on 124 adult female polar bears, 1987 – 1994. The RSF was created to assist in an aerial survey design for polar bears proposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The RSF was based on bathymetry and daily sea ice covariates extracted from passive microwave satellite imagery within the pelagic region > 25 km from shore. The RSF indicated that polar bears selected habitats with intermediate amounts (~50%) of ice cover in close proximity to higher ice concentrations, and over relatively shallow waters. The RSF showed good predictive abilities for the years of its construct, worked best in October, and was robust to inter-annual variability. When evaluated with recent (1997 – 2005) data, the RSF performed well for October and November but poorly in September. This loss of predictive abilities appeared to be related to recent changes in habitat due to longer melt seasons and younger sea ice, and testing the retrospective model with a small sample of recent polar bears locations from a limited region of the Chukchi Sea. Contemporary applications of this RSF must consider three factors that could limit its utility: 1) 2 different sea ice phenology; 2) distributions of males and sub-adults; and 3) occupancy in nearshore habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., Douglas, D., Nielson, R.M., and Amstrup, S.C., 2006, A model for autumn pelagic distribution of adult female polar bears in the Chukchi Seas, 1987-1994, v, 62 p.","productDescription":"v, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326844,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc2ee4b03fd6b7d94bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nielson, R. M.","contributorId":22967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nielson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":646214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79589,"text":"ofr20061318 - 2006 - Deschutes Estuary feasibility study: Hydrodynamics and sediment transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T21:35:25.751519","indexId":"ofr20061318","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1318","title":"Deschutes Estuary feasibility study: Hydrodynamics and sediment transport modeling","docAbstract":"Continual sediment accumulation in Capitol Lake since the damming of the Deschutes River in 1951 has altered the initial morphology of the basin. As part of the Deschutes River Estuary Feasibility Study (DEFS), the United States Geological Survey (USGS) was tasked to model how tidal and storm processes will influence the river, lake and lower Budd Inlet should estuary restoration occur. Understanding these mechanisms will assist in developing a scientifically sound assessment on the feasibility of restoring the estuary.
\nThe goals of the DEFS are as follows.
\n- Increase understanding of the estuary alternative to the same level as managing the lake environment.
\n- Determine the potential to create a viable, self sustaining estuary at Capitol Lake, given all the existing physical constraints and the urban setting.
\n- Create a net-benefit matrix which will allow a fair evaluation of overall benefits and costs of various alternative scenarios.
\n- Provide the completed study to the CLAMP Steering Committee so that a recommendation about a long-term aquatic environment of the basin can be made.
\nThe hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling task developed a number of different model simulations using a process-based morphological model, Delft3D, to help address these goals. Modeling results provide a qualitative assessment of estuarine behavior both prior to dam construction and after various post-dam removal scenarios. Quantitative data from the model is used in the companion biological assessment and engineering design components of the overall study.
\nOverall, the modeling study found that after dam removal, tidal and estuarine processes are immediately restored, with marine water from Budd Inlet carried into North and Middle Basin on each rising tide and mud flats being exposed with each falling tide. Within the first year after dam removal, tidal processes, along with the occasional river floods, act to modify the estuary bed by redistributing sediment through erosion and deposition. The morphological response of the bed is rapid during the first couple of years, then slows as a dynamic equilibrium is reached within three to five years. By ten years after dam removal, the overall hydrodynamic and morphologic behavior of the estuary is similar to the pre-dam estuary, with the exception of South Basin, which has been permanently modified by human activities.
\nIn addition to a qualitative assessment of estuarine behavior, process-based modeling provides the ability address specific questions to help to inform decision-making. Considering that predicting future conditions of a complex estuarine environment is wrought with uncertainties, quantitative results in this report are often expressed in terms of ranges of possible outcomes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061318","usgsCitation":"George, D.A., Gelfenbaum, G., Lesser, G., and Stevens, A., 2006, Deschutes Estuary feasibility study: Hydrodynamics and sediment transport modeling (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1318, Report: 222 p.; 2 Appendixes: 177 p.; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061318.","productDescription":"Report: 222 p.; 2 Appendixes: 177 p.; Metadata","temporalStart":"2005-02-16","temporalEnd":"2005-02-17","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420428,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80585.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9208,"rank":5,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1318/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192369,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295746,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1318/CapitolLakeSeds.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":295744,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1318/of2006-1318.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":295745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1318/of2006-1318_appendixes.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Deschutes Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.9133,\n 47.0619\n ],\n [\n -122.9133,\n 47.0183\n ],\n [\n -122.8914,\n 47.0183\n ],\n [\n -122.8914,\n 47.0619\n ],\n [\n -122.9133,\n 47.0619\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"George, Douglas A.","contributorId":60328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lesser, Giles","contributorId":88216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesser","given":"Giles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stevens, Andrew W.","contributorId":89093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Andrew W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":290309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028092,"text":"70028092 - 2006 - Remote monitoring of fish in small streams: A unified approach using PIT tags","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-06T09:46:27","indexId":"70028092","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote monitoring of fish in small streams: A unified approach using PIT tags","docAbstract":"Accurate assessments of fish populations are often limited by re-observation or recapture events. Since the early 1990s, passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) have been used to understand the biology of many fish species. Until recently, PIT applications in small streams have been limited to physical recapture events. To maximize recapture probability, we constructed PIT antenna arrays in small streams to remotely detect individual fish. Experiences from two different laboratories (three case studies) allowed us to develop a unified approach to applying PIT technology for enhancing data assessments. Information on equipment, its installation, tag considerations, and array construction is provided. Theoretical and practical definitions are introduced to standardize metrics for assessing detection efficiency. We demonstrate how certain conditions (stream discharge, vibration, and ambient radio frequency noise) affect the detection efficiency and suggest that by monitoring these conditions, expectations of efficiency can be modified. We emphasize the importance of consistently estimating detection efficiency for fisheries applications.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(2006)31[492:RMOFIS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Zydlewski, G., Horton, G., Dubreuil, T., Letcher, B., Casey, S., and Zydlewski, J.D., 2006, Remote monitoring of fish in small streams: A unified approach using PIT tags: Fisheries, v. 31, no. 10, p. 492-502, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2006)31[492:RMOFIS]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"492","endPage":"502","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487558,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/sms_facpub/104","text":"External Repository"},{"id":237050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2006)31[492:RMOFIS]2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"31","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6ede4b0c8380cd8510e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zydlewski, G.B.","contributorId":78119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, G.","contributorId":53586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubreuil, T.","contributorId":8664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubreuil","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Letcher, B. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":14625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":416501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casey, S.","contributorId":80480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zydlewski, Joseph D. 0000-0002-2255-2303 jzydlewski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-2303","contributorId":2004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zydlewski","given":"Joseph","email":"jzydlewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":416499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028087,"text":"70028087 - 2006 - Landscape conditions predisposing grizzly bears to conflicts on private agricultural lands in the western USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:42","indexId":"70028087","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape conditions predisposing grizzly bears to conflicts on private agricultural lands in the western USA","docAbstract":"We used multiple logistic regression to model how different landscape conditions contributed to the probability of human-grizzly bear conflicts on private agricultural ranch lands. We used locations of livestock pastures, traditional livestock carcass disposal areas (boneyards), beehives, and wetland-riparian associated vegetation to model the locations of 178 reported human-grizzly bear conflicts along the Rocky Mountain East Front, Montana, USA during 1986-2001. We surveyed 61 livestock producers in the upper Teton watershed of north-central Montana, to collect spatial and temporal data on livestock pastures, boneyards, and beehives for the same period, accounting for changes in livestock and boneyard management and beehive location and protection, for each season. We used 2032 random points to represent the null hypothesis of random location relative to potential explanatory landscape features, and used Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC/AICC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistics for model selection. We used a resulting \"best\" model to map contours of predicted probabilities of conflict, and used this map for verification with an independent dataset of conflicts to provide additional insights regarding the nature of conflicts. The presence of riparian vegetation and distances to spring, summer, and fall sheep or cattle pastures, calving and sheep lambing areas, unmanaged boneyards, and fenced and unfenced beehives were all associated with the likelihood of human-grizzly bear conflicts. Our model suggests that collections of attractants concentrated in high quality bear habitat largely explain broad patterns of human-grizzly bear conflicts on private agricultural land in our study area. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.001","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Wilson, S., Madel, M., Mattson, D., Graham, J., and Merrill, T., 2006, Landscape conditions predisposing grizzly bears to conflicts on private agricultural lands in the western USA: Biological Conservation, v. 130, no. 1, p. 47-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.001.","startPage":"47","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210147,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.12.001"},{"id":236979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4404e4b0c8380cd667a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, S.M.","contributorId":52731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madel, M.J.","contributorId":33111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, J.M.","contributorId":57651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Merrill, T.","contributorId":89301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028163,"text":"70028163 - 2006 - Evolution of the CD4 family: teleost fish possess two divergent forms of CD4 in addition to lymphocyte activation gene-3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-17T16:31:55","indexId":"70028163","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2350,"text":"Journal of Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the CD4 family: teleost fish possess two divergent forms of CD4 in addition to lymphocyte activation gene-3","docAbstract":"The T cell coreceptor CD4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the Ig superfamily and is essential for cell-mediated immunity. Two different genes were identified in rainbow trout that resemble mammalian CD4. One (trout CD4) encodes four extracellular Ig domains reminiscent off mammalian CD4, whereas the other (CD4REL) codes for two Ig domains. Structural motifs within the amino acid sequences suggest that the two Ig domains of CD4REL duplicated to generate the four-domain molecule of CD4 and the related gene, lymphocyte activation gene-3. Here we present evidence that both of these molecules in trout are homologous to mammalian CD4 and that teleosts encode an additional CD4 family member, lymphocyte activation gene-3, which is a marker for activated T cells. The syntenic relationships of similar genes in other teleost and non-fish genomes provide evidence for the likely evolution of CD4-related molecules in vertebrates, with CD4REL likely representing the primordial form in fish. Expression of both CD4 genes is highest in the thymus and spleen, and mRNA expression of these genes is limited to surface IgM- lymphocytes, consistent with a role for T cell functionality. Finally, the intracellular regions of both CD4 and CD4REL possess the canonical CXC motif involved in the interaction off CD4 with p56LCK, implying that similar mechanisms for CD4 + T cell activation are present in all vertebrates. Our results therefore raise new questions about T cell development and functionality in lower vertebrates that cannot be answered by current mammalian models and, thus, is of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of cell-mediated immunity in gnathosomes. Copyright ?? 2006 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Immunologists","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3939","issn":"00221767","usgsCitation":"Laing, K., Zou, J., Purcell, M.K., Phillips, R., Secombes, C., and Hansen, J., 2006, Evolution of the CD4 family: teleost fish possess two divergent forms of CD4 in addition to lymphocyte activation gene-3: Journal of Immunology, v. 177, no. 6, p. 3939-3951, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3939.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3939","endPage":"3951","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3939","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"177","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d87e4b0c8380cd53085","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laing, K.J.","contributorId":17037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laing","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zou, J.J.","contributorId":72580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zou","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Purcell, M. K.","contributorId":78464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purcell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, R.","contributorId":49081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Secombes, C.J.","contributorId":74568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Secombes","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hansen, J.D.","contributorId":107880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70028064,"text":"70028064 - 2006 - Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70028064","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis?","docAbstract":"More than one type of shoreline indicator can be used in shoreline change analyses, and quantifying the effects of this practice on the resulting shoreline change rates is important. Comparison of three high water line (proxy-based) shorelines and a mean high water intercept (datum-based) shoreline collected from simultaneous aerial photographic and lidar surveys of a relatively steep reflective beach (tan ?? = 0.07), which experiences a moderately energetic wave climate (annual average Hs = 1.2 m), reveals an average horizontal offset of 18.8 m between the two types of shoreline indicators. Vertical offsets are also substantial and are correlated with foreshore beach slope and corresponding variations in wave runup. Incorporating the average horizontal offset into both a short-term, endpoint shoreline change analysis and a long-term, linear regression analysis causes rates to be shifted an average of -0.5 m/y and -0.1 m/y, respectively. The rate shift increases with increasing horizontal offset and decreasing measurement intervals and, depending on the rapidity of shoreline change rates, is responsible for varying degrees of analysis error. Our results demonstrate that under many circumstances, the error attributable to proxy-datum offsets is small relative to shoreline change rates and thus not important. Furthermore, we find that when the error associated with proxy-datum offsets is large enough to be important, the shoreline change rates themselves are not likely to be significant. A total water level model reveals that the high water line digitized by three independent coastal labs for this study was generated by a combination of large waves and a high tide several days before the collection of aerial photography. This illustrates the complexity of the high water line as a shoreline indicator and calls into question traditional definitions, which consider the high water line a wetted bound or \"marks left by the previous high tide.\".","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2112/04-0401.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Moore, L.J., Ruggiero, P., and List, J.H., 2006, Comparing mean high water and high water line shorelines: Should prosy-datum offsets be incorporated into shoreline change analysis?: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 22, no. 4, p. 894-905, https://doi.org/10.2112/04-0401.1.","startPage":"894","endPage":"905","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2112/04-0401.1"},{"id":237155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f836e4b0c8380cd4cf4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, L. J.","contributorId":53132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruggiero, P.","contributorId":25995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028103,"text":"70028103 - 2006 - Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Morphology, crater fill, and relevance for impact structures on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:51","indexId":"70028103","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Morphology, crater fill, and relevance for impact structures on Mars","docAbstract":"The late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure (CBIS) on the Atlantic margin of Virginia is one of the largest and best-preserved \"wet-target\" craters on Earth. It provides an accessible analog for studying impact processes in layered and wet targets on volatile-rich planets. The CBIS formed in a layered target of water, weak clastic sediments, and hard crystalline rock. The buried structure consists of a deep, filled central crater, 38 km in width, surrounded by a shallower brim known as the annular trough. The annular trough formed partly by collapse of weak sediments, which expanded the structure to ???85 km in diameter. Such extensive collapse, in addition to excavation processes, can explain the \"inverted sombrero\" morphology observed at some craters in layered targets. The distribution of crater-fill materials i n the CBIS is related to the morphology. Suevitic breccia, including pre-resurge fallback deposits, is found in the central crater. Impact-modified sediments, formed by fluidization and collapse of water-saturated sand and silt-clay, occur in the annular trough. Allogenic sediment-clast breccia, interpreted as ocean-resurge deposits, overlies the other impactites and covers the entire crater beneath a blanket of postimpact sediments. The formation of chaotic terrains on Mars is attributed to collapse due to the release of volatiles from thick layered deposits. Some flat-floored rimless depressions with chaotic infill in these terrains are impact craters that expanded by collapse farther than expected for similar-sized complex craters in solid targets. Studies of crater materials in the CBIS provide insights into processes of crater expansion on Mars and their links to volatiles. ?? The Meteoritical Society, 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Horton, J.W., Ormo, J., Powars, D., and Gohn, G.S., 2006, Chesapeake Bay impact structure: Morphology, crater fill, and relevance for impact structures on Mars: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 41, no. 10, p. 1613-1624.","startPage":"1613","endPage":"1624","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5b3e4b0c8380cd4c38c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ormo, J.","contributorId":55626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ormo","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powars, D.S.","contributorId":7303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gohn, G. S.","contributorId":25937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031093,"text":"70031093 - 2006 - Interactive effects of substrate, hydroperiod, and nutrients on seedling growth of Salix nigra and Taxodium distichum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-17T14:16:24","indexId":"70031093","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive effects of substrate, hydroperiod, and nutrients on seedling growth of Salix nigra and Taxodium distichum","docAbstract":"The large river swamps of Louisiana have complex topography and hydrology, characterized by black willow (Salix nigra) dominance on accreting alluvial sediments and vast areas of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) deepwater swamps with highly organic substrates. Seedling survival of these two wetland tree species is influenced by their growth rate in relation to the height and duration of annual flooding in riverine environments. This study examines the interactive effects of substrate, hydroperiod, and nutrients on growth rates of black willow and baldcypress seedlings. In a greenhouse experiment with a split-split-plot design, 1-year seedlings of black willow and baldcypress were subjected to two nutrient treatments (unfertilized versus fertilized), two hydroperiods (continuously flooded versus twice daily flooding/draining), and two substrates (sand versus commercial peat mix). Response variables included height, diameter, lateral branch count, biomass, and root:stem ratio. Black willow growth in height and diameter, as well as all biomass components, were significantly greater in peat substrate than in sand. Black willow showed a significant hydroperiod-nutrient interaction wherein fertilizer increased stem and root biomass under drained conditions, but flooded plants did not respond to fertilization. Baldcypress diameter and root biomass were higher in peat than in sand, and the same two variables increased with fertilization in flooded as well as drained treatments. These results can be used in Louisiana wetland forest models as inputs of seedling growth and survival, regeneration potential, and biomass accumulation rates of black willow and baldcypress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.10.009","issn":"00988472","usgsCitation":"Day, R.H., Doyle, T., and Draugelis-Dale, R., 2006, Interactive effects of substrate, hydroperiod, and nutrients on seedling growth of Salix nigra and Taxodium distichum: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 55, no. 1-2, p. 163-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.10.009.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"174","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cdde4b0c8380cd630eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day, Richard H. 0000-0002-5959-7054 dayr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-7054","contributorId":2427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Richard","email":"dayr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, T.W. 0000-0001-5754-0671","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":16783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Draugelis-Dale, R. O. 0000-0001-8532-3287","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8532-3287","contributorId":103076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draugelis-Dale","given":"R. O.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":429988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70029027,"text":"70029027 - 2006 - Statistical modeling of storm-level Kp occurrences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T11:41:51","indexId":"70029027","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical modeling of storm-level Kp occurrences","docAbstract":"We consider the statistical modeling of the occurrence in time of large Kp magnetic storms as a Poisson process, testing whether or not relatively rare, large Kp events can be considered to arise from a stochastic, sequential, and memoryless process. For a Poisson process, the wait times between successive events occur statistically with an exponential density function. Fitting an exponential function to the durations between successive large Kp events forms the basis of our analysis. Defining these wait times by calculating the differences between times when Kp exceeds a certain value, such as Kp ??? 5, we find the wait-time distribution is not exponential. Because large storms often have several periods with large Kp values, their occurrence in time is not memoryless; short duration wait times are not independent of each other and are often clumped together in time. If we remove same-storm large Kp occurrences, the resulting wait times are very nearly exponentially distributed and the storm arrival process can be characterized as Poisson. Fittings are performed on wait time data for Kp ??? 5, 6, 7, and 8. The mean wait times between storms exceeding such Kp thresholds are 7.12, 16.55, 42.22, and 121.40 days respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2006GL026687","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Remick, K., and Love, J.J., 2006, Statistical modeling of storm-level Kp occurrences: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 16, Article L16102; 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026687.","productDescription":"Article L16102; 4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477533,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026687","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209625,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026687"}],"volume":"33","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9734e4b08c986b31b946","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Remick, K.J.","contributorId":78139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Remick","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":421015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":421014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030738,"text":"70030738 - 2006 - Characterization of unsaturated zone hydrogeologic units using matrix properties and depositional history in a complex volcanic environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T12:23:18","indexId":"70030738","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of unsaturated zone hydrogeologic units using matrix properties and depositional history in a complex volcanic environment","docAbstract":"Characterization of the physical and unsaturated hydrologic properties of subsurface materials is necessary to calculate flow and transport for land use practices and to evaluate subsurface processes such as perched water or lateral diversion of water, which are influenced by features such as faults, fractures, and abrupt changes in lithology. Input for numerical flow models typically includes parameters that describe hydrologic properties and the initial and boundary conditions for all materials in the unsaturated zone, such as bulk density, porosity, and particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, moisture-retention characteristics, and field water content. We describe an approach for systematically evaluating the site features that contribute to water flow, using physical and hydraulic data collected at the laboratory scale, to provide a representative set of physical and hydraulic parameters for numerically calculating flow of water through the materials at a site. An example case study from analyses done for the heterogeneous, layered, volcanic rocks at Yucca Mountain is presented, but the general approach for parameterization could be applied at any site where depositional processes follow deterministic patterns. Hydrogeologic units at this site were defined using (i) a database developed from 5320 rock samples collected from the coring of 23 shallow (<100 m) and 10 deep (500–1000 m) boreholes, (ii) lithostratigraphic boundaries and corresponding relations to porosity, (iii) transition zones with pronounced changes in properties over short vertical distances, (iv) characterization of the influence of mineral alteration on hydrologic properties such as permeability and moisture-retention characteristics, and (v) a statistical analysis to evaluate where boundaries should be adjusted to minimize the variance within layers. Model parameters developed in this study, and the relation of flow properties to porosity, can be used to produce detailed and accurate representations of the core-scale hydrologic processes ongoing at Yucca Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2004.0180","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., Buesch, D.C., and Flint, A.L., 2006, Characterization of unsaturated zone hydrogeologic units using matrix properties and depositional history in a complex volcanic environment: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 5, no. 1, p. 480-492, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2004.0180.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"480","endPage":"492","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e8e4b0c8380cd4bfce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buesch, David C. 0000-0002-4978-5027 dbuesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":1154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"David","email":"dbuesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030934,"text":"70030934 - 2006 - A regional classification scheme for estimating reference water quality in streams using land-use-adjusted spatial regression-tree analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:20:16","indexId":"70030934","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A regional classification scheme for estimating reference water quality in streams using land-use-adjusted spatial regression-tree analysis","docAbstract":"Various approaches are used to subdivide large areas into regions containing streams that have similar reference or background water quality and that respond similarly to different factors. For many applications, such as establishing reference conditions, it is preferable to use physical characteristics that are not affected by human activities to delineate these regions. However, most approaches, such as ecoregion classifications, rely on land use to delineate regions or have difficulties compensating for the effects of land use. Land use not only directly affects water quality, but it is often correlated with the factors used to define the regions. In this article, we describe modifications to SPARTA (spatial regression-tree analysis), a relatively new approach applied to water-quality and environmental characteristic data to delineate zones with similar factors affecting water quality. In this modified approach, land-use-adjusted (residualized) water quality and environmental characteristics are computed for each site. Regression-tree analysis is applied to the residualized data to determine the most statistically important environmental characteristics describing the distribution of a specific water-quality constituent. Geographic information for small basins throughout the study area is then used to subdivide the area into relatively homogeneous environmental water-quality zones. For each zone, commonly used approaches are subsequently used to define its reference water quality and how its water quality responds to changes in land use. SPARTA is used to delineate zones of similar reference concentrations of total phosphorus and suspended sediment throughout the upper Midwestern part of the United States. ?? 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00267-005-0022-8","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., Saad, D.A., and Heisey, D., 2006, A regional classification scheme for estimating reference water quality in streams using land-use-adjusted spatial regression-tree analysis: Environmental Management, v. 37, no. 2, p. 209-229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0022-8.","startPage":"209","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211445,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0022-8"},{"id":238736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e542e4b0c8380cd46c41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, D. 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