Elevation data derived from light detection and ranging present challenges for hydrologic modeling as the elevation surface includes bridge decks and elevated road features overlaying culvert drainage structures. In reality, water is carried through these structures; however, in the elevation surface these features impede modeled overland surface flow. Thus, a hydrologically-enforced elevation surface is needed for hydrodynamic modeling. In the Delaware River Basin, hydrologic-enforcement techniques were used to modify elevations to simulate how constructed drainage structures allow overland surface flow. By calculating residuals between unfilled and filled elevation surfaces, artificially pooled depressions that formed upstream of constructed drainage structure features were defined, and elevation values were adjusted by generating transects at the location of the drainage structures. An assessment of each hydrologically-enforced drainage structure was conducted using field-surveyed culvert and bridge coordinates obtained from numerous public agencies, but it was discovered the disparate drainage structure datasets were not comprehensive enough to assess all remotely located depressions in need of hydrologic-enforcement. Alternatively, orthoimagery was interpreted to define drainage structures near each depression, and these locations were used as reference points for a quantitative hydrologic-enforcement assessment. The orthoimagery-interpreted reference points resulted in a larger corresponding sample size than the assessment between hydrologic-enforced transects and field-surveyed data. This assessment demonstrates the viability of rules-based hydrologic-enforcement that is needed to achieve hydrologic connectivity, which is valuable for hydrodynamic models in sensitive coastal regions. Hydrologic-enforced elevation data are also essential for merging with topographic/bathymetric elevation data that extend over vulnerable urbanized areas and dynamic coastal regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/SI76-009","usgsCitation":"Poppenga, S.K., and Worstell, B.B., 2016, Hydrologic connectivity: Quantitative assessments of hydrologic-enforced drainage structures in an elevation model: Journal of Coastal Research, v. Special Issue 76, p. 90-106, https://doi.org/10.2112/SI76-009.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"106","ipdsId":"IP-059049","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.2112/SI76-009","text":"External Repository"},{"id":332787,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Special Issue 76","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586cc690e4b0f5ce109fa943","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppenga, Sandra K. 0000-0002-2846-6836 spoppenga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-6836","contributorId":3327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppenga","given":"Sandra","email":"spoppenga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Worstell, Bruce B. 0000-0001-8927-3336 worstell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-3336","contributorId":1815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worstell","given":"Bruce","email":"worstell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179454,"text":"70179454 - 2016 - Ciscoes (Coregonus, subgenus Leucichthys) of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T12:53:11","indexId":"70179454","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Ciscoes (Coregonus, subgenus Leucichthys) of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon","docAbstract":"This study of the ciscoes (Coregonus, subgenus Leucichthys) of the Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon represents a furtherance through 2015 of field research initiated by Walter Koelz in 1917 and continued by Stanford Smith in the mid-1900s—a period spanning nearly a century. Like Koelz’s study, this work contains information on taxonomy, geographical distribution, ecology, and status of species (here considered forms). Of the seven currently recognized forms (C. artedi, C. hoyi, C. johannae, C. kiyi, C. nigripinnis, C. reighardi, and C. zenithicus) described by Koelz as major in his 1929 monograph, two (C. johannae and C. reighardi) are extinct. In addition, C. alpenae, described by Koelz but subsequently synonymized with C. zenithicus, although extinct, is recognized as valid making a total of eight major forms. Six of these forms, all but C. artedi and C. hoyi, have been lost from Lake Michigan, and seven have been lost from Lake Huron, leaving in Lake Huron only C. artedi and an introgressed deepwater form that we term a hybrid swarm. C. artedi appears, like its sister form C. alpenae, to have been lost from Lake Erie. Only C. artedi remains extant in Lake Ontario, its three sister forms (C. hoyi, C. kiyi, and C. reighardi) having disappeared long ago.
Lakes Superior and Nipigon have retained their original species flocks consisting of four forms each: C. artedi, C. hoyi, and C. zenithicus in both lakes; C. kiyi in Lake Superior; and C. nigripinnis in Lake Nipigon. Morphological deviations from the morphotypes described by Koelz have been modest in contemporary samples. Overall, C. kiyi and C. artedi were the most morphologically stable forms while C. hoyi, C. nigripinnis, and C. zenithicus were the least stable. Although contemporary populations of C. artedi from Lakes Michigan and Huron are highly diverged from the morphotypes described by Koelz, the contemporary samples were of undescribed deep-bodied forms unlikely to have been sampled by Koelz because of their association with bays. Of the two intact species flocks, Lake Nipigon’s was much less stable morphologically than Lake Superior’s even though Lake Nipigon is far less disturbed. Two priorities for research are determining the role of developmental plasticity in morphological divergence, especially within C. zenithicus of Lake Superior, and the basis for morphological divergence in C. artedi.
","largerWorkTitle":"Miscellaneous Publication 2016-01","language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","usgsCitation":"Eshenroder, R.L., Vecsei, P., Gorman, O.T., Yule, D., Pratt, T., Mandrak, N.E., Bunnell, D., and Muir, A.M., 2016, Ciscoes (Coregonus, subgenus Leucichthys) of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon, v, 141 p.","productDescription":"v, 141 p.","ipdsId":"IP-077481","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332744,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.glfc.org/glfc-publications-reports.php"},{"id":332910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":" Lake Nipigon, Laurentian Great Lakes ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n 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dbunnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-7747","contributorId":169859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David B.","email":"dbunnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Muir, Andrew M.","contributorId":176177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muir","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70179457,"text":"70179457 - 2016 - Generalizing ecological site concepts of the Colorado Plateau for landscape-level applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T13:49:49","indexId":"70179457","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3230,"text":"Rangelands","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalizing ecological site concepts of the Colorado Plateau for landscape-level applications","docAbstract":"The Equus Beds aquifer in south-central Kansas, which is part of the High Plains aquifer, serves as a source of water for municipal and agricultural users in the area. The city of Wichita has used the Equus Beds aquifer as one of its primary water sources since the 1940s. The aquifer in and around Wichita’s well field reached historically low water levels in 1993, prompting the city to adopt new water-use and conservation strategies to ensure future water supply needs were met. Part of the plan was to initiate a managed aquifer recharge program called the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project. The goal of the managed aquifer recharge program is to artificially recharge the Equus Beds aquifer with treated water from the Little Arkansas River. As part of the Equus Beds Aquifer Storage and Recovery project, the city of Wichita and the U.S. Geological Survey have partnered in a long-term cooperative study to monitor and describe the quantity and quality of the water in the Equus Beds aquifer and the Little Arkansas River.
The city of Wichita, the Equus Beds Groundwater Management District No. 2, the Kansas Department of Agriculture–Division of Water Resources, and the U.S. Geological Survey collected groundwater levels in numerous wells screened in the Equus Beds aquifer in the area in and around Wichita’s well field in January 2016. The measurements were used to interpolate potentiometric surfaces for shallow and deep parts of the aquifer in the study area. These potentiometric surfaces were compared with potentiometric surfaces from previous years to estimate changes in water levels and storage volume in the study area.
Groundwater levels were generally higher in January 2016 than they were in January 2015. On average, in January 2016, groundwater levels in the shallow part of the aquifer were about 3.4 feet higher and groundwater levels in the deep part of the aquifer were about 3.8 feet higher than in January 2015. The volume of water stored in the study area decreased by about 74,000 acre-feet between predevelopment (the time period before substantial pumpage began in the 1940s) and January 2016; increased by about 121,000 acre-feet between the historic low in 1993 and January 2016; and increased by about 61,000 acre-feet between January 2015 and January 2016. About 62 percent of the storage volume lost between predevelopment and 1993 has been recovered. The increase in storage volume from January 2015 to January 2016 can probably be attributed to less pumping by the city of Wichita and irrigators, more recharge due to higher-than-average precipitation, and higher volumes of artificial recharge in 2015.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Wichita, Kansas","usgsCitation":"Klager, B.J., 2016, Status of groundwater levels and storage volume in the Equus Beds aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5165, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165165.","productDescription":"vi, 15 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-078976","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438479,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KP809V","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater Levels in the Equus Beds Aquifer near Wichita, Kansas, January 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U.S. Geological Survey
4821 Quail Crest Place
Lawrence, KS 66049
http://ks.water.usgs.gov
Runup of debris flows against obstacles in their paths is a complex process that involves profound flow deceleration and redirection. We investigate the dynamics and predictability of runup by comparing results from large-scale laboratory experiments, four simple analytical models, and a depth-integrated numerical model (D-Claw). The experiments and numerical simulations reveal the important influence of unsteady, multidimensional flow on runup, and the analytical models highlight key aspects of the underlying physics. Runup against a vertical barrier normal to the flow path is dominated by rapid development of a shock, or jump in flow height, associated with abrupt deceleration of the flow front. By contrast, runup on sloping obstacles is initially dominated by a smooth flux of mass and momentum from the flow body to the flow front, which precedes shock development and commonly increases the runup height. D-Claw simulations that account for the emergence of shocks show that predicted runup heights vary systematically with the adverse slope angle and also with the Froude number and degree of liquefaction (or effective basal friction) of incoming flows. They additionally clarify the strengths and limitations of simplified analytical models. Numerical simulations based on a priori knowledge of the evolving dynamics of incoming flows yield quite accurate runup predictions. Less predictive accuracy is attained in ab initio simulations that compute runup based solely on knowledge of static debris properties in a distant debris flow source area. Nevertheless, the paucity of inputs required in ab initio simulations enhances their prospective value in runup forecasting.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2016JF003933","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., George, D.L., and Logan, M., 2016, Debris flow runup on vertical barriers and adverse slopes: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 121, no. 12, p. 2333-2357, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003933.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"2333","endPage":"2357","ipdsId":"IP-075299","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf003933","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":438480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7JH3JB0","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data from debris-flow run-up experiments conducted in June, 1994, and May, 1997, at the USGS Debris-flow Flume, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, Blue River, Oregon"},{"id":332623,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f11e4b0cd2dabe7c4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Logan, Matthew 0000-0002-3558-2405 mlogan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-2405","contributorId":638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"Matthew","email":"mlogan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179348,"text":"70179348 - 2016 - Modelling landslide liquefaction, mobility bifurcation and the dynamics of the 2014 Oso disaster","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T12:24:19","indexId":"70179348","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1825,"text":"Geotechnique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling landslide liquefaction, mobility bifurcation and the dynamics of the 2014 Oso disaster","docAbstract":"Some landslides move slowly or intermittently downslope, but others liquefy during the early stages of motion, leading to runaway acceleration and high-speed runout across low-relief terrain. Mechanisms responsible for this disparate behaviour are represented in a two-phase, depth-integrated, landslide dynamics model that melds principles from soil mechanics, granular mechanics and fluid mechanics. The model assumes that gradually increasing pore-water pressure causes slope failure to nucleate at the weakest point on a basal slip surface in a statically balanced mass. Failure then spreads to adjacent regions as a result of momentum exchange. Liquefaction is contingent on pore-pressure feedback that depends on the initial soil state. The importance of this feedback is illustrated by using the model to study the dynamics of a disastrous landslide that occurred near Oso, Washington, USA, on 22 March 2014. Alternative simulations of the event reveal the pronounced effects of a landslide mobility bifurcation that occurs if the initial void ratio of water-saturated soil equals the lithostatic, critical-state void ratio. They also show that the tendency for bifurcation increases as the soil permeability decreases. The bifurcation implies that it can be difficult to discriminate conditions that favour slow landsliding from those that favour liquefaction and long runout.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institution of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1680/jgeot.15.LM.004","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and George, D.L., 2016, Modelling landslide liquefaction, mobility bifurcation and the dynamics of the 2014 Oso disaster: Geotechnique, v. 66, no. 3, p. 175-187, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.LM.004.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"187","ipdsId":"IP-063350","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Oso","volume":"66","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f0ee4b0cd2dabe7c4a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"George, David L. 0000-0002-5726-0255 dgeorge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-0255","contributorId":3120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"David","email":"dgeorge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179347,"text":"70179347 - 2016 - Comment on “The reduction of friction in long-runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T12:26:10","indexId":"70179347","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “The reduction of friction in long-runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.","docAbstract":"Results from a highly idealized, 2-D computational model indicate that dynamic normal-stress rarefactions might cause friction reduction in long-runout landslides, but the physical relevance of the idealized dynamics has not been confirmed by experimental tests. More importantly, the model results provide no evidence that refutes alternative hypotheses about friction reduction mechanisms. One alternative hypothesis, which is strongly supported by field evidence, experimental data, and the predictions of a well-constrained computational model, involves development of high pore fluid pressures in deforming landslide material or overridden bed material. However, no scientific basis exists for concluding that a universal mechanism is responsible for friction reduction in all long-runout landslides.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2016JF003979","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 2016, Comment on “The reduction of friction in long-runout landslides as an emergent phenomenon” by Brandon C. Johnson et al.: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 121, no. 11, p. 2238-2242, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003979.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2238","endPage":"2242","ipdsId":"IP-076543","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"11","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f0fe4b0cd2dabe7c4a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179338,"text":"70179338 - 2016 - Discussion of “The relation between dilatancy, effective stress and dispersive pressure in granular avalanches” by P. Bartelt and O. Buser (DOI: 10.1007/s11440-016-0463-7)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-29T11:24:38","indexId":"70179338","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5247,"text":"Acta Geotechnica","onlineIssn":"1861-1133","printIssn":"1861-1125","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of “The relation between dilatancy, effective stress and dispersive pressure in granular avalanches” by P. Bartelt and O. Buser (DOI: 10.1007/s11440-016-0463-7)","docAbstract":"A paper recently published by Bartelt and Buser (hereafter identified as “the authors”) aims to clarify relationships between granular dilatancy and dispersive pressure and to question the effective stress principle and its application to shallow granular avalanches (Bartelt and Buser in Act Geotech 11:549–557, 2). The paper also criticizes our own recent work, which utilizes the concepts of evolving dilatancy and effective stress to model the initiation and dynamics of water-saturated landslides and debris flows. Here we first explain why we largely agree with the authors’ views of dilatancy and dispersive pressure as they apply to depth-integrated granular avalanche models, and why we disagree with their views of effective stress and pore-fluid pressure. We conclude by explaining why the authors’ characterization of our recently developed D-Claw model is inaccurate.
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Buser (DOI: 10.1007/s11440-016-0463-7): Acta Geotechnica, v. 11, no. 6, p. 1465-1468, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-016-0502-4.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1465","endPage":"1468","ipdsId":"IP-077983","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58662f10e4b0cd2dabe7c4a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards 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Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"2016 Eastern Section SSA Annual Meeting Report","docAbstract":"Report on the Eastern Section Seismological Society of America Meeting.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0220160205","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Goulet, C.A., and Boyd, O.S., 2016, 2016 Eastern Section SSA Annual Meeting Report: Seismological Research Letters, v. 88, no. 1, p. 224-262, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220160205.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"262","ipdsId":"IP-081470","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344008,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"88","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fb6e4b0d1f9f065a892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goulet, Christine A. 0000-0002-7643-357X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-357X","contributorId":194805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goulet","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13249,"text":"University of Southern California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. 0000-0001-9457-0407 olboyd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0407","contributorId":140739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179205,"text":"pp1827 - 2016 - The Outer Banks of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:24:51","indexId":"pp1827","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-27T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1827","title":"The Outer Banks of North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Outer Banks of North Carolina are excellent examples of the nearly 300 barrier islands rimming the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. These low, sandy islands are among the most dynamic natural landscapes occupied by man. Beach sands move offshore, onshore, and along the shore in the direction of the prevailing longshore currents. In this way, sandy coasts continuously adjust to different tide, wave, and current conditions and to rising sea level that causes the islands to migrate landward.
Despite such changes, barrier islands are of considerable environmental importance. The Outer Banks are home to diverse natural ecosystems that are adapted to the harsh coastal environment. Native species tend to be robust and many are specifically adapted to withstand salt spray, periodic saltwater flooding, and the islands’ well-drained sandy soil. The Outer Banks provide an important stopover for birds on the Atlantic flyway, and many species inhabit the islands year round. In addition, Outer Banks beaches provide an important nesting habitat for five endangered or threatened sea turtle species.
European explorers discovered North Carolina’s barrier islands in the 16th century, although the islands were not permanently settled until the middle 17th century. By the early 19th century, shipbuilding and lumber industries were among the most successful, until forest resources were depleted. Commercial fishing eventually followed, and it expanded considerably after the Civil War. By the Great Depression, however, little industry existed on the Outer Banks. In response to the effects of a severe hurricane in 1933, the National Park Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps proposed a massive sand-fixation program to stabilize the moving sand and prevent storm waves from sweeping across the entire width of some sections of the islands. Between 1933 and 1940, this program constructed sand fencing on 185 kilometers (115 miles) of beach and planted grass seedlings, trees, and shrubs.
In 1937, Congress authorized the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, which was established in 1953. The national seashore preserved one of the world’s best examples of a barrier island environment, and minimized the effect of erosion that was becoming a serious problem. In 1966, Congress authorized the Cape Lookout National Seashore to ensure that Core and Shackleford Banks would not undergo major development and could be preserved in their natural state.
The rate of population growth along the Outer Banks in recent decades has been among the highest in North Carolina. More important, however, has been the growth in vacationers—in 2008, more than a quarter of a million visitors during a typical week. Municipalities now need to provide services to a transient population as much as six times as large as their permanent resident population.
Although human activities have dominated the landscape changes observed on the Outer Banks for the past century or two, these changes must be understood in the context of the prevailing atmospheric, oceanic, and geologic processes that have governed the form and function of these islands for thousands of years. It is these natural processes that imbue the Outer Banks with their unique and dichotomous qualities of tranquility and tumult. In the presence of human occupation, it is these same processes that make the islands one of the highest natural-hazard risk zones along the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1827","isbn":"978-1-4113-4097-8","usgsCitation":"Dolan, R., Lins, H.F., and Smith, J.J., 2016, The Outer Banks of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1827, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1827","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 153 p.; Poster: 28 x 40 inches","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-023871","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332434,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/pp1827.pdf","text":"Report","size":"53.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1827"},{"id":332435,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/pp1827_poster.pdf","text":"Poster","size":"5.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1827 Poster"},{"id":332433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1827/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Outer Banks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.7122802734375,\n 36.59347887826919\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 36.53170884914869\n ],\n [\n -75.43212890625,\n 36.213255233061844\n ],\n [\n -75.4156494140625,\n 36.01800375871416\n ],\n [\n -75.3497314453125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -75.289306640625,\n 35.55904339525896\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 35.27701633139884\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -75.970458984375,\n 34.8047829195724\n ],\n [\n -76.256103515625,\n 34.56538299699511\n ],\n [\n -76.4593505859375,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 34.511083202999714\n ],\n [\n -76.7010498046875,\n 34.655803905058974\n ],\n [\n -76.6021728515625,\n 34.7506398050501\n ],\n [\n -76.4263916015625,\n 34.84085858477277\n ],\n [\n -76.234130859375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 35.25459097465022\n ],\n [\n -75.7342529296875,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -75.6573486328125,\n 35.54116627999815\n ],\n [\n -75.6683349609375,\n 35.737595151747826\n ],\n [\n -75.73974609375,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -75.8551025390625,\n 36.16005298551354\n ],\n [\n -75.98693847656249,\n 36.40359962073253\n ],\n [\n -75.992431640625,\n 36.50522086338427\n ],\n [\n -75.95947265625,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -75.82763671875,\n 36.62434536776987\n ],\n [\n -75.7122802734375,\n 36.59347887826919\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Chief, Office of Surface Water
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12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 415
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White-nose syndrome is a devastating wildlife disease that has killed millions of hibernating bats. This disease first appeared in New York during 2007 and has continued to spread at an alarming rate from the northeastern to the central United States and throughout eastern Canada. The disease is named for the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which often appears white when it infects the skin of the nose, ears, and wings of hibernating bats. This fact sheet provides updates on white-nose syndrome research and management efforts and highlights US Geological Survey scientists’ contributions to understanding and combating this disease.
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National Wildlife Health Center
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
(608) 270-2400
http://www.usgs.gov/nwhc
A founding motto of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), originally the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), explains that “If we take care of the land, it will take care of us.” Digital elevation models (DEMs; see fig. 1) are derived from light detection and ranging (lidar) data and can be processed to derive values such as slope angle, aspect, and topographic curvature. These three measurements are the principal parameters of the NRCS LidarEnhanced Soil Survey (LESS) model, which improves the precision of soil surveys, by more accurately displaying the slopes and soils patterns, while increasing the objectivity and science in line placement. As combined resources, DEMs, LESS model outputs, and similar derived datasets are essential for conserving soil, wetlands, and other natural resources managed and overseen by the NRCS and other Federal and State agencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163088","usgsCitation":"Sugarbaker, L.J., and Carswell, W.J., Jr., 2016, The 3D Elevation Program—Precision agriculture and other farm practices: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3088, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163088.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-072256","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3088/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":332364,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3088/fs20163088.pdf","text":"Report","size":"409 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016-3088"}],"contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
MS 511 National Center
Reston, VA 20192
Email: 3DEP@usgs.gov
http://www.usgs.gov/ngpo/
http://nationalmap.gov/3DEP/
1.Recently, estimators have been developed to estimate occupancy probabilities when false-positive detections occur during presence-absence surveys. Some of these estimators combine different types of survey data to improve estimates of occupancy. With these estimators, there is a tradeoff between the number of sample units surveyed, and the number and type of surveys at each sample unit. Guidance on efficient design of studies when false positives occur is unavailable.
2.For a range of scenarios, I identified survey designs that minimized the mean square error of the estimate of occupancy. I considered an approach that uses one survey method and two observation states and an approach that uses two survey methods. For each approach, I used numerical methods to identify optimal survey designs when model assumptions were met and parameter values were correctly anticipated, when parameter values were not correctly anticipated, and when the assumption of no unmodelled detection heterogeneity was violated.
3.Under the approach with two observation states, false positive detections increased the number of recommended surveys, relative to standard occupancy models. If parameter values could not be anticipated, pessimism about detection probabilities avoided poor designs. Detection heterogeneity could require more or fewer repeat surveys, depending on parameter values. If model assumptions were met, the approach with two survey methods was inefficient. However, with poor anticipation of parameter values, with detection heterogeneity, or with removal sampling schemes, combining two survey methods could improve estimates of occupancy.
4.Ignoring false positives can yield biased parameter estimates, yet false positives greatly complicate the design of occupancy studies. Specific guidance for major types of false-positive occupancy models, and for two assumption violations common in field data, can conserve survey resources. This guidance can be used to design efficient monitoring programs and studies of species occurrence, species distribution, or habitat selection, when false positives occur during surveys.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/2041-210X.12617","usgsCitation":"Clement, M., 2016, Designing occupancy studies when false-positive detections occur: Methods in Ecology and Evolution, v. 7, no. 12, p. 1529-1547, https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12617.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1529","endPage":"1547","ipdsId":"IP-073228","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12617","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332511,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/2041-210X.12617/abstract"}],"volume":"7","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58638bd3e4b0cd2dabe7beac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clement, Matthew mclement@usgs.gov","contributorId":138815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clement","given":"Matthew","email":"mclement@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179272,"text":"70179272 - 2016 - Overcoming challenges to the recovery of declining amphibian populations in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T12:14:13","indexId":"70179272","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overcoming challenges to the recovery of declining amphibian populations in the United States","docAbstract":"The US Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) affords many potential benefits to species threatened with extinction. However, most at-risk amphibians—one of the most imperiled vertebrate groups—remain unlisted under the provisions of the ESA, and many impediments to recovery exist for those species that have been listed. Of the 35 US amphibian species and distinct population segments (“taxa”) listed under the ESA, 40% currently lack a final (completed) recovery plan, 28.6% lack designated critical habitat, and 8.6% lack both. For taxa that have recovery plans, the time between their listing and the development of those plans was from 2 to 29 years, and the time between their listing and the designation of critical habitat ranged from 0 to 14 years. The underlying causes of such delays in protection are complex and constitute obstacles to recovery of imperiled species. We outline a series of strategic actions by which these challenges may be overcome.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford","doi":"10.1093/biosci/biw153","usgsCitation":"Walls, S.C., Ball, L.C., Barichivich, W.J., Dodd, K., Enge, K.M., Gorman, T.A., O’Donnell, K., Palis, J.G., and Semlitsch, R.D., 2016, Overcoming challenges to the recovery of declining amphibian populations in the United States: BioScience, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw153.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-076734","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw153","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332539,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw153"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58638bd2e4b0cd2dabe7bea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walls, Susan C. 0000-0001-7391-9155 swalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7391-9155","contributorId":138952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walls","given":"Susan","email":"swalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ball, Lianne C. 0000-0001-9331-0718 lball@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9331-0718","contributorId":4274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"Lianne","email":"lball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barichivich, William J. 0000-0003-1103-6861 wbarichivich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-6861","contributorId":3697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barichivich","given":"William","email":"wbarichivich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dodd, Kenneth","contributorId":177671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodd","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Enge, Kevin M","contributorId":177669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Enge","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gorman, Thomas A.","contributorId":169673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Donnell, Katherine M. 0000-0001-9023-174X kmodonnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9023-174X","contributorId":176897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Katherine M.","email":"kmodonnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Palis, John G","contributorId":177670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palis","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Semlitsch, Raymond D.","contributorId":174906,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Semlitsch","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70179259,"text":"70179259 - 2016 - Comparing orbiter and rover image-based mapping of an ancient sedimentary environment, Aeolis Palus, Gale crater, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T12:47:04","indexId":"70179259","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing orbiter and rover image-based mapping of an ancient sedimentary environment, Aeolis Palus, Gale crater, Mars","docAbstract":"This study provides the first systematic comparison of orbital facies maps with detailed ground-based geology observations from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover to examine the validity of geologic interpretations derived from orbital image data. Orbital facies maps were constructed for the Darwin, Cooperstown, and Kimberley waypoints visited by the Curiosity rover using High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images. These maps, which represent the most detailed orbital analysis of these areas to date, were compared with rover image-based geologic maps and stratigraphic columns derived from Curiosity’s Mast Camera (Mastcam) and Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI). Results show that bedrock outcrops can generally be distinguished from unconsolidated surficial deposits in high-resolution orbital images and that orbital facies mapping can be used to recognize geologic contacts between well-exposed bedrock units. However, process-based interpretations derived from orbital image mapping are difficult to infer without known regional context or observable paleogeomorphic indicators, and layer-cake models of stratigraphy derived from orbital maps oversimplify depositional relationships as revealed from a rover perspective. This study also shows that fine-scale orbital image-based mapping of current and future Mars landing sites is essential for optimizing the efficiency and science return of rover surface operations.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.024","usgsCitation":"Stack, K.M., Edwards, C., Grotzinger, J.P., Gupta, S., Sumner, D., Edgar, L.A., Fraeman, A., Jacob, S., LeDeit, L., Lewis, K., Rice, M., Rubin, D., Calef, F., Edgett, K., Williams, R., and Williford, K.H., 2016, Comparing orbiter and rover image-based mapping of an ancient sedimentary environment, Aeolis Palus, Gale crater, Mars: Icarus, p. 3-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.024.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"21","ipdsId":"IP-065488","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":461993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.024","text":"External Repository"},{"id":332517,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103516000932"},{"id":332558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58638bd3e4b0cd2dabe7beaa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stack, Kathryn M. 0000-0003-3444-6695","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3444-6695","contributorId":146791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stack","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Christopher cedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":147768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Christopher","email":"cedwards@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grotzinger, J. P.","contributorId":173333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grotzinger","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13711,"text":"Caltech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gupta, S.","contributorId":177658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gupta","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sumner, D.","contributorId":177664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Edgar, Lauren A. 0000-0001-7512-7813 ledgar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-7813","contributorId":167501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"Lauren","email":"ledgar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fraeman, A.","contributorId":177657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fraeman","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jacob, S.","contributorId":177659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacob","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"LeDeit, L.","contributorId":177660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"LeDeit","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lewis, K.W.","contributorId":177661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lewis","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rice, M.S.","contributorId":177662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rice","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rubin, D.","contributorId":177663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Calef, F.","contributorId":177655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calef","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Edgett, K.","contributorId":177656,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edgett","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Williams, R.M.E.","contributorId":167507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"R.M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24732,"text":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Williford, K. H.","contributorId":177665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70179254,"text":"ofr20161211 - 2016 - Development of a study design and implementation plan to estimate juvenile salmon survival in Lookout Point Reservoir and other reservoirs of the Willamette Project, western Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-02T09:56:52","indexId":"ofr20161211","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-23T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1211","title":"Development of a study design and implementation plan to estimate juvenile salmon survival in Lookout Point Reservoir and other reservoirs of the Willamette Project, western Oregon","docAbstract":"Survival estimates for juvenile salmon and steelhead fry in reservoirs impounded by high head dams are coveted data by resource managers. However, this information is difficult to obtain because these fish are too small for tagging using conventional methods such as passive-integrated transponders or radio or acoustic transmitters. We developed a study design and implementation plan to conduct a pilot evaluation that would assess the performance of two models for estimating fry survival in a field setting. The first model is a staggered-release recovery model that was described by Skalski and others (2009) and Skalski (2016). The second model is a parentage-based tagging N-mixture model that was developed and described in this document. Both models are conceptually and statistically sound, but neither has been evaluated in the field. In this document we provide an overview of a proposed study for 2017 in Lookout Point Reservoir, Oregon, that will evaluate survival of Chinook salmon fry using both models. This approach will allow us to test each model and compare survival estimates, to determine model performance and better understand these study designs using field-collected data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Perry, R.W., Monzyk, F.R., Pope, A.C., and Plumb, J.M., 2016, Development of a study design and implementation plan to estimate juvenile salmon survival in Lookout Point Reservoir and other reservoirs of the Willamette Project, western Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1211, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161211.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079919","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1211/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":332515,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1211/ofr20161211.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1211 Report PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Dexter Dam, Dexter Reservoir, Lookout Point Reservoir, Lookout Point Dam, Middle Fork Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.89718627929688,\n 43.91768033000405\n ],\n [\n -122.81410217285155,\n 43.98589821991874\n ],\n [\n -122.64244079589842,\n 43.929055415997134\n ],\n [\n -122.5140380859375,\n 43.82808744469062\n ],\n [\n -122.63626098632812,\n 43.77059798257491\n ],\n [\n -122.75711059570312,\n 43.854830911225235\n ],\n [\n -122.89718627929688,\n 43.91768033000405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
Recent advances in suspended-sediment monitoring tools and surrogate technologies have greatly improved the ability to quantify suspended-sediment concentrations and to estimate daily, seasonal, and annual suspended-sediment fluxes from rivers to coastal waters. However, little is known about the chemical composition of suspended sediment, and how it may vary spatially between water bodies and temporally within a single system owing to climate, seasonality, land use, and other natural and anthropogenic drivers. Many water-quality contaminants, such as organic and inorganic chemicals, nutrients, and pathogens, preferentially partition in sediment rather than water. Suspended sediment-bound chemical concentrations may be undetected during analysis of unfiltered water samples, owing to small water sample volumes and analytical limitations. Quantification of suspended sediment‑bound chemical concentrations is needed to improve estimates of total chemical concentrations, chemical fluxes, and exposure levels of aquatic organisms and humans in receiving environments. Despite these needs, few studies or monitoring programs measure the chemical composition of suspended sediment, largely owing to the difficulty in consistently obtaining samples of sufficient quality and quantity for laboratory analysis.
A field protocol is described here utilizing continuous‑flow centrifugation for the collection of suspended sediment for chemical analysis. The centrifuge used for development of this method is small, lightweight, and portable for the field applications described in this protocol. Project scoping considerations, deployment of equipment and system layout options, and results from various field and laboratory quality control experiments are described. The testing confirmed the applicability of the protocol for the determination of many inorganic and organic chemicals sorbed on suspended sediment, including metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls. The particle-size distribution of the captured sediment changes to a more fine-grained sample during centrifugation, and the necessity to account for this change when extrapolating chemical concentrations on the centrifuged sediment sample to the environmental water system is discussed.
The data produced using this method will help eliminate a data gap of suspended sediment-bound chemical concentrations, and will support management decisions, such as chemical source-control efforts or in-stream restoration activities. When coupled with streamflow and sediment flux data, it will improve estimates of riverine chemical fluxes, and will aid in assessing the importance and impacts of suspended sediment-bound chemicals to downstream freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section D: Water quality in Book 1: Collection of water data by direct measurement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm1D6","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water Quality Monitoring Council and Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Conn, K.E., Dinicola, R.S., Black, R.W., Cox, S.E., Sheibley, R.W., Foreman, J.R., Senter, C.A., and Peterson, N.T., 2016, Continuous-flow centrifugation to collect suspended sediment for chemical analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 1, chap. D6, 31 p., plus appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm1D6.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 31 p.; Appendixes: A-E","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079905","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332505,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d6/tm1d6_appendixb.pdf","text":"Appendix B","size":"100 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM1-D6 Appendix B"},{"id":332503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d6/tm1d6.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM1-D6 Report PDF"},{"id":332504,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d6/tm1d6_appendixa.xlsx","text":"Appendix A","size":"102 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"TM1-D6 Appendix A"},{"id":332506,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d6/tm1d6_appendixc.pdf","text":"Appendix C","size":"142 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM1-D6 Appendix C"},{"id":332507,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d6/tm1d6_appendixd.pdf","text":"Appendix D","size":"145 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM1-D6 Appendix D"},{"id":332508,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d6/tm1d6_appendixe.pdf","text":"Appendix E","size":"930 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM1-D6 Appendix E"},{"id":332502,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/01/d6/coverthb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"This report is Chapter 6 of Section D: Water quality in Book 1: Collection of water data by direct measurement.","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Suspended-sediment and total phosphorus loads were computed for two sites in the Upper Klamath Basin on the Wood and Williamson Rivers, the two main tributaries to Upper Klamath Lake. High temporal resolution turbidity and acoustic backscatter data were used to develop surrogate regression models to compute instantaneous concentrations and loads on these rivers. Regression models for the Williamson River site showed strong correlations of turbidity with total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations (adjusted coefficients of determination [Adj R2]=0.73 and 0.95, respectively). Regression models for the Wood River site had relatively poor, although statistically significant, relations of turbidity with total phosphorus, and turbidity and acoustic backscatter with suspended sediment concentration, with high prediction uncertainty. Total phosphorus loads for the partial 2014 water year (excluding October and November 2013) were 39 and 28 metric tons for the Williamson and Wood Rivers, respectively. These values are within the low range of phosphorus loads computed for these rivers from prior studies using water-quality data collected by the Klamath Tribes. The 2014 partial year total phosphorus loads on the Williamson and Wood Rivers are assumed to be biased low because of the absence of data from the first 2 months of water year 2014, and the drought conditions that were prevalent during that water year. Therefore, total phosphorus and suspended-sediment loads in this report should be considered as representative of a low-water year for the two study sites. Comparing loads from the Williamson and Wood River monitoring sites for November 2013–September 2014 shows that the Williamson and Sprague Rivers combined, as measured at the Williamson River site, contributed substantially more suspended sediment to Upper Klamath Lake than the Wood River, with 4,360 and 1,450 metric tons measured, respectively.
Surrogate techniques have proven useful at the two study sites, particularly in using turbidity to compute suspended-sediment concentrations in the Williamson River. This proof-of-concept effort for computing total phosphorus concentrations using turbidity at the Williamson and Wood River sites also has shown that with additional samples over a wide range of flow regimes, high-temporal-resolution total phosphorus loads can be estimated on a daily, monthly, and annual basis, along with uncertainties for total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations computed using regression models. Sediment-corrected backscatter at the Wood River has potential for estimating suspended-sediment loads from the Wood River Valley as well, with additional analysis of the variable streamflow measured at that site. Suspended-sediment and total phosphorus loads with a high level of temporal resolution will be useful to water managers, restoration practitioners, and scientists in the Upper Klamath Basin working toward the common goal of decreasing nutrient and sediment loads in Upper Klamath Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165167","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Klamath Tribes","usgsCitation":"Schenk, L.N., Anderson, C.W., Diaz, Paul, and Stewart, M.A., 2016, Evaluating external nutrient and suspended-sediment loads to Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, using surrogate regressions with real-time turbidity and acoustic backscatter data: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5167, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20165167.","productDescription":"vii, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-075160","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332500,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5167/sir20165167.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5167 Report PDF"},{"id":332499,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5167/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3,\n 42.0\n ],\n [\n -122.3,\n 43.3\n ],\n [\n -120.4,\n 43.3\n ],\n [\n -120.4,\n 42.0\n ],\n [\n -122.3,\n 42.0\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
Estimates of juvenile salmon survival are important data for fishery managers in the Yakima River Basin. Radiotelemetry studies during 2012–14 showed that tagged juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that passed through the fish bypass at Roza Dam had lower survival than fish that passed through other routes at the dam. That study also identified flow-survival relationships in the reaches between the Roza Dam tailrace and Sunnyside Dam. During 2012–14, survival also was estimated through reaches downstream of Sunnyside Dam, but generally, sample sizes were low and the estimates were imprecise. In 2016, we conducted an evaluation using acoustic cameras and acoustic telemetry to build on information collected during the previous study. The goal of the 2016 research was to identify areas where mortality occurs in the fish bypass at Roza Dam, and to estimate reach-specific survival in reaches downstream of the dam. The 2016 study included juvenile Chinook salmon and coho salmon (O. kisutch).
Three acoustic cameras were used to observe fish behavior (1) near the entrances to the fish bypass, (2) at a midway point in the fish bypass (convergence vault), and (3) at the bypass outfall. In total, 504 hours of acoustic camera footage was collected at these locations. We determined that smolt-sized fish (95–170 millimeters [mm]) were present in the highest proportions at each location, but predator-sized fish (greater than 250 mm) also were present at each site. Fish presence generally peaked during nighttime hours and crepuscular periods, and was low during daytime hours. In the convergence vault, smolt-sized fish exhibited holding behavior patterns, which may explain why some fish delayed while passing through the bypass.
Some of the acoustic-tagged fish were delayed in the fish bypass following release, but there was no evidence to suggest that they experienced higher mortality than fish that were released at the bypass outfall or downstream of the dam. Most of the tagged fish that were released in the fish bypass moved downstream and re-entered the river within 12 hours, but 9.8 percent of the Chinook salmon and 15.7 percent of the coho salmon remained in the bypass for 2.5–17.4 days. We developed a set of models for Chinook salmon and coho salmon and used model selection to determine if release site was an important predictor of survival of tagged fish. The models that provided the best fit to the Chinook salmon and coho salmon datasets did not include release site as a covariate. Furthermore, survival estimates for groups of fish from the various release sites were nearly identical for both species. Based on these observations, it appears that passage through the fish bypass did not result in increased mortality relative to groups of fish released downstream of the bypass.
Juvenile Chinook salmon migrated downstream faster than juvenile coho salmon and survival for each species varied with release timing. Median travel time from release at Roza Dam to arrival at a detection gate located at river kilometer (rkm) 527.8 on the Columbia River was 15.4 days for Chinook salmon and 37.4 days for coho salmon. Cumulative survival from Roza Dam to the Columbia River detection gate ranged from 0.299 to 0.678 for Chinook salmon, and from 0.321 to 0.627 for coho salmon. Survival was highest for both species when tagged fish were released in mid-April and lowest when tagged fish were released in early-May. Reach-specific survival estimates were standardized to create estimates that described survival per 100 rkm, which showed that survival was very low (less than 0.500) for some release groups, particularly in the Roza, Sunnyside, and Chandler diversion reaches. A more extensive analysis of reach-specific survival is planned for this dataset, which should provide insights into covariates that affected survival during 2016.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161210","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Perry, R.W., and Hansen, A.C., 2016, Survival of juvenile Chinook salmon and coho salmon in the Roza Dam fish bypass and in downstream reaches of the Yakima River, Washington, (ver. 1.1, April 2017): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1210, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161210.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"42","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-079554","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1210/ofr20161210.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1210 Report PDF"},{"id":339521,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1210/versionHist.txt","text":"Version 1.1","size":"3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"OFR 2016-1210 Version History"},{"id":339519,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1210/coverthb3.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Roza Dam, Yakima River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -119.04235839843749,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -119.04235839843749,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 46.14178273759234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: Originally posted December 22, 2016; Version 1.1: April 10, 2017","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
https://wfrc.usgs.gov/
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis) are poised to invade the Laurentian Great Lakes. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (D. rostriformis bugensis) have shifted nutrient pathways towards the benthos, partly through deposition of feces and rejected food particles called biodeposits. When biodeposit material was fed to bighead and silver carp, they fed on the material, but on average lost weight. Energy density between fed and unfed fish did not differ, but a few individual fish did gain weight on the biodeposits diet. Our results demonstrate that biodeposits might be considered a supplemental food for bigheaded carps.
","language":"English","publisher":"REABIC","publisherLocation":"Helsinki","doi":"10.3391/bir.2016.5.4.10","usgsCitation":"Anderson, K.R., Chapman, D., and Hayer, C., 2016, Assessment of dreissenid biodeposits as a potential food resource for invasive Asian carp: BioInvasions Records, v. 5, no. 4, p. 251-257, https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2016.5.4.10.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"257","ipdsId":"IP-057327","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2016.5.4.10","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Pere Marquette Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.466667,\n 43.959167\n ],\n [\n -86.466667,\n 43.916667\n ],\n [\n -86.413889,\n 43.916667\n ],\n [\n -86.413889,\n 43.959167\n ],\n [\n -86.466667,\n 43.959167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585cf4f7e4b01224f329bcae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Karl R. 0000-0002-8584-1225 karlanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8584-1225","contributorId":5113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Karl","email":"karlanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Duane 0000-0002-1086-8853 dchapman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-8853","contributorId":1291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Duane","email":"dchapman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayer, Cari-Ann chayer@usgs.gov","contributorId":150040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayer","given":"Cari-Ann","email":"chayer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179188,"text":"70179188 - 2016 - Quantifying the effects of research band resighting activities on staging terns in comparison to other disturbances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-21T11:19:43","indexId":"70179188","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying the effects of research band resighting activities on staging terns in comparison to other disturbances","docAbstract":"Avian research that involves potential disturbance to the study species may have unintended fitness consequences and could lead to biases in measurements of interest. The effects of band resighting on the behavior of mixed-species flocks of staging waterbirds were evaluated against recreational pedestrian activity that was expected to cause flushing. We found a model with additive effects of distance (near, 0-50 m, or far, 50-200 m) and disturbance type (researcher or pedestrian) best explained flock behaviors. The proportion of staging flocks that flushed in response to pedestrians was greatest when pedestrians were within 50 m of the flock. Virtually no flushes were observed in response to researchers, regardless of distance. These results could assist in alleviating concerns that accepted protocols used for intensive band resighting studies on staging seabirds of special conservation status, such as Roseate (Sterna dougallii) and Common (S. hirundo) terns, may have adverse effects. Our framework could be used by others to test the effects of similar research on sensitive species.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/063.039.0412","usgsCitation":"Althouse, M., Cohen, J., Spendelow, J.A., Karpanty, S.M., Davis, K.L., Parsons, K.C., and Luttazi, C.F., 2016, Quantifying the effects of research band resighting activities on staging terns in comparison to other disturbances: Waterbirds, v. 39, no. 4, p. 417-421, https://doi.org/10.1675/063.039.0412.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"421","ipdsId":"IP-074129","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585ba2e9e4b01224f329b96a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Althouse, Melissa","contributorId":177593,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Althouse","given":"Melissa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, Jonathan B.","contributorId":77252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"Jonathan B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spendelow, Jeffrey A. 0000-0001-8167-0898 jspendelow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":4355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jspendelow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karpanty, Sarah M.","contributorId":63307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karpanty","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":33131,"text":"Dept of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, Kayla L.","contributorId":177595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Kayla","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, Katharine C.","contributorId":113691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Katharine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Luttazi, Cristin F.","contributorId":177596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luttazi","given":"Cristin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70178382,"text":"ofr20161190 - 2016 - Sources of groundwater and characteristics of surface-water recharge at Bell, White, and Suwannee Springs, Florida, 2012–13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T10:29:57","indexId":"ofr20161190","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-1190","title":"Sources of groundwater and characteristics of surface-water recharge at Bell, White, and Suwannee Springs, Florida, 2012–13","docAbstract":"Discharge from springs in Florida is sourced from aquifers, such as the Upper Floridan aquifer, which is overlain by an upper confining unit that locally can have properties of an aquifer. Water levels in aquifers are affected by several factors, such as precipitation, recharge, and groundwater withdrawals, which in turn can affect discharge from springs. Therefore, identifying groundwater sources and recharge characteristics can be important in assessing how these factors might affect flows and water levels in springs and can be informative in broader applications such as groundwater modeling. Recharge characteristics include the residence time of water at the surface, apparent age of recharge, and recharge water temperature.
The groundwater sources and recharge characteristics of three springs that discharge from the banks of the Suwannee River in northern Florida were assessed for this study: Bell Springs, White Springs, and Suwannee Springs. Sources of groundwater were also assessed for a 150-foot-deep well finished within the Upper Floridan aquifer, hereafter referred to as the UFA well. Water samples were collected for geochemical analyses in November 2012 and October 2013 from the three springs and the UFA well. Samples were analyzed for a suite of major ions, dissolved gases, and isotopes of sulfur, strontium, oxygen, and hydrogen. Daily means of water level and specific conductance at White Springs were continuously recorded from October 2012 through December 2013 by the Suwannee River Water Management District. Suwannee River stage at White Springs was computed on the basis of stage at a U.S. Geological Survey streamgage about 2.4 miles upstream. Water levels in two wells, located about 2.5 miles northwest and 13 miles southeast of White Springs, were also used in the analyses.
Major ion concentrations were used to differentiate water from the springs and Upper Floridan aquifer into three groups: Bell Springs, UFA well, and White and Suwannee Springs. When considered together, evidence from water-level, specific conductance, major-ion concentration, and isotope data indicated that groundwater at Bell Springs and the UFA well was a mixture of surface water and groundwater from the upper confining unit, and that groundwater at White and Suwannee Springs was a mixture of surface water, groundwater from the upper confining unit, and groundwater from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Higher concentrations of magnesium in groundwater samples at the UFA well than in samples at Bell Springs might indicate less mixing with surface water at the UFA well than at Bell Springs. Characteristics of surface-water recharge, such as residence time at the surface, apparent age, and recharge water temperature, were estimated on the basis of isotopic ratios, and dissolved concentrations of gases such as argon, tritium, and sulfur hexafluoride. Oxygen and deuterium isotopic ratios were consistent with rapid recharge by rainwater for samples collected in 2012, and longer residence time at the surface (ponding) for samples collected in 2013. Apparent ages of groundwater samples, computed on the basis of tritium activity and sulfur hexafluoride concentration, indicated groundwater recharge occurred after the late 1980s; however, the estimated apparent ages likely represent the average of ages of multiple sources. Recharge since the 1980s is consistent with groundwater from shallow sources, such as the upper confining unit and Upper Floridan aquifer. Recharge water temperature computed for the three springs and UFA well averaged 20.1 degrees Celsius, which is similar to the mean annual air temperature of 20.6 degrees Celsius at a nearby weather station for 1960–2014.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161190","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Suwannee River Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Stamm, J.F., and McBride, W.S., 2016, Sources of groundwater and characteristics of surface-water recharge at Bell, White, and Suwannee Springs, Florida: 2012–13: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1190, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161190.","productDescription":"vii, 27 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066218","costCenters":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1190/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":332419,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1190/ofr20161190.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.73 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016–1190"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Bell Spring, Suwannee Spring, White Spring","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.033333,\n 30.583333\n ],\n [\n -83.033333,\n 30.166667\n ],\n [\n -82.616667,\n 30.166667\n ],\n [\n -82.616667,\n 30.583333\n ],\n [\n -83.033333,\n 30.583333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4446 Pet Lane, Suite 108
Lutz, FL 33559
Over the past 100 years, human activity has greatly changed the rate of atmospheric N (nitrogen) deposition in terrestrial ecosystems, resulting in N saturation in some regions of the world. The contribution of N saturation to the global carbon budget remains uncertain due to the complicated nature of C-N (carbon-nitrogen) interactions and diverse geography. Although N deposition is included in most terrestrial ecosystem models, the effect of N saturation is frequently overlooked. In this study, the IBIS (Integrated BIosphere Simulator) was used to simulate the global-scale effects of N saturation during the period 1961–2009. The results of this model indicate that N saturation reduced global NPP (Net Primary Productivity) and NEP (Net Ecosystem Productivity) by 0.26 and 0.03 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The negative effects of N saturation on carbon sequestration occurred primarily in temperate forests and grasslands. In response to elevated CO2 levels, global N turnover slowed due to increased biomass growth, resulting in a decline in soil mineral N. These changes in N cycling reduced the impact of N saturation on the global carbon budget. However, elevated N deposition in certain regions may further alter N saturation and C-N coupling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/srep39173","usgsCitation":"Lu, X., Jiang, H., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Jin, J., Zhu, Q., Zhang, Z., and Peng, C., 2016, Simulated effects of nitrogen saturation the global carbon budget using the IBIS model: Scientific Reports, v. 6, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39173.","productDescription":"Article 39173 ; 10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-064996","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":470314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585ba2e8e4b01224f329b968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Xuehe","contributorId":175216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Xuehe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27538,"text":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210093","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jiang, Hong","contributorId":33200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiang","given":"Hong","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Jinxun 0000-0003-0561-8988 jxliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-8988","contributorId":3414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Jinxun","email":"jxliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Xiuying","contributorId":175218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiuying","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27538,"text":"International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210093","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":656315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jin, Jiaxin","contributorId":13561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jin","given":"Jiaxin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhu, Qiuan","contributorId":85065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Qiuan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zhang, Zhen","contributorId":94945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Zhen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Peng, Changhui","contributorId":8357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"Changhui","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70180995,"text":"70180995 - 2016 - Feline immunodeficiency virus cross-species transmission: Implications for emergence of new lentiviral infections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T14:52:29","indexId":"70180995","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2497,"text":"Journal of Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feline immunodeficiency virus cross-species transmission: Implications for emergence of new lentiviral infections","docAbstract":"Owing to a complex history of host-parasite coevolution, lentiviruses exhibit a high degree of species specificity. Given the well-documented viral archeology of HIV emergence following human exposures to SIV, understanding processes that promote successful cross-species lentiviral transmissions is highly relevant. We have previously reported natural cross-species transmission of a subtype of feline immunodeficiency virus, puma lentivirus A (PLVA), between bobcats (Lynx rufus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) in a small number of animals in California and Florida. In this study we investigate host-specific selection pressures, within-host viral fitness, and inter- vs. intra-species transmission patterns among a larger collection of PLV isolates from free-ranging bobcats and mountain lions. Analysis of proviral and viral RNA levels demonstrates that PLVA fitness is severely restricted in mountain lions compared to bobcats. We document evidence of diversifying selection in three of six PLVA genomes from mountain lions, but did not detect selection among twenty PLVA isolates from bobcats. These findings support that PLVA is a bobcat-adapted virus, which is less fit in mountain lions and under intense selection pressure in the novel host. Ancestral reconstruction of transmission events reveals intraspecific PLVA transmission has occurred among panthers (Puma concolor coryi) in Florida following initial cross-species infection from bobcats. In contrast, interspecific transmission from bobcats to mountain lions predominates in California. These findings document outcomes of cross-species lentiviral transmission events among felids that compare to emergence of HIV from nonhuman primates.
IMPORTANCE Cross-species transmission episodes can be singular, dead-end events or can result in viral replication and spread in the new species. The factors that determine which outcome will occur are complex, and the risk of new virus emergence is therefore difficult to predict. Here we use molecular techniques to evaluate transmission, fitness, and adaptation of puma lentivirus A (PLVA) between bobcats and mountain lions in two geographic regions. Our findings illustrate that mountain lion exposure to PLVA is relatively common, but does not routinely result in infections communicable in the new host. This is attributed to efficient species barriers that largely prevent lentiviral adaptation. However, the evolutionary capacity for lentiviruses to adapt to novel environments may ultimately overcome host restriction mechanisms over time and under certain ecological circumstances. This phenomenon provides a unique opportunity to examine cross-species transmission events leading to new lentiviral emergence.