Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool channels were investigated through physical modeling using a laboratory flume. Variables contributing to flow resistance in step‐pool channels were manipulated in order to measure the effects of various large woody debris (LWD) configurations, steps, grains, discharge, and slope on total flow resistance. This entailed nearly 400 flume runs, organized into a series of factorial experiments. Factorial analyses of variance indicated significant two‐way and three‐way interaction effects between steps, grains, and LWD, illustrating the complexity of flow resistance in these channels. Interactions between steps and LWD resulted in substantially greater flow resistance for steps with LWD than for steps lacking LWD. LWD position contributed to these interactions, whereby LWD pieces located near the lip of steps, analogous to step‐forming debris in natural channels, increased the effective height of steps and created substantially higher flow resistance than pieces located farther upstream on step treads. Step geometry and LWD density and orientation also had highly significant effects on flow resistance. Flow resistance dynamics and the resistance effect of bed roughness configurations were strongly discharge‐dependent; discharge had both highly significant main effects on resistance and highly significant interactions with all other variables.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004277","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, A.C., and Wohl, E.E., 2006, Flow resistance dynamics in step‐pool stream channels: 1. Large woody debris and controls on total resistance: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 5, Article W05418; 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004277.","productDescription":"Article W05418; 16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477436,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004277","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a124fe4b0c8380cd54268","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Andrew C. 0000-0002-6241-8977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-8977","contributorId":195613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wohl, Ellen E.","contributorId":16969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030600,"text":"70030600 - 2006 - An evaluation of factors influencing pore pressure in accretionary complexes: Implications for taper angle and wedge mechanics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030600","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of factors influencing pore pressure in accretionary complexes: Implications for taper angle and wedge mechanics","docAbstract":"At many subduction zones, accretionary complexes form as sediment is off-scraped from the subducting plate. Mechanical models that treat accretionary complexes as critically tapered wedges of sediment demonstrate that pore pressure controls their taper angle by modifying basal and internal shear strength. Here, we combine a numerical model of groundwater flow with critical taper theory to quantify the effects of sediment and de??collement permeability, sediment thickness, sediment partitioning between accretion and underthrusting, and plate convergence rate on steady state pore pressure. Our results show that pore pressure in accretionary wedges can be viewed as a dynamically maintained response to factors which drive pore pressure (source terms) and those that limit flow (permeability and drainage path length). We find that sediment permeability and incoming sediment thickness are the most important factors, whereas fault permeability and the partitioning of sediment have a small effect. For our base case model scenario, as sediment permeability is increased, pore pressure decreases from near-lithostatic to hydrostatic values and allows stable taper angles to increase from ??? 2.5?? to 8??-12.5??. With increased sediment thickness in our models (from 100 to 8000 m), increased pore pressure drives a decrease in stable taper angle from 8.4??-12.5?? to <2.5-5??. In general, low-permeability and thick incoming sediment sustain high pore pressures consistent with shallowly tapered geometry, whereas high-permeability and thin incoming sediment should result in steep geometry. Our model results compare favorably with available data from active accretionary complexes. Active margins characterized by a significant proportion of fine-grained sediment within the incoming section, such as northern Antilles and eastern Nankai, exhibit thin taper angles, whereas those characterized by a higher proportion of sandy turbidites, such as Cascadia, Chile, and Mexico, have steep taper angles. Observations from active margins also indicate a strong trend of decreasing taper angle (from >15?? to <4??) with increased sediment thickness (from <1 to 7 km). One key implication is that hydrologic properties may strongly influence the strength of the crust in a wide range of geologic settings. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JB003990","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Saffer, D., and Bekins, B., 2006, An evaluation of factors influencing pore pressure in accretionary complexes: Implications for taper angle and wedge mechanics: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 111, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003990.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477417,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003990","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":211961,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003990"},{"id":239351,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea4be4b0c8380cd4876d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saffer, D.M.","contributorId":72945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, B.A.","contributorId":98309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030601,"text":"70030601 - 2006 - Risk of Myxobolus cerebralis infection to rainbow trout in the Madison River, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T14:53:38","indexId":"70030601","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Risk of Myxobolus cerebralis infection to rainbow trout in the Madison River, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite that causes salmonid whirling disease, has had detrimental effects on several salmonid populations in the Intermountain West, including the rainbow trout in the Madison River, Montana, USA. The goal of this study was to examine relationships among characteristics of the environment, Tubifex tubifex (the alternate host) populations, and rainbow trout whirling disease risk in the Madison River. Environmental characteristics were measured in side channels of the Madison River, and differences were described with a principal components analysis. The density of T. tubifex, the prevalence of infection in T. tubifex, and the density of infected T. tubifex were determined for the side channels using benthic core samples and examination of live tubificids for infection. The site-specific contribution to whirling disease risk in the side channels was determined using in situ exposures of sentinel rainbow trout. Regression analyses were used to determine correlations among these characteristics. Side channels differed in site-specific contribution to rainbow trout whirling disease risk, which was positively correlated to the density of infected T. tubifex. Side channels with fine sediments and lower water temperatures made greater site-specific contribution to whirling disease risk and had higher densities of infected T. tubifex than side channels with coarser sediments and higher temperatures. The ability to characterize areas of high whirling disease risk is essential for improving our understanding of the dynamics of M. cerebralis such that appropriate management strategies can be implemented. In addition, this study provides a model of how the disease ecology of complex aquatic parasites can be examined when the influential processes operate on different spatial scales. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0770:ROMCIT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Krueger, R., Kerans, B., Vincent, E., and Rasmussen, C., 2006, Risk of Myxobolus cerebralis infection to rainbow trout in the Madison River, Montana, USA: Ecological Applications, v. 16, no. 2, p. 770-783, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0770:ROMCIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"770","endPage":"783","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Madison River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.64169311523438,\n 45.0938831252118\n ],\n [\n -111.6925048828125,\n 45.08321794926837\n ],\n [\n -111.69937133789062,\n 45.00365115687189\n ],\n [\n -111.57302856445312,\n 44.83347388333049\n ],\n [\n -111.43569946289062,\n 44.79450545288309\n ],\n [\n -111.41921997070312,\n 44.822760189927365\n ],\n [\n -111.43569946289062,\n 44.85100108620397\n ],\n [\n -111.57852172851562,\n 44.93175198383987\n ],\n [\n -111.64993286132812,\n 45.03956694724904\n ],\n [\n -111.64993286132812,\n 45.08515722028692\n ],\n [\n -111.64169311523438,\n 45.0938831252118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad96e4b0c8380cd86f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krueger, R.C.","contributorId":32350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerans, B.L.","contributorId":93610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerans","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vincent, E.R.","contributorId":64889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vincent","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rasmussen, C.","contributorId":66392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030602,"text":"70030602 - 2006 - Distribution of foraminifera in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, over the past century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030602","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2294,"text":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of foraminifera in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, over the past century","docAbstract":"Foraminiferal and radionuclide data have been used to investigate environmental change that has occurred within Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, over the last century. Environmental conditions were evaluated for three time slices; (1) the modern environment as determined by surficial (0-1 cm) sediments, (2) short-core intervals representing approximately 40 years BP, as determined by 137Cs activity, and (3) short-core intervals representing approximately 120 years BP, as determined by 210Pb activity. Cluster analysis distinguished four foraminiferal assemblages at the surface (0-1 cm): (1) Marsh Biofacies, (2) Estuarine Biofacies A, (3) Estuarine Biofacies B, and (4) Marine Biofacies. The Marsh Biofacies is characterized by typical marsh foraminifera such as Tiphotrocha comprimata, Trochammina inflata, Miliammina fusca and Haplophragmoides wilberti. Estuarine Biofacies A is distinguished from Estuarine Biofacies B by the greater relative abundance of the agglutinated species Ammotium salsum and Ammobaculites crassus in the former and the greater relative abundance of Elphidium excavatum in the latter. The Marine Biofacies is comprised completely of calcareous foraminifera (e.g., Elphidium excavatum, Hanzawaia strattoni, Cibicides lobatulus, Elphidium subarcticum, Quinqueloculina seminula and Elphidium galvestonense) and is restricted to tidal inlets. Down-core foraminiferal data indicate that approximately 120 years BP, Pamlico Sound was dominated by Estuarine Biofacies A, which is indicative of brackish conditions. Upcore in the 40 years BP and modern time slices, Estuarine Biofacies B is the more prominent assemblage within Pamlico Sound; this is indicative of increased salinity over time. Lowered salinity conditions 120 years BP may be the result of high hurricane activity over a several year period.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/36.2.135","issn":"00961191","usgsCitation":"Abbene, I., Culver, S., Corbett, D., Buzas, M., and Tully, L., 2006, Distribution of foraminifera in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, over the past century: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 135-151, https://doi.org/10.2113/36.2.135.","startPage":"135","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477645,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.579.1399","text":"External Repository"},{"id":239385,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211988,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/36.2.135"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02d1e4b0c8380cd501f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbene, I.J.","contributorId":44349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbene","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Culver, S.J.","contributorId":53970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culver","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corbett, D.R.","contributorId":73791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corbett","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buzas, M.A.","contributorId":58018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buzas","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tully, L.S.","contributorId":107494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tully","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030604,"text":"70030604 - 2006 - Inflation model of Uzon caldera, Kamchatka, constrained by satellite radar interferometry observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T11:18:09","indexId":"70030604","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inflation model of Uzon caldera, Kamchatka, constrained by satellite radar interferometry observations","docAbstract":"We analyzed RADARSAT-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to compute interferometric SAR (InSAR) images of surface deformation at Uzon caldera, Kamchatka, Russia. From 2000 to 2003 approximately 0.15 m of inflation occurred at Uzon caldera, extending beneath adjacent Kikhpinych volcano. This contrasts with InSAR data showing no significant deformation during either the 1999 to 2000, or 2003 to 2004, time periods. We performed three sets of numerical source inversions to fit InSAR data from three different swaths spanning 2000 to 2003. The preferred source model is an irregularly shaped, pressurized crack, dipping ∼20° to the NW, 4 km below the surface. The geometry of this solution is similar to the upper boundary of the geologically inferred magma chamber. Extension of the surface deformation and source to adjacent Kikhpinych volcano, without an eruption, suggests that the deformation is more likely of hydrothermal origin, possibly driven by recharge of the magma chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union.","doi":"10.1029/2005GL025181","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Lundgren, P., and Lu, Z., 2006, Inflation model of Uzon caldera, Kamchatka, constrained by satellite radar interferometry observations: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 33, no. 6, L06301; 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025181.","productDescription":"L06301; 4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl025181","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Kamchatka","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 149.7216796875,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n 149.7216796875,\n 63.97596090918338\n ],\n [\n 176.22070312499997,\n 63.97596090918338\n ],\n [\n 176.22070312499997,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n 149.7216796875,\n 47.39834920035926\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3afde4b0c8380cd62134","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lundgren, Paul","contributorId":34806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundgren","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":427819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030606,"text":"70030606 - 2006 - Estimating crustal heterogeneity from double-difference tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030606","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating crustal heterogeneity from double-difference tomography","docAbstract":"Seismic velocity parameters in limited, but heterogeneous volumes can be inferred using a double-difference tomographic algorithm, but to obtain meaningful results accuracy must be maintained at every step of the computation. MONTEILLER et al. (2005) have devised a double-difference tomographic algorithm that takes full advantage of the accuracy of cross-spectral time-delays of large correlated event sets. This algorithm performs an accurate computation of theoretical travel-time delays in heterogeneous media and applies a suitable inversion scheme based on optimization theory. When applied to Kilauea Volcano, in Hawaii, the double-difference tomography approach shows significant and coherent changes to the velocity model in the well-resolved volumes beneath the Kilauea caldera and the upper east rift. In this paper, we first compare the results obtained using MONTEILLER et al.'s algorithm with those obtained using the classic travel-time tomographic approach. Then, we evaluated the effect of using data series of different accuracies, such as handpicked arrival-time differences (\"picking differences\"), on the results produced by double-difference tomographic algorithms. We show that picking differences have a non-Gaussian probability density function (pdf). Using a hyperbolic secant pdf instead of a Gaussian pdf allows improvement of the double-difference tomographic result when using picking difference data. We completed our study by investigating the use of spatially discontinuous time-delay data. ?? Birkha??user Verlag, Basel, 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00024-005-0022-x","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Got, J., Monteiller, V., Virieux, J., and Okubo, P., 2006, Estimating crustal heterogeneity from double-difference tomography: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 163, no. 2-3, p. 405-430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-005-0022-x.","startPage":"405","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-005-0022-x"},{"id":239424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"163","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b13e4b0c8380cd52560","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Got, J.-L.","contributorId":80867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Got","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monteiller, V.","contributorId":62409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monteiller","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virieux, J.","contributorId":10617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virieux","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":427823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030608,"text":"70030608 - 2006 - Evaluation of kinetic uncertainty in numerical models of petroleum generation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030608","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of kinetic uncertainty in numerical models of petroleum generation","docAbstract":"Oil-prone marine petroleum source rocks contain type I or type II kerogen having Rock-Eval pyrolysis hydrogen indices greater than 600 or 300-600 mg hydrocarbon/g total organic carbon (HI, mg HC/g TOC), respectively. Samples from 29 marine source rocks worldwide that contain mainly type II kerogen (HI = 230-786 mg HC/g TOC) were subjected to open-system programmed pyrolysis to determine the activation energy distributions for petroleum generation. Assuming a burial heating rate of 1??C/m.y. for each measured activation energy distribution, the calculated average temperature for 50% fractional conversion of the kerogen in the samples to petroleum is approximately 136 ?? 7??C, but the range spans about 30??C (???121-151??C). Fifty-two outcrop samples of thermally immature Jurassic Oxford Clay Formation were collected from five locations in the United Kingdom to determine the variations of kinetic response for one source rock unit. The samples contain mainly type I or type II kerogens (HI = 230-774 mg HC/g TOC). At a heating rate of 1??C/m.y., the calculated temperatures for 50% fractional conversion of the Oxford Clay kerogens to petroleum differ by as much as 23??C (127-150??C). The data indicate that kerogen type, as defined by hydrogen index, is not systematically linked to kinetic response, and that default kinetics for the thermal decomposition of type I or type II kerogen can introduce unacceptable errors into numerical simulations. Furthermore, custom kinetics based on one or a few samples may be inadequate to account for variations in organofacies within a source rock. We propose three methods to evaluate the uncertainty contributed by kerogen kinetics to numerical simulations: (1) use the average kinetic distribution for multiple samples of source rock and the standard deviation for each activation energy in that distribution; (2) use source rock kinetics determined at several locations to describe different parts of the study area; and (3) use a weighted-average method that combines kinetics for samples from different locations in the source rock unit by giving the activation energy distribution for each sample a weight proportional to its Rock-Eval pyrolysis S2 yield (hydrocarbons generated by pyrolytic degradation of organic matter). Copyright ?? 2006. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/10140505122","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"Peters, K.E., Walters, C., and Mankiewicz, P., 2006, Evaluation of kinetic uncertainty in numerical models of petroleum generation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 90, no. 3, p. 387-403, https://doi.org/10.1306/10140505122.","startPage":"387","endPage":"403","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212051,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/10140505122"},{"id":239460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c8de4b0c8380cd52bc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, K. E.","contributorId":17295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, C.C.","contributorId":102613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mankiewicz, P.J.","contributorId":37956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankiewicz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030609,"text":"70030609 - 2006 - Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-07T08:27:24","indexId":"70030609","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars","docAbstract":"Flood lavas are major geological features on all the major rocky planetary bodies. They provide important insight into the dynamics and chemistry of the interior of these bodies. On the Earth, they appear to be associated with major and mass extinction events. It is therefore not surprising that there has been significant research on flood lavas in recent years. Initial models suggested eruption durations of days and volumetric fluxes of order 107 m3 s−1 with flows moving as turbulent floods. However, our understanding of how lava flows can be emplaced under an insulating crust was revolutionized by the observations of actively inflating pahoehoe flows in Hawaii. These new ideas led to the hypothesis that flood lavas were emplaced over many years with eruption rates of the order of 104 m3 s−1. The field evidence indicates that flood lava flows in the Columbia River Basalts, Deccan Traps, Etendeka lavas, and the Kerguelen Plateau were emplaced as inflated pahoehoe sheet flows. This was reinforced by the observation of active lava flows of ≥100 km length on Io being formed as tube-fed flows fed by moderate eruption rates (102–103 m3 s−1). More recently it has been found that some flood lavas are also emplaced in a more rapid manner. New high-resolution images from Mars revealed ‘platy–ridged’ flood lava flows, named after the large rafted plates and ridges formed by compression of the flow top. A search for appropriate terrestrial analogues found an excellent example in Iceland: the 1783–1784 Laki Flow Field. The brecciated Laki flow top consists of pieces of pahoehoe, not aa clinker, leading us to call this ‘rubbly pahoehoe’. Similar flows have been found in the Columbia River Basalts and the Kerguelen Plateau. We hypothesize that these flows form with a thick, insulating, but mobile crust, which is disrupted when surges in the erupted flux are too large to maintain the normal pahoehoe mode of emplacement. Flood lavas emplaced in this manner could have (intermittently) reached effusion rates of the order of 106 m3 s−1.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Geological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/0016-764904-503","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., Self, S., and Thordarson, T., 2006, Flood lavas on Earth, Io and Mars: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 163, no. 2, p. 253-264, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-503.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":212075,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-503"},{"id":239493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"163","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10f5e4b0c8380cd53e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Self, Stephen","contributorId":191218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Self","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thordarson, Thorvaldur","contributorId":197925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thordarson","given":"Thorvaldur","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35089,"text":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Nordvulk, University of Iceland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030611,"text":"70030611 - 2006 - Spirit rover localization and topographic mapping at the landing site of Gusev crater, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T17:06:21","indexId":"70030611","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spirit rover localization and topographic mapping at the landing site of Gusev crater, Mars","docAbstract":"By sol 440, the Spirit rover has traversed a distance of 3.76 km (actual distance traveled instead of odometry). Localization of the lander and the rover along the traverse has been successfully performed at the Gusev crater landing site. We localized the lander in the Gusev crater using two-way Doppler radio positioning and cartographic triangulations through landmarks visible in both orbital and ground images. Additional high-resolution orbital images were used to verify the determined lander position. Visual odometry and bundle adjustment technologies were applied to compensate for wheel slippage, azimuthal angle drift, and other navigation errors (which were as large as 10.5% in the Husband Hill area). We generated topographic products, including 72 ortho maps and three-dimensional (3-D) digital terrain models, 11 horizontal and vertical traverse profiles, and one 3-D crater model (up to sol 440). Also discussed in this paper are uses of the data for science operations planning, geological traverse surveys, surveys of wind-related features, and other science applications.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002483","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Li, R., Archinal, B.A., Arvidson, R.E., Bell, J., Christensen, P.R., Crumpler, L.S., Des Marais, D.J., Di, K., Duxbury, T., Golombek, M., Grant, J., Greeley, R., Guinn, J., Johnson, A.H., Kirk, R.L., Maimone, M., Matthies, L.H., Malin, M., Parker, T., Sims, M.H., Thompson, S.D., Squyres, S.W., and Soderblom, L.A., 2006, Spirit rover localization and topographic mapping at the landing site of Gusev crater, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. E2, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002483.","productDescription":"13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477636,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005je002483","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gusev crater; Mars","volume":"111","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9600e4b08c986b31b23d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Rongxing","contributorId":211216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Rongxing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archinal, Brent A. 0000-0002-6654-0742 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Michael","contributorId":88112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Parker, Timothy","contributorId":88791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Timothy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Sims, Michael H.","contributorId":210519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sims","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":24796,"text":"NASA Ames Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Thompson, Shane D.","contributorId":22079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Squyres, Steven W.","contributorId":10537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}} ,{"id":70030612,"text":"70030612 - 2006 - Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030612","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars","docAbstract":"The Mars Exploration Rovers investigated numerous craters in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum during the first ???400 sols of their missions. Craters vary in size and preservation state but are mostly due to secondary impacts at Gusev and primary impacts at Meridiani. Craters at both locations are modified primarily by eolian erosion and infilling and lack evidence for modification by aqueous processes. Effects of gradation on crater form are dependent on size, local lithology, slopes, and availability of mobile sediments. At Gusev, impacts into basaltic rubble create shallow craters and ejecta composed of resistant rocks. Ejecta initially experience eolian stripping, which becomes weathering-limited as lags develop on ejecta surfaces and sediments are trapped within craters. Subsequent eolian gradation depends on the slow production of fines by weathering and impacts and is accompanied by minor mass wasting. At Meridiani the sulfate-rich bedrock is more susceptible to eolian erosion, and exposed crater rims, walls, and ejecta are eroded, while lower interiors and low-relief surfaces are increasingly infilled and buried by mostly basaltic sediments. Eolian processes outpace early mass wasting, often produce meters of erosion, and mantle some surfaces. Some small craters were likely completely eroded/buried. Craters >100 m in diameter on the Hesperian-aged floor of Gusev are generally more pristine than on the Amazonian-aged Meridiani plains. This conclusion contradicts interpretations from orbital views, which do not readily distinguish crater gradation state at Meridiani and reveal apparently subdued crater forms at Gusev that may suggest more gradation than has occurred. Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2005JE002465","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Grant, J.A., Arvidson, R., Crumpler, L., Golombek, M., Hahn, B., Haldemann, A.F., Li, R., Soderblom, L., Squyres, S.W., Wright, S., and Watters, W., 2006, Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 111, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002465.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486920,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005je002465","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":212105,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002465"},{"id":239528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc9ae4b0c8380cd4e338","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grant, J. 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W.","contributorId":31836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wright, S.P.","contributorId":14622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Watters, W.A.","contributorId":86542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70030620,"text":"70030620 - 2006 - Long-period effects of the Denali earthquake on water bodies in the Puget Lowland: Observations and modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030620","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-period effects of the Denali earthquake on water bodies in the Puget Lowland: Observations and modeling","docAbstract":"Analysis of strong-motion instrument recordings in Seattle, Washington, resulting from the 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake reveals that amplification in the 0.2-to 1.0-Hz frequency band is largely governed by the shallow sediments both inside and outside the sedimentary basins beneath the Puget Lowland. Sites above the deep sedimentary strata show additional seismic-wave amplification in the 0.04- to 0.2-Hz frequency range. Surface waves generated by the Mw 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake of 3 November 2002 produced pronounced water waves across Washington state. The largest water waves coincided with the area of largest seismic-wave amplification underlain by the Seattle basin. In the current work, we present reports that show Lakes Union and Washington, both located on the Seattle basin, are susceptible to large water waves generated by large local earthquakes and teleseisms. A simple model of a water body is adopted to explain the generation of waves in water basins. This model provides reasonable estimates for the water-wave amplitudes in swimming pools during the Denali earthquake but appears to underestimate the waves observed in Lake Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050090","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Barberopoulou, A., Qamar, A., Pratt, T.L., and Steele, W.P., 2006, Long-period effects of the Denali earthquake on water bodies in the Puget Lowland: Observations and modeling: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 2, p. 519-535, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050090.","startPage":"519","endPage":"535","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211730,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050090"},{"id":239077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a496de4b0c8380cd685c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barberopoulou, A.","contributorId":45507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barberopoulou","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Qamar, A. 0000-0003-3131-3141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":50347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qamar","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steele, W. P.","contributorId":101445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030621,"text":"70030621 - 2006 - Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030621","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems","docAbstract":"In terrestrial high-latitude regions, observations indicate recent changes in snow cover, permafrost, and soil freeze-thaw transitions due to climate change. These modifications may result in temporal shifts in the growing season and the associated rates of terrestrial productivity. Changes in productivity will influence the ability of these ecosystems to sequester atmospheric CO2. We use the terrestrial ecosystem model (TEM), which simulates the soil thermal regime, in addition to terrestrial carbon (C), nitrogen and water dynamics, to explore these issues over the years 1960-2100 in extratropical regions (30-90??N). Our model simulations show decreases in snow cover and permafrost stability from 1960 to 2100. Decreases in snow cover agree well with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite observations collected between the years 1972 and 2000, with Pearson rank correlation coefficients between 0.58 and 0.65. Model analyses also indicate a trend towards an earlier thaw date of frozen soils and the onset of the growing season in the spring by approximately 2-4 days from 1988 to 2000. Between 1988 and 2000, satellite records yield a slightly stronger trend in thaw and the onset of the growing season, averaging between 5 and 8 days earlier. In both, the TEM simulations and satellite records, trends in day of freeze in the autumn are weaker, such that overall increases in growing season length are due primarily to earlier thaw. Although regions with the longest snow cover duration displayed the greatest increase in growing season length, these regions maintained smaller increases in productivity and heterotrophic respiration than those regions with shorter duration of snow cover and less of an increase in growing season length. Concurrent with increases in growing season length, we found a reduction in soil C and increases in vegetation C, with greatest losses of soil C occurring in those areas with more vegetation, but simulations also suggest that this trend could reverse in the future. Our results reveal noteworthy changes in snow, permafrost, growing season length, productivity, and net C uptake, indicating that prediction of terrestrial C dynamics from one decade to the next will require that large-scale models adequately take into account the corresponding changes in soil thermal regimes. ?? 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01113.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Euskirchen, E., McGuire, A., Kicklighter, D., Zhuang, Q., Clein, J.S., Dargaville, R., Dye, D., Kimball, J., McDonald, K., Melillo, J.M., Romanovsky, V., and Smith, N., 2006, Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems: Global Change Biology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 731-750, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01113.x.","startPage":"731","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477437,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/909","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01113.x"},{"id":239111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3941e4b0c8380cd6186d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euskirchen, E.S.","contributorId":44737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kicklighter, D. W.","contributorId":31537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D. W.","affiliations":[{"id":13627,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhuang, Q.","contributorId":40772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clein, Joy S.","contributorId":83697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clein","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dargaville, R.J.","contributorId":41992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dargaville","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dye, D.G.","contributorId":14193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dye","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kimball, J.S.","contributorId":79141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McDonald, K.C.","contributorId":89718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Melillo, J. M.","contributorId":73139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Romanovsky, V.E.","contributorId":54721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Smith, N.V.","contributorId":27672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"N.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70030622,"text":"70030622 - 2006 - Studying toxicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030622","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2091,"text":"International Water Power and Dam Construction","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studying toxicity","docAbstract":"With funding from the George Mitchell Center for the Environment at the University of Maine, a team of scientists used a simple laboratory-based sediment resuspension design, and two well-established aquatic toxicology models, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), to evaluate if resuspension of Penobscot river sediment significantly elevates the toxicity of river water and to provide preliminary information on the types of chemicals likely to desorb during resuspension. The group collected sediments from two sites with known chemical contamination downstream of the Great Works and Veazie dams. The sediments were examined to determine the dynamics of PAH desorption and degradation under different resuspension frequencies. The scientists used clarified water from resuspension experiments for toxicity tests with the water-flea Ceriodaphnia dubia, and other aquatic test organisms to infer toxicity from sediments from northern California rivers. Data from the study will help ascertain whether metals and/or xenoestrogens are present in the desorption water and give insight into possible avenues of sediment remediation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Water Power and Dam Construction","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0306400X","usgsCitation":"Elkus, A., LeBlanc, L., Kim, C., Van Beneden, R., and Mayer, G., 2006, Studying toxicity: International Water Power and Dam Construction, v. 58, no. 3, p. 30-32.","startPage":"30","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cece4b08c986b31d523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elkus, A.","contributorId":49978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elkus","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, L.","contributorId":76940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kim, C.","contributorId":90108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Beneden, R.","contributorId":98540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Beneden","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mayer, G.","contributorId":10997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030623,"text":"70030623 - 2006 - Inverse approaches with lithologic information for a regional groundwater system in southwest Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030623","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse approaches with lithologic information for a regional groundwater system in southwest Kansas","docAbstract":"Two practical approaches incorporating lithologic information for groundwater modeling calibration are presented to estimate distributed, cell-based hydraulic conductivity. The first approach is to estimate optimal hydraulic conductivities for geological materials by incorporating thickness distribution of materials into inverse modeling. In the second approach, residuals for the groundwater model solution are minimized according to a globalized Newton method with the aid of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to calculate a cell-wise distribution of hydraulic conductivity. Both approaches honor geologic data and were effective in characterizing the heterogeneity of a regional groundwater modeling system in southwest Kansas. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.027","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Tsou, M., Perkins, S., Zhan, X., Whittemore, D.O., and Zheng, L., 2006, Inverse approaches with lithologic information for a regional groundwater system in southwest Kansas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 318, no. 1-4, p. 292-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.027.","startPage":"292","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211792,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.027"},{"id":239147,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"318","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e4ae4b0c8380cd63c58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tsou, Ming-shu","contributorId":20507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsou","given":"Ming-shu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhan, X.","contributorId":26477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhan","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zheng, Lingyun","contributorId":68495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Lingyun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030629,"text":"70030629 - 2006 - Research article: Watershed management councils and scientific models: Using diffusion literature to explain adoption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030629","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1559,"text":"Environmental Practice","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Research article: Watershed management councils and scientific models: Using diffusion literature to explain adoption","docAbstract":"Recent literature on the diffusion of innovations concentrates either specifically on public adoption of policy, where social or environmental conditions are the dependent variables for adoption, or on private adoption of an innovation, where emphasis is placed on the characteristics of the innovation itself. This article uses both the policy diffusion literature and the diffusion of innovation literature to assess watershed management councils' decisions to adopt, or not adopt, scientific models. Watershed management councils are a relevant case study because they possess both public and private attributes. We report on a survey of councils in the United States that was conducted to determine the criteria used when selecting scientific models for studying watershed conditions. We found that specific variables from each body of literature play a role in explaining the choice to adopt scientific models by these quasi-public organizations. The diffusion of innovation literature contributes to an understanding of how organizations select models by confirming the importance of a model's ability to provide better data. Variables from the policy diffusion literature showed that watershed management councils that employ consultants are more likely to use scientific models. We found a gap between those who create scientific models and those who use these models. We recommend shrinking this gap through more communication between these actors and advancing the need for developers to provide more technical assistance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Practice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S1466046606060212","issn":"14660466","usgsCitation":"King, M., Burkardt, N., and Clark, B.T., 2006, Research article: Watershed management councils and scientific models: Using diffusion literature to explain adoption: Environmental Practice, v. 8, no. 2, p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046606060212.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211876,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1466046606060212"},{"id":239249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa91ce4b0c8380cd85c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, M.D.","contributorId":28211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":13913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, B. T.","contributorId":108070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030630,"text":"70030630 - 2006 - Three-dimensional model for multi-component reactive transport with variable density groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030630","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional model for multi-component reactive transport with variable density groundwater flow","docAbstract":"PHWAT is a new model that couples a geochemical reaction model (PHREEQC-2) with a density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport model (SEAWAT) using the split-operator approach. PHWAT was developed to simulate multi-component reactive transport in variable density groundwater flow. Fluid density in PHWAT depends not on only the concentration of a single species as in SEAWAT, but also the concentrations of other dissolved chemicals that can be subject to reactive processes. Simulation results of PHWAT and PHREEQC-2 were compared in their predictions of effluent concentration from a column experiment. Both models produced identical results, showing that PHWAT has correctly coupled the sub-packages. PHWAT was then applied to the simulation of a tank experiment in which seawater intrusion was accompanied by cation exchange. The density dependence of the intrusion and the snow-plough effect in the breakthrough curves were reflected in the model simulations, which were in good agreement with the measured breakthrough data. Comparison simulations that, in turn, excluded density effects and reactions allowed us to quantify the marked effect of ignoring these processes. Next, we explored numerical issues involved in the practical application of PHWAT using the example of a dense plume flowing into a tank containing fresh water. It was shown that PHWAT could model physically unstable flow and that numerical instabilities were suppressed. Physical instability developed in the model in accordance with the increase of the modified Rayleigh number for density-dependent flow, in agreement with previous research. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Modelling and Software","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.11.008","issn":"13648152","usgsCitation":"Mao, X., Prommer, H., Barry, D., Langevin, C., Panteleit, B., and Li, L., 2006, Three-dimensional model for multi-component reactive transport with variable density groundwater flow: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 21, no. 5, p. 615-628, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.11.008.","startPage":"615","endPage":"628","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487629,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/101311","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211906,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.11.008"},{"id":239284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb332e4b08c986b325c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mao, X.","contributorId":97704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mao","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prommer, H.","contributorId":12264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prommer","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barry, D.A.","contributorId":100194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barry","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Panteleit, B.","contributorId":70597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panteleit","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, L.","contributorId":63615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70030632,"text":"70030632 - 2006 - Cross-shelf subtidal variability in San Pedro Bay during summer, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030632","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross-shelf subtidal variability in San Pedro Bay during summer, 2001","docAbstract":"A total of 16 moorings were deployed across the San Pedro shelf, one of the two wider embayments in the Southern California Bight, from near the surfzone to the upper-slope. On the middle and outer shelf in the summer of 2001, the currents flowed strongly equatorward at the surface and had large vertical shears through the well-stratified water column. This equatorward flow differs from predominantly poleward flow found in previous studies of the coastal margin further west. In deeper water, near the shelf break, the shears were such that near-bottom flows were poleward and incorporated into the upper parts of the Southern California Undercurrent over the slope. Mid-shelf current fluctuations, with periods of 10-25 days, along with upwelling over the shelf, were not related to local winds, but were significantly correlated with the large-scale alongshore pressure gradient. Shorter period (???7-10 days) inner shelf alongshore currents, however, were significantly correlated with the alongshore wind at the shelf break. A CEOF analysis gives two significant modes, with the first mode dominant over the outer and middle shelf. The wind-forced second mode connects the inner shelf to the poleward undercurrent over the slope such that increases in the poleward flow over the slope are correlated with increases in the equatorward current inshore of the 15 m isobath.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.009","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, P., Noble, M., Largier, J., Rosenfeld, L., and Robertson, G., 2006, Cross-shelf subtidal variability in San Pedro Bay during summer, 2001: Continental Shelf Research, v. 26, no. 6, p. 681-702, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.009.","startPage":"681","endPage":"702","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211934,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.01.009"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc5e4b0c8380cd4e414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, P.","contributorId":42034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Largier, J.","contributorId":12690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Largier","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenfeld, L.K.","contributorId":24957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenfeld","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, G.","contributorId":100585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030634,"text":"70030634 - 2006 - Simulation of reactive transport of uranium(VI) in groundwater with variable chemical conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T13:58:42","indexId":"70030634","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of reactive transport of uranium(VI) in groundwater with variable chemical conditions","docAbstract":"The reactive transport of U(VI) in a shallow alluvial aquifer beneath a former U(VI) mill located near Naturita, CO, was simulated using a surface complexation model (SCM) to describe U(VI) adsorption. The groundwater had variable U(VI) concentrations (0.01–20 μM), variable alkalinity (2.5–18 meq/L), and a nearly constant pH equal to 7.1. U(VI) KDvalues decreased with increasing U(VI) and alkalinity, and these parameters were more important than sediment variability in controlling KD values. Reactive transport simulations were fit to the observed U(VI) and alkalinity by varying the concentration of U(VI) and alkalinity in recharge at the source area. Simulated KD values varied temporally and spatially because of the differential transport of U(VI) and alkalinity and the nonlinearity of U(VI) adsorption. The model also simulated the observed U(VI) tailing, which would not be expected from a constant KD model. The simulated U(VI) concentrations were sensitive to the recharge flux because of the increased flux of U(VI) to the aquifer. The geochemical behavior of U(VI) was most sensitive to the alkalinity and was relatively insensitive to pH.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR003979","usgsCitation":"Curtis, G.P., Davis, J., and Naftz, D.L., 2006, Simulation of reactive transport of uranium(VI) in groundwater with variable chemical conditions: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 4, Article W04404; 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR003979.","productDescription":"Article W04404; 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477434,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr003979","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9078e4b08c986b31950d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, Gary P. 0000-0003-3975-8882 gpcurtis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3975-8882","contributorId":2346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"gpcurtis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":427963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030637,"text":"70030637 - 2006 - Inverse modeling for seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers: Insights about parameter sensitivities, variances, correlations and estimation procedures derived from the Henry problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:57:04","indexId":"70030637","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inverse modeling for seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers: Insights about parameter sensitivities, variances, correlations and estimation procedures derived from the Henry problem","docAbstract":"Inverse modeling studies employing data collected from the classic Henry seawater intrusion problem give insight into several important aspects of inverse modeling of seawater intrusion problems and effective measurement strategies for estimation of parameters for seawater intrusion. Despite the simplicity of the Henry problem, it embodies the behavior of a typical seawater intrusion situation in a single aquifer. Data collected from the numerical problem solution are employed without added noise in order to focus on the aspects of inverse modeling strategies dictated by the physics of variable-density flow and solute transport during seawater intrusion. Covariances of model parameters that can be estimated are strongly dependent on the physics. The insights gained from this type of analysis may be directly applied to field problems in the presence of data errors, using standard inverse modeling approaches to deal with uncertainty in data.
Covariance analysis of the Henry problem indicates that in order to generally reduce variance of parameter estimates, the ideal places to measure pressure are as far away from the coast as possible, at any depth, and the ideal places to measure concentration are near the bottom of the aquifer between the center of the transition zone and its inland fringe. These observations are located in and near high-sensitivity regions of system parameters, which may be identified in a sensitivity analysis with respect to several parameters. However, both the form of error distribution in the observations and the observation weights impact the spatial sensitivity distributions, and different choices for error distributions or weights can result in significantly different regions of high sensitivity. Thus, in order to design effective sampling networks, the error form and weights must be carefully considered. For the Henry problem, permeability and freshwater inflow can be estimated with low estimation variance from only pressure or only concentration observations. Permeability, freshwater inflow, solute molecular diffusivity, and porosity can be estimated with roughly equivalent confidence using observations of only the logarithm of concentration. Furthermore, covariance analysis allows a logical reduction of the number of estimated parameters for ill-posed inverse seawater intrusion problems. Ill-posed problems may exhibit poor estimation convergence, have a non-unique solution, have multiple minima, or require excessive computational effort, and the condition often occurs when estimating too many or co-dependent parameters. For the Henry problem, such analysis allows selection of the two parameters that control system physics from among all possible system parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.05.014","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Sanz, E., and Voss, C., 2006, Inverse modeling for seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers: Insights about parameter sensitivities, variances, correlations and estimation procedures derived from the Henry problem: Advances in Water Resources, v. 29, no. 3, p. 439-457, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.05.014.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"457","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211991,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.05.014"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e4ce4b0c8380cd63c6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanz, E.","contributorId":49181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanz","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, C.I.","contributorId":79515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030643,"text":"70030643 - 2006 - Last glacial maximum and Holocene lake levels of Owens Lake, eastern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030643","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Last glacial maximum and Holocene lake levels of Owens Lake, eastern California, USA","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic investigations of fluvio-deltaic and lacustrine sediments exposed in stream cuts, quarry walls, and deep trenches east of the Sierra Nevada in Owens Valley near Lone Pine, California have enabled the reconstruction of pluvial Owens Lake level oscillations. Age control for these sediments is from 22 radiocarbon (14C) dates and the identification and stratigraphic correlation of a tephra, which when plotted as a function of age versus altitude, define numerous oscillations in the level of pluvial Owens Lake during the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene. We have constructed a lake-level altitude curve for the time interval ???27,000 cal yr BP to present that is based on the integration of this new stratigraphic analysis with published surface stratigraphic data and subsurface core data. Pluvial Owens Lake regressed from its latest Pleistocene highstands from ???27,000 to ???15,300 cal yr BP, as recorded by ???15 m of down cutting of the sill from the altitudes of ???1160 to 1145 m. By ???11,600 cal yr BP, the lake had dropped ???45 m from the 1145 m sill. This lowstand was followed by an early Holocene transgression that attained a highstand near 1135 m before dropping to 1120 m at 7860-7650 cal yr BP that had not been recognized in earlier studies. The lake then lowered another ???30 m to shallow and near desiccation levels between ???6850 and 4300 cal yr BP. Fluvial cut-and-fill relations north of Lone Pine and well-preserved shoreline features at ???1108 m indicate a minor lake-level rise after 4300 cal yr BP, followed by alkaline and shallow conditions during the latest Holocene. The new latest Quaternary lake-level record of pluvial Owens Lake offers insight to the hydrologic balance along the east side of the southern Sierra Nevada and will assist regional paleoclimatic models for the western Basin and Range. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.014","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Bacon, S., Burke, R.M., Pezzopane, S., and Jayko, A.S., 2006, Last glacial maximum and Holocene lake levels of Owens Lake, eastern California, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 25, no. 11-12, p. 1264-1282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.014.","startPage":"1264","endPage":"1282","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212078,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.014"},{"id":239496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44bae4b0c8380cd66d22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, S.N.","contributorId":41636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burke, R. M.","contributorId":37793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pezzopane, S.K.","contributorId":21575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pezzopane","given":"S.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030650,"text":"70030650 - 2006 - Effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: A Field observation and analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030650","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: A Field observation and analysis","docAbstract":"The effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge were studied with water level measurements collected from two monitoring wells over a period of 122 days. The two wells were installed under similar conditions except that one was drilled on the east side of a creek which was covered with grass, and the other on the west side of the creek which was burned into a bare ground. Substantial differences in water level fluctuations were observed at these two wells. The water level in the east grass (EG) well was generally lower and had much less response to rainfall events than the west no-grass (WNG) well. Grass cover lowered the water table, reduced soil moisture through ET losses, and thus reduced groundwater recharge. The amount of ET by the grass estimated with a water table recession model decreased exponentially from 7.6 mm/day to zero as the water table declined from near the ground surface to 1.42 m below the ground surface in 33 days. More groundwater recharge was received on the WNG side than on the EG side following large rainfall events and by significant slow internal downward drainage which may last many days after rainfall. Because of the decreased ET and increased R, significantly more baseflow and chemical loads may be generated from a bare ground watershed compared to a vegetated watershed. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.044","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., and Schilling, K.E., 2006, Effects of land cover on water table, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: A Field observation and analysis: Journal of Hydrology, v. 319, no. 1-4, p. 328-338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.044.","startPage":"328","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212159,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.044"}],"volume":"319","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0733e4b0c8380cd515dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Y.-K.","contributorId":44309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030652,"text":"70030652 - 2006 - The vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquitard at two spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:14","indexId":"70030652","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquitard at two spatial scales","docAbstract":"Aquitards protect underlying aquifers from contaminants and limit recharge to those aquifers. Understanding the mechanisms and quantity of ground water flow across aquitards to underlying aquifers is essential for ground water planning and assessment. We present results of laboratory testing for shale hydraulic conductivities, a methodology for determining the vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) of aquitards at regional scales and demonstrate the importance of discrete flow pathways across aquitards. A regional shale aquitard in southeastern Wisconsin, the Maquoketa Formation, was studied to define the role that an aquitard plays in a regional ground water flow system. Calibration of a regional ground water flow model for southeastern Wisconsin using both predevelopment steady-state and transient targets suggested that the regional Kv of the Maquoketa Formation is 1.8 ?? 10 -11 m/s. The core-scale measurements of the Kv of the Maquoketa Formation range from 1.8 ?? 10-14 to 4.1 ?? 10-12 m/s. Flow through some additional pathways in the shale, potential fractures or open boreholes, can explain the apparent increase of the regional-scale Kv. Based on well logs, erosional windows or high-conductivity zones seem unlikely pathways. Fractures cutting through the entire thickness of the shale spaced 5 km apart with an aperture of 50 microns could provide enough flow across the aquitard to match that provided by an equivalent bulk Kv of 1.8 ?? 10-11 m/s. In a similar fashion, only 50 wells of 0.1 m radius open to aquifers above and below the shale and evenly spaced 10 km apart across southeastern Wisconsin can match the model Kv. Copyright ?? 2005 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00125.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hart, D., Bradbury, K.R., and Feinstein, D.T., 2006, The vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquitard at two spatial scales: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 2, p. 201-211, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00125.x.","startPage":"201","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212161,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00125.x"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-11-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1bae4b08c986b3253c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, D.J.","contributorId":92492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradbury, K. R.","contributorId":86070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feinstein, D. T.","contributorId":47328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feinstein","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}