The development of a regional ground-water flow model of the Death Valley region in the southwestern United States is discussed in the context of the fourteen guidelines of Hill. This application of the guidelines demonstrates how they may be used for model calibration and evaluation, and to direct further model development and data collection.
","largerWorkTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships","conferenceTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000","conferenceDate":"30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40517(2000)19","isbn":"0784405174; 9780784405178","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Hill, M.C., 2004, Modeling the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, in Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships, Minneapolis, MN, 30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)19.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":215454,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)19"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -115.8837890625,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -115.8837890625,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 35.782170703266075\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c37e4b0c8380cd6faf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":449638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035161,"text":"70035161 - 2004 - Flood hydrology for Dry Creek, Lake County, Northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035161","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Flood hydrology for Dry Creek, Lake County, Northwestern Montana","docAbstract":"Dry Creek drains about 22.6 square kilometers of rugged mountainous terrain upstream from Tabor Dam in the Mission Range near St. Ignatius, Montana. Because of uncertainty about plausible peak discharges and concerns regarding the ability of the Tabor Dam spillway to safely convey these discharges, the flood hydrology for Dry Creek was evaluated on the basis of three hydrologic and geologic methods. The first method involved determining an envelope line relating flood discharge to drainage area on the basis of regional historical data and calculating a 500-year flood for Dry Creek using a regression equation. The second method involved paleoflood methods to estimate the maximum plausible discharge for 35 sites in the study area. The third method involved rainfall-runoff modeling for the Dry Creek basin in conjunction with regional precipitation information to determine plausible peak discharges. All of these methods resulted in estimates of plausible peak discharges that are substantially less than those predicted by the more generally applied probable maximum flood technique. Copyright ASCE 2004.","largerWorkTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships","conferenceTitle":"Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000","conferenceDate":"30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40517(2000)52","isbn":"0784405174; 9780784405178","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., and Jarrett, R., 2004, Flood hydrology for Dry Creek, Lake County, Northwestern Montana, in Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000: Building Partnerships, v. 104, Minneapolis, MN, 30 July 2000 through 2 August 2000, https://doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)52.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215118,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)52"},{"id":242894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10f1e4b0c8380cd53e76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, C.","contributorId":43400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarrett, R.D.","contributorId":36551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026427,"text":"70026427 - 2004 - Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026427","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique","docAbstract":"The denitrifier method to determine the dual isotopic composition (??15N and ??18O) of nitrate is well suited for studies of nitrogen contributions to streams during runoff events. This method requires only 70 nmol of NO3- and enables high throughput of samples. We studied nitrate sources to a headwater stream during snowmelt by generating a high-temporal resolution dataset at the Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, USA. In the earliest phase of runoff, stream NO3- concentrations were highest and stream discharge, NO3- concentrations, and ??18O of NO 3- generally tracked one another during diurnal melting. The isotopic composition of stream NO3- varied in-between atmospheric and groundwater NO 3- end members indicating a direct contribution of atmospherically-derived NO3- from the snow pack to the stream. During the middle to late phases of snowmelt, the source shifted toward soil NO3- entering the stream via shallow subsurface flow paths. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2004GL020908","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Ohte, N., Sebestyen, S., Shanley, J.B., Doctor, D., Kendall, C., Wankel, S.D., and Boyer, E., 2004, Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using a high-resolution isotopic technique: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 31, no. 21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020908.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478254,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020908","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":208397,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020908"},{"id":234125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb696e4b08c986b326d69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohte, N.","contributorId":16143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohte","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sebestyen, S.D.","contributorId":16142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sebestyen","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doctor, D.H.","contributorId":94773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doctor","given":"D.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wankel, Scott D.","contributorId":98076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wankel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Boyer, E.W.","contributorId":56358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70027071,"text":"70027071 - 2004 - Gas evolution in eruptive conduits: Combining insights from high temperature and pressure decompression experiments with steady-state flow modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T09:55:21","indexId":"70027071","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas evolution in eruptive conduits: Combining insights from high temperature and pressure decompression experiments with steady-state flow modeling","docAbstract":"In this paper we examine the consequences of bubble nucleation mechanism on eruptive degassing of rhyolite magma. We use the results of published high temperature and pressure decompression experiments as input to a modified version of CONFLOW, the numerical model of Mastin and Ghiorso [(2000) U.S.G.S. Open-File Rep. 00-209, 53 pp.] and Mastin [(2002) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 3, 10.1029/2001GC000192] for steady, two-phase flow in vertical conduits. Synthesis of the available experimental data shows that heterogeneous nucleation is triggered at ΔP<5–20 MPa in water-saturated rhyolite and leads to equilibrium degassing through a discrete nucleation event. Typically 105–107 bubbles/cm3 are produced which evolve Gaussian bubble size distributions. Homogeneous nucleation requires ΔP>120–150 MPa, and leads to disequilibrium degassing at extreme H2O supersaturation. In this latter case, nucleation is an ongoing process controlled by changing supersaturation conditions. Exponential bubble size distributions are often produced with number densities of 106–109 bubbles/cm3. Our numerical analysis adopts an end-member approach that specifically compares equilibrium degassing with delayed, disequilibrium degassing characteristic of homogeneously-nucleating systems. The disequilibrium simulations show that delaying nucleation until ΔP=150 MPa restricts degassing to within ∼1500 m of the surface. Fragmentation occurs at similar porosity in both the disequilibrium and equilibrium modes (∼80 vol%), but at the distinct depths of ∼500 m and ∼2300 m, respectively. The vesiculation delay leads to higher pressures at equivalent depths in the conduit, and the mass flux and exit pressure are each higher by a factor of ∼2.0. Residual water contents in the melt reaching the vent are between 0.5 and 1.0 wt%, roughly twice that of the equilibrium model.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00230-0","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M., Mastin, L., and Sisson, T., 2004, Gas evolution in eruptive conduits: Combining insights from high temperature and pressure decompression experiments with steady-state flow modeling: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 129, no. 1-3, p. 23-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00230-0.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235260,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209070,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00230-0"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14c9e4b0c8380cd54b76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M.","contributorId":20091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastin, L.","contributorId":59797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sisson, T.","contributorId":80846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026388,"text":"70026388 - 2004 - Baseline practices and user needs for Web dissemination of geotechnical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026388","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Baseline practices and user needs for Web dissemination of geotechnical data","docAbstract":"This paper presents the findings and recommendations of the User Scenario Work Group (USWG) in identifying a baseline of current practices within the geo-professional community and prioritizing desired functional requirements in the development of a comprehensive geotechnical information management system. This work was conducted as an initial phase of a larger project to demonstrate the effectiveness of a web based virtual data center for the dissemination of geotechnical data from multiple linked databases of various government and private sector organizations. An online survey was administered over the course of several months to practitioners across the nation. The results from the survey were compiled and examined to provide direction to the other project teams in the development of user-driven prototype data system.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Geotechnical Engineering for Transportation Projects: Proceedings of Geo-Trans 2004","conferenceDate":"27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","language":"English","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Turner, L., Brown, M., Chambers, D., Davis, C., Diehl, J., Hitchcock, C., Holzer, T., Nigbor, R., Plumb, C., Real, C., Reimer, M., Steidl, J., Sun, J., Tinsley, J.C., and Vaughn, D., 2004, Baseline practices and user needs for Web dissemination of geotechnical data, in Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 126 I, Los Angeles, CA, 27 July 2004 through 31 July 2004, p. 816-828.","startPage":"816","endPage":"828","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"126 I","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efdae4b0c8380cd4a4b1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","contributorId":128426,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Yegian M.K.Kavazanjian E.","id":536601,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Turner, L.L.","contributorId":30793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, M.P.","contributorId":68934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, D.","contributorId":14158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, C.A.","contributorId":68819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diehl, J.","contributorId":31552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hitchcock, C.S.","contributorId":106517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitchcock","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Holzer, T.L.","contributorId":35739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nigbor, R.L.","contributorId":30699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nigbor","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Plumb, C.","contributorId":86534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumb","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Real, C.","contributorId":62381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Real","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Reimer, M.","contributorId":53130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Steidl, J.H.","contributorId":63581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steidl","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sun, J.I.","contributorId":19741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tinsley, J. C.","contributorId":65827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Vaughn, D.","contributorId":38335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":70026380,"text":"70026380 - 2004 - Correlative weighted stacking for seismic data in the wavelet domain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026380","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Correlative weighted stacking for seismic data in the wavelet domain","docAbstract":"Horizontal stacking plays a crucial role for modern seismic data processing, for it not only compresses random noise and multiple reflections, but also provides a foundational data for subsequent migration and inversion. However, a number of examples showed that random noise in adjacent traces exhibits correlation and coherence. The average stacking and weighted stacking based on the conventional correlative function all result in false events, which are caused by noise. Wavelet transform and high order statistics are very useful methods for modern signal processing. The multiresolution analysis in wavelet theory can decompose signal on difference scales, and high order correlative function can inhibit correlative noise, for which the conventional correlative function is of no use. Based on the theory of wavelet transform and high order statistics, high order correlative weighted stacking (HOCWS) technique is presented in this paper. Its essence is to stack common midpoint gathers after the normal moveout correction by weight that is calculated through high order correlative statistics in the wavelet domain. Synthetic examples demonstrate its advantages in improving the signal to noise (S/N) ration and compressing the correlative random noise.","largerWorkTitle":"Progress in Environmental and Engineering Geophysics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, ICEEG 2004","conferenceTitle":"Progress in Environmental and Engineering Geophysics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, ICEEG 2004","conferenceDate":"6 June 2004 through 9 June 2004","conferenceLocation":"Wuhan","language":"English","isbn":"1880132974","usgsCitation":"Zhang, S., Xu, Y., and Xia, J., 2004, Correlative weighted stacking for seismic data in the wavelet domain, in Progress in Environmental and Engineering Geophysics: Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, ICEEG 2004, Wuhan, 6 June 2004 through 9 June 2004, p. 161-165.","startPage":"161","endPage":"165","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc52e4b0c8380cd4e217","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chen C.Xia J.","contributorId":128353,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Chen C.Xia J.","id":536599,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, S.","contributorId":51064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027123,"text":"70027123 - 2004 - Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-12T11:42:23.731087","indexId":"70027123","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"During the MW 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, peak ground velocities recorded at sites in the central San Bernardino basin region were up to 2 times larger and had significantly longer durations of strong shaking than sites just outside the basin. To better understand the effects of 3D structure on the long-period ground-motion response in this region, we have performed finite-difference simulations for this earthquake. The simulations are numerically accurate for periods of 2 sec and longer and incorporate the detailed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of source rupture, as well as complex 3D basin structure. Here, we analyze three models of the San Bernardino basin: model A (with structural constraints from gravity and seismic reflection data), model F (water well and seismic refraction data), and the Southern California Earthquake Center version 3 model (hydrologic and seismic refraction data). Models A and F are characterized by a gradual increase in sediment thickness toward the south with an abrupt step-up in the basement surface across the San Jacinto fault. The basin structure in the SCEC version 3 model has a nearly uniform sediment thickness of 1 km with little basement topography along the San Jacinto fault. In models A and F, we impose a layered velocity structure within the sediments based on the seismic refraction data and an assumed depth-dependent Vp/Vs ratio. Sediment velocities within the SCEC version 3 model are given by a smoothly varying rule-based function that is calibrated to the seismic refraction measurements. Due to computational limitations, the minimum shear-wave velocity is fixed at 600 m/sec in all of the models. Ground-motion simulations for both models A and F provide a reasonably good match to the amplitude and waveform characteristics of the recorded motions. In these models, surface waves are generated as energy enters the basin through the gradually sloping northern margin. Due to the basement step along the San Jacinto fault, the surface wave energy is confined to the region north of this structure, consistent with the observations. The SCEC version 3 model, lacking the basin geometry complexity present in the other two models, fails to provide a satisfactory match to the characteristics of the observed motions. Our study demonstrates the importance of using detailed and accurate basin geometry for predicting ground motions and also highlights the utility of integrating geological, geophysical, and seismological observations in the development and validation of 3D velocity models.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030025","usgsCitation":"Graves, R., and Wald, D., 2004, Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 131-146, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Bernardino basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -114.2138671875,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n [\n -116.6748046875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 33.94335994657882\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ae9e4b0c8380cd743fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graves, R.W. 0000-0001-9758-453X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":77691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026190,"text":"70026190 - 2004 - Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-09T16:43:56.403246","indexId":"70026190","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska","docAbstract":"The 3 November 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake resulted in 341 km of surface rupture on the Susitna Glacier, Denali, and Totschunda faults. The rupture proceeded from west to east and began with a 48-km-long break on the previously unknown Susitna Glacier thrust fault. Slip on this thrust averaged about 4 m (Crone et al., 2004). Next came the principal surface break, along 226 km of the Denali fault, with average right-lateral offsets of 4.5–5.1 m and a maximum offset of 8.8 m near its eastern end. The Denali fault trace is commonly left stepping and north side up. About 99 km of the fault ruptured through glacier ice, where the trace orientation was commonly influenced by local ice fabric. Finally, slip transferred southeastward onto the Totschunda fault and continued for another 66 km where dextral offsets average 1.6–1.8 m. The transition from the Denali fault to the Totschunda fault occurs over a complex 25-km-long transfer zone of right-slip and normal fault traces. Three methods of calculating average surface slip all yield a moment magnitude of Mw 7.8, in very good agreement with the seismologically determined magnitude of M 7.9. A comparison of strong-motion inversions for moment release with our slip distribution shows they have a similar pattern. The locations of the two largest pulses of moment release correlate with the locations of increasing steps in the average values of observed slip. This suggests that slip-distribution data can be used to infer moment release along other active fault traces.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040626","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Schwartz, D.P., Dawson, T.E., Stenner, H.D., Lienkaemper, J.J., Sherrod, B.L., Cinti, F.R., Montone, P., Craw, P., Crone, A.J., and Personius, S.F., 2004, Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S23-S52, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040626.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"S23","endPage":"S52","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali Fault, Totschunda Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 58\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fbbe4b08c986b31e7d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. 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Understanding the relationships between water-quality parameters and copper toxicity may facilitate the development of site-specific criteria for water quality and result in better protection of aquatic biota. Many studies have examined the influence of a single water-quality parameter on copper toxicity, but the interactions of several characteristics have not been well studied in low-hardness water. The goal of the present research was to examine the interactions among water-quality characteristics and their effects on copper toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, DOC source, pH, and hardness on acute copper toxicity were determined using a complete factorially designed experiment. Hardness, pH, DOC, and interaction of pH and DOC all significantly affected copper toxicity. A predictive model based on these data described 88% of the variability in copper toxicity. This model also explained 58% of the variability in copper toxicity for an independent dataset of South Carolina (USA) waters. The biotic ligand model underpredicted the acute copper toxicity to fathead minnows when compared with observed values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1897/03-574.1","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Sciera, K., Isely, J.J., Tomasso, J., and Klaine, S., 2004, Influence of multiple water-quality characteristics on copper toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 23, no. 12, p. 2900-2905, https://doi.org/10.1897/03-574.1.","startPage":"2900","endPage":"2905","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208613,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1897/03-574.1"},{"id":234465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b54e4b0c8380cd6242f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sciera, K.L.","contributorId":74550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sciera","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomasso, J.R. Jr.","contributorId":92468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomasso","given":"J.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klaine, S.J.","contributorId":38304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaine","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026263,"text":"70026263 - 2004 - Dynamic rupture modeling of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-20T11:32:47.048018","indexId":"70026263","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic rupture modeling of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska","docAbstract":"We use three-dimensional dynamic (spontaneous) rupture models to investigate the nearly simultaneous ruptures of the Susitna Glacier thrust fault and the Denali strike-slip fault. With the 1957 Mw 8.3 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, earthquake as the only other well-documented case of significant, nearly simultaneous rupture of both thrust and strike-slip faults, this feature of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake provides a unique opportunity to investigate the mechanisms responsible for development of these large, complex events. We find that the geometry of the faults and the orientation of the regional stress field caused slip on the Susitna Glacier fault to load the Denali fault. Several different stress orientations with oblique right-lateral motion on the Susitna Glacier fault replicate the triggering of rupture on the Denali fault about 10 sec after the rupture nucleates on the Susitna Glacier fault. However, generating slip directions compatible with measured surface offsets and kinematic source inversions requires perturbing the stress orientation from that determined with focal mechanisms of regional events. Adjusting the vertical component of the principal stress tensor for the regional stress field so that it is more consistent with a mixture of strike-slip and reverse faulting significantly improves the fit of the slip-rake angles to the data. Rotating the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction westward appears to improve the fit even further.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040614","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., Anderson, G., and Hudnut, K., 2004, Dynamic rupture modeling of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. 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Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, G.","contributorId":26490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudnut, K.W.","contributorId":25179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026372,"text":"70026372 - 2004 - Genetic structure of cougar populations across the Wyoming basin: Metapopulation or megapopulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026372","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic structure of cougar populations across the Wyoming basin: Metapopulation or megapopulation","docAbstract":"We examined the genetic structure of 5 Wyoming cougar (Puma concolor) populations surrounding the Wyoming Basin, as well as a population from southwestern Colorado. When using 9 microsatellite DNA loci, observed heterozygosity was similar among populations (HO = 0.49-0.59) and intermediate to that of other large carnivores. Estimates of genetic structure (FST = 0.028, RST = 0.029) and number of migrants per generation (Nm) suggested high gene flow. Nm was lowest between distant populations and highest among adjacent populations. Examination of these data, plus Mantel test results of genetic versus geographic distance (P ??? 0.01), suggested both isolation by distance and an effect of habitat matrix. Bayesian assignment to population based on individual genotypes showed that cougars in this region were best described as a single panmictic population. Total effective population size for cougars in this region ranged from 1,797 to 4,532 depending on mutation model and analytical method used. Based on measures of gene flow, extinction risk in the near future appears low. We found no support for the existence of metapopulation structure among cougars in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1644/BEL-111.1","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C., Lindzey, F., and McDonald, D., 2004, Genetic structure of cougar populations across the Wyoming basin: Metapopulation or megapopulation: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 85, no. 6, p. 1207-1214, https://doi.org/10.1644/BEL-111.1.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1214","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208552,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/BEL-111.1"},{"id":234368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1585e4b0c8380cd54e5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, C.R. Jr.","contributorId":69340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"C.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindzey, F.G.","contributorId":12660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindzey","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, D.B.","contributorId":82032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026941,"text":"70026941 - 2004 - A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:29","indexId":"70026941","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Pollen and algae microfossils preserved in sediments from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, provide evidence for periods of persistent drought during the Holocene age. We analyzed one hundred nineteen 1-cm-thick samples for pollen and algae from a set of cores that span the past 7630 years. The early middle Holocene, 7600 to 6300 cal yr B.P., was found to be the driest period, although it included one short but intense wet phase. We suggest that Lake Tahoe was below its rim for most of this period, greatly reducing the volume and depth of Pyramid Lake. Middle Holocene aridity eased between 5000 and 3500 cal yr B.P. and climate became variable with distinct wet and dry phases. Lake Tahoe probably spilled intermittently during this time. No core was recovered that represented the period between 3500 and 2600 cal yr B.P. The past 2500 years appear to have had recurrent persistent droughts. The timing and magnitude of droughts identified in the pollen record compares favorably with previously published ??18O data from Pyramid Lake. The timing of these droughts also agrees with the ages of submerged rooted stumps in the Eastern Sierra Nevada and woodrat midden data from central Nevada. Prolonged drought episodes appear to correspond with the timing of ice drift minima (solar maxima) identified from North Atlantic marine sediments, suggesting that changes in solar irradiance may be a possible mechanism influencing century-scale drought in the western Great Basin. ?? 2004 University of Washington. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.002","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Mensing, S., Benson, L.V., Kashgarian, M., and Lund, S., 2004, A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 62, no. 1, p. 29-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.002.","startPage":"29","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209217,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.002"},{"id":235472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2e4e4b0c8380cd45cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mensing, S.A.","contributorId":17024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mensing","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kashgarian, Michaele","contributorId":68473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kashgarian","given":"Michaele","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lund, S.","contributorId":84933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027219,"text":"70027219 - 2004 - Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-23T08:57:03","indexId":"70027219","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited","docAbstract":"Frequent, high-precision geodetic data have temporally correlated errors. Temporal correlations directly affect both the estimate of rate and its standard error; the rate of deformation is a key product from geodetic measurements made in tectonically active areas. Various models of temporally correlated errors are developed and these provide relations between the power spectral density and the data covariance matrix. These relations are applied to two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) measurements made frequently in California over the past 15-20 years. Previous analysis indicated that these data have significant random walk error. Analysis using the noise models developed here indicates that the random walk model is valid for about 30% of the data. A second 30% of the data can be better modeled with power law noise with a spectral index between 1 and 2, while another 30% of the data can be modeled with a combination of band-pass-filtered plus random walk noise. The remaining 10% of the data can be best modeled as a combination of band-pass-filtered plus power law noise. This band-pass-filtered noise is a product of an annual cycle that leaks into adjacent frequency bands. For time spans of more than 1 year these more complex noise models indicate that the precision in rate estimates is better than that inferred by just the simpler, random walk model of noise.","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2003JB002819","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J., 2004, Noise in two-color electronic distance meter measurements revisited: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 109, no. 4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002819.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478100,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002819","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209205,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002819"}],"volume":"109","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a672ee4b0c8380cd731fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J.","contributorId":16990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026835,"text":"70026835 - 2004 - Investigating the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi, using a three‐dimensional inverse flow and transport model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:02:19","indexId":"70026835","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigating the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi, using a three‐dimensional inverse flow and transport model","docAbstract":"Flowmeter‐measured hydraulic conductivities from the heterogeneous MADE site have been used predictively in advection‐dispersion models. Resulting simulated concentrations failed to reproduce even major plume characteristics and some have concluded that other mechanisms, such as dual porosity, are important. Here an alternative possibility is investigated: that the small‐scale flowmeter measurements are too noisy and possibly too biased to use so directly in site‐scale models and that the hydraulic head and transport data are more suitable for site‐scale characterization. Using a calibrated finite element model of the site and a new framework to evaluate random and systematic model and measurement errors, the following conclusions are derived. (1) If variations in subsurface fluid velocities like those simulated in this work (0.1 and 2.0 m per day along parallel and reasonably close flow paths) exist, it is likely that classical advection‐dispersion processes can explain the measured plume characteristics. (2) The flowmeter measurements are possibly systematically lower than site‐scale values when the measurements are considered individually and using common averaging methods and display variability that obscures abrupt changes in hydraulic conductivities that are well supported by changes in hydraulic gradients and are important to the simulation of transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002WR001935","usgsCitation":"Christiansen Barlebo, H., Hill, M.C., and Rosbjerg, D., 2004, Investigating the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi, using a three‐dimensional inverse flow and transport model: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 4, Article W04211; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001935.","productDescription":"Article W04211; 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e6fe4b0c8380cd63d9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen Barlebo, Heidi","contributorId":191997,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen Barlebo","given":"Heidi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":411294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosbjerg, Dan","contributorId":191998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosbjerg","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026240,"text":"70026240 - 2004 - Effect of outflow on spring and summertime distribution and abundance of larval and juvenile fishes in the upper San Francisco Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026240","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of outflow on spring and summertime distribution and abundance of larval and juvenile fishes in the upper San Francisco Estuary","docAbstract":"We analyzed data on spring and summertime larval and juvenile fish distribution and abundance in the upper San Francisco Estuary (SFE), California between 1995 and 2001. The upper SFE includes the tidal freshwater areas of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta downstream to the euryhaline environment of San Pablo Bay. The sampling period included years with a variety of outflow conditions. Fifty taxa were collected using a larval tow net. Two common native species, delta smelt Hypomesus transpacifucus and longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys, and four common alien taxa, striped bass Morone saxatilis, threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense, gobies of the genus Tridentiger, and yellowfin goby Acanthogobins flavimanus, were selected for detailed analysis. Outflow conditions had a strong influence on the geographic distribution of most of the species, but distribution with respect to the 2 psu isohaline (X2) was not affected. The distribution patterns of delta smelt, longfin smelt, and striped bass were consistent with larvae moving from upstream freshwater spawning areas to down-stream estuarine rearing areas. There were no obvious relationships of outflow with annual abundance indices. Our results support the idea of using X2 as an organizing principle in understanding the ecology of larval fishes in the upper SFE. Additional years of sampling will likely lead to additional insights into the early life history of upper SFE fishes. ?? Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2004.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Dege, M., and Brown, L., 2004, Effect of outflow on spring and summertime distribution and abundance of larval and juvenile fishes in the upper San Francisco Estuary: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 2004, no. 39, p. 49-65.","startPage":"49","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2004","issue":"39","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05f7e4b0c8380cd5105a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dege, M.","contributorId":37507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dege","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, L. R. 0000-0001-6702-4531","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":66391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026858,"text":"70026858 - 2004 - Hydrochemical tracers in the middle Rio Grande Basin, USA: 1. Conceptualization of groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:41:12","indexId":"70026858","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemical tracers in the middle Rio Grande Basin, USA: 1. Conceptualization of groundwater flow","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotopic data for groundwater from throughout the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico, USA, were used to identify and map groundwater flow from 12 sources of water to the basin, evaluate radiocarbon ages, and refine the conceptual model of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system.
Hydrochemical zones, representing groundwater flow over thousands to tens of thousands of years, can be traced over large distances through the primarily siliciclastic aquifer system. The locations of the hydrochemical zones mostly reflect the “modern” predevelopment hydraulic-head distribution, but are inconsistent with a trough in predevelopment water levels in the west-central part of the basin, indicating that this trough is a transient rather than a long-term feature of the aquifer system. Radiocarbon ages adjusted for geochemical reactions, mixing, and evapotranspiration/dilution processes in the aquifer system were nearly identical to the unadjusted radiocarbon ages, and ranged from modern to more than 30 ka. Age gradients from piezometer nests ranged from 0.1 to 2 year cm–1 and indicate a recharge rate of about 3 cm year–1 for recharge along the eastern mountain front and infiltration from the Rio Grande near Albuquerque. There has been appreciably less recharge along the eastern mountain front north and south of Albuquerque.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-004-0324-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S., Sanford, W., and Busenberg, E., 2004, Hydrochemical tracers in the middle Rio Grande Basin, USA: 1. Conceptualization of groundwater flow: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 359-388, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0324-6.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"388","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209087,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0324-6"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,34.25 ], [ -107.5,35.75 ], [ -106.0,35.75 ], [ -106.0,34.25 ], [ -107.5,34.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3331e4b0c8380cd5ede7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":411387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bexfield, L. M.","contributorId":36593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026706,"text":"70026706 - 2004 - Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026706","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars","docAbstract":"Chars originating from the burning or pyrolysis of vegetation may significantly sorb neutral organic contaminants (NOCs). To evaluate the relationship between the char composition and NOC sorption, a series of char samples were generated by pyrolyzing a wheat residue (Triticum aestivum L) for 6 h at temperatures between 300 ??C and 700 ??C and analyzed for their elemental compositions, surface areas, and surface functional groups. The samples were then studied for their abilities to sorb benzene and nitrobenzene from water. A commercial activated carbon was used as a reference carbonaceous sample. The char samples produced at high pyrolytic temperatures (500-700 ??C) were well carbonized and exhibited a relatively high surface area (>300 m2/g), little organic matter (<3%), and low oxygen content (???10%). By contrast, the chars formed at low temperatures (300-400 ??C) were only partially carbonized, showing significantly different properties (<200 m2/g surface area, 40-50% organic carbon, and >20% oxygen). The char samples exhibited a significant range of surface acidity/basicity because of their different surface polar-group contents, as characterized by the Boehm titration data and the NMR and FTIR spectra. The NOC sorption by high-temperature chars occurred almost exclusively by surface adsorption on carbonized surfaces, whereas the sorption by low-temperature chars resulted from the surface adsorption and the concurrent smaller partition into the residual organic-matter phase. The chars appeared to have a higher surface affinity for a polar solute (nitrobenzene) than for a nonpolar solute (benzene), the difference being related to the surface acidity/basicity of the char samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es035034w","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chun, Y., Sheng, G., Chiou, G., and Xing, B., 2004, Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 17, p. 4649-4655, https://doi.org/10.1021/es035034w.","startPage":"4649","endPage":"4655","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208506,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es035034w"}],"volume":"38","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f93be4b0c8380cd4d4f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chun, Y.","contributorId":15802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chun","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheng, G.","contributorId":70961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheng","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chiou, G.T.","contributorId":7471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xing, B.","contributorId":107896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xing","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027149,"text":"70027149 - 2004 - Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-11T13:16:00","indexId":"70027149","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":774,"text":"Animal Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem","docAbstract":"Most large native carnivores have experienced range contractions due to conflicts with humans, although neither rates of spatial collapse nor expansion have been well characterised. In North America, the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) once ranged from Mexico northward to Alaska, however its range in the continental USA has been reduced by 95-98%. Under the U. S. Endangered Species Act, the Yellowstone grizzly bear population has re-colonised habitats outside Yellowstone National Park. We analysed historical and current records, including data on radio-collared bears, (1) to evaluate changes in grizzly bear distribution in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) over a 100-year period, (2) to utilise historical rates of re-colonisation to project future expansion trends and (3) to evaluate the reality of future expansion based on human limitations and land use. Analysis of distribution in 20-year increments reflects range reduction from south to north (1900-1940) and expansion to the south (1940-2000). Expansion was exponential and the area occupied by grizzly bears doubled approximately every 20 years. A complementary analysis of bear occurrence in Grand Teton National Park also suggests an unprecedented period of rapid expansion during the last 20-30 years. The grizzly bear population currently has re-occupied about 50% of the southern GYE. Based on assumptions of continued protection and ecological stasis, our model suggests total occupancy in 25 years. Alternatively, extrapolation of linear expansion rates from the period prior to protection suggests total occupancy could take > 100 years. Analyses of historical trends can be useful as a restoration tool because they enable a framework and timeline to be constructed to pre-emptively address the social challenges affecting future carnivore recovery. ?? 2004 The Zoological Society of London.
","language":"English","publisher":"Zoological Society of London","publisherLocation":"United Kingdom","doi":"10.1017/S1367943003001203","issn":"13679430","usgsCitation":"Pyare, S., Cain, S., Moody, D., Schwartz, C., and Berger, J., 2004, Carnivore re-colonisation: Reality, possibility and a non-equilibrium century for grizzly bears in the southern Yellowstone ecosystem: Animal Conservation, v. 7, no. 1, p. 71-77, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943003001203.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209201,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1367943003001203"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, 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Sanjay","contributorId":47135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyare","given":"Sanjay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, S.","contributorId":33897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moody, D.","contributorId":42562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwartz, C.","contributorId":19756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berger, J.","contributorId":103010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026555,"text":"70026555 - 2004 - Volatile organic compounds in ground water from rural private wells, 1986 to 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T16:53:57.158565","indexId":"70026555","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile organic compounds in ground water from rural private wells, 1986 to 1999","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected or compiled data on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in samples of untreated ground water from 1,926 rural private wells during 1986 to 1999. At least one VOC was detected in 12 percent of samples from rural private wells. Individual VOCs were not commonly detected with the seven most frequently detected compounds found in only 1 to 5 percent of samples at or above a concentration of 0.2 microgram per liter (μg/l). An assessment level of 0.2 μg/l was selected so that comparisons of detection frequencies between VOCs could be made. The seven most frequently detected VOCs were: trichloromethane, methyl tert-butyl ether, tetrachloroethene, dichlorodifluoromethane, methylbenzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Solvents and trihalomethanes were the most frequently detected VOC groups in private wells. The distributions of detections of gasoline oxygenates and fumigants seemed to be related to the use patterns of compounds in these groups. Mixtures were a common mode of occurrence of VOCs with one-quarter of all samples with detections including two or more VOCs. The concentrations of most detected VOCs were relatively small and only 1.4 percent of samples had one or more VOC concentrations that exceeded a federally established drinking water standard or health criterion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01575.x","usgsCitation":"Moran, M., Lapham, W., Rowe, B., and Zogorski, J., 2004, Volatile organic compounds in ground water from rural private wells, 1986 to 1999: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 5, p. 1141-1157, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01575.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1141","endPage":"1157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2c3e4b08c986b32ad49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M.J.","contributorId":7862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, B.L.","contributorId":22384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026154,"text":"70026154 - 2004 - Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-08T14:33:59.155072","indexId":"70026154","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes","docAbstract":"The variability in size structure and relative abundance (CPUE; number of fish ≥200 mm total length, LT, collected per hour of electrofishing or trammel netting) of three native Colorado River fishes, the endangered humpback chub Gila cypha, flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnus and bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, collected from electrofishing and trammel nets was assessed to determine which gear was most appropriate to detect trends in relative abundance of adult fishes. Coefficient of variation (CV) of CPUE ranged from 210 to 566 for electrofishing and 128 to 575 for trammel netting, depending on season, diel period and species. Mean CV was lowest for trammel nets for humpback chub (P = 0·004) and tended to be lower for flannelmouth sucker (P = 0·12), regardless of season or diel period. Only one bluehead sucker >200 mm was collected with electrofishing. Electrofishing and trammel netting CPUE were not related for humpback chub (r = −0·32, P = 0·43) or flannelmouth sucker (r = −0·27, P = 0·46) in samples from the same date, location and hour set. Electrofishing collected a higher proportion of smaller (<200 mm LT) humpback chub (P < 0·001), flannelmouth suckers (P < 0·001) and bluehead suckers (P < 0·001) than trammel netting, suggesting that conclusions derived from one gear may not be the same as from the other gear. This is probably because these gears fished different habitats, which are occupied by different fish life stages. To detect a 25% change in CPUE at a power of 0·9, at least 473 trammel net sets or 1918 electrofishing samples would be needed in this 8 km reach. This unattainable amount of samples for both trammel netting and electrofishing indicates that detecting annual changes in CPUE may not be practical and analysis of long‐term data or stock assessment models using mark‐recapture methods may be needed to assess trends in abundance of Colorado River native fishes, and probably other rare fishes as well.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., 2004, Comparison of electrofishing and trammel netting variability for sampling native fishes: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1643-1652, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00575.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1643","endPage":"1652","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ee4b0c8380cd4d063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72275,"text":"fs20043148 - 2004 - Fort Collins Science Center: Species and Habitats of Federal Interest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T15:59:00","indexId":"fs20043148","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3148","title":"Fort Collins Science Center: Species and Habitats of Federal Interest","docAbstract":"Ecosystem changes directly affect a wide variety of plant and animal species, floral and faunal communities, and groups of species such as amphibians and grassland birds. Appropriate management of public lands plays a crucial role in the conservation and recovery of endangered species and can be a key element in preventing a species from being listed under the Endangered Species Act. The Species and Habitats of Federal Interest Branch of the Fort Collins Science Center (FORT) conducts research on the ecology, habitat requirements, distribution and abundance, population dynamics, and genetics and systematics of many species facing threatened or endangered status or of special concern to resource management agencies. FORT scientists develop reintroduction and restoration techniques, technologies for monitoring populations, and novel methods to analyze data on population trends and habitat requirements. FORT expertise encompasses both traditional and specialized natural resource disciplines within wildlife biology, including population dynamics, animal behavior, plant and community ecology, inventory and monitoring, statistics and computer applications, conservation genetics, stable isotope analysis, and curatorial expertise.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043148","usgsCitation":"Stevens, P., 2004, Fort Collins Science Center: Species and Habitats of Federal Interest: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3148, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043148.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125018,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3148.jpg"},{"id":320283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4909e4b07f02db56b1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, Patty","contributorId":28321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Patty","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026133,"text":"70026133 - 2004 - Ground motion in Anchorage, Alaska, from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake: Site response and displacement pulses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-20T11:33:53.372982","indexId":"70026133","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground motion in Anchorage, Alaska, from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake: Site response and displacement pulses","docAbstract":"Data from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake recorded at 26 sites in and near Anchorage, Alaska, show a number of systematic features important in studies of site response and in constructing long-period spectra for use in earthquake engineering. The data demonstrate that National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes are a useful way of grouping stations according to site amplification. In general, the sites underlain by lower shear-wave velocities have higher amplification. The amplification on NEHRP class D sites exceeds a factor of 2 relative to an average of motions on class C sites. The amplifications are period dependent. They are in rough agreement with those from previous studies, but the new data show that the amplifications extend to at least 10 sec, periods longer than considered in previous studies. At periods longer than about 14 sec, all sites have motion of similar amplitude, and the ground displacements are similar in shape, polarization, and amplitude for all stations. The displacement ground motion is dominated by a series of four pulses, which are associated with the three subevents identified in inversion studies (the first pulse is composed of P waves from the first subevent). Most of the high-frequency ground motion is associated with the S waves from subevent 1. The pulses from subevents 1 and 2, with moment releases corresponding to M 7.1 and 7.0, are similar to the pulse of displacement radiated by the M 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake. The signature from the largest subevent (M 7.6) is more subdued than those from the first two subevents. The two largest pulses produce response spectra with peaks at a period of about 15 sec. The spectral shape at long periods is in good agreement with the recent 2003 NEHRP code spectra but is in poor agreement with the shape obtained from Eurocode 8.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040606","usgsCitation":"Boore, D., 2004, Ground motion in Anchorage, Alaska, from the 2002 Denali fault earthquake: Site response and displacement pulses: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. 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D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026353,"text":"70026353 - 2004 - Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026353","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR","docAbstract":"Source parameters determined from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements and from seismic data are compared from four moderate-size (less than M 6) earthquakes in southern California. The goal is to verify approximate detection capabilities of InSAR, assess differences in the results, and test how the two results can be reconciled. First, we calculated the expected surface deformation from all earthquakes greater than magnitude 4 in areas with available InSAR data (347 events). A search for deformation from the events in the interferograms yielded four possible events with magnitudes less than 6. The search for deformation was based on a visual inspection as well as cross-correlation in two dimensions between the measured signal and the expected signal. A grid-search algorithm was then used to estimate focal mechanism and depth from the InSAR data. The results were compared with locations and focal mechanisms from published catalogs. An independent relocation using seismic data was also performed. The seismic locations fell within the area of the expected rupture zone for the three events that show clear surface deformation. Therefore, the technique shows the capability to resolve locations with high accuracy and is applicable worldwide. The depths determined by InSAR agree with well-constrained seismic locations determined in a 3D velocity model. Depth control for well-imaged shallow events using InSAR data is good, and better than the seismic constraints in some cases. A major difficulty for InSAR analysis is the poor temporal coverage of InSAR data, which may make it impossible to distinguish deformation due to different earthquakes at the same location.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120020219","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Mellors, R., Magistrale, H., Earle, P., and Cogbill, A., 2004, Comparison of four moderate-size earthquakes in southern California using seismology and InSAR: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6, p. 2004-2014, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020219.","startPage":"2004","endPage":"2014","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208349,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120020219"},{"id":234043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f864e4b0c8380cd4d08a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mellors, R.J.","contributorId":37508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellors","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magistrale, H.","contributorId":22541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magistrale","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Earle, P.","contributorId":26860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earle","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cogbill, A.H.","contributorId":88917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cogbill","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013548,"text":"1013548 - 2004 - Using satellite radiotelemetry data to delineate and manage wildlife populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-05T15:35:42.029629","indexId":"1013548","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using satellite radiotelemetry data to delineate and manage wildlife populations","docAbstract":"The greatest promise of radiotelemetry always has been a better understanding of animal movements. Telemetry has helped us know when animals are active, how active they are, how far and how fast they move, the geographic areas they occupy, and whether individuals vary in these traits. Unfortunately, the inability to estimate the error in animals utilization distributions (UDs), has prevented probabilistic linkage of movements data, which are always retrospective, with future management actions. We used the example of the harvested population of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea to illustrate a method that provides that linkage. We employed a 2-dimensional Gaussian kernel density estimator to smooth and scale frequencies of polar bear radio locations within cells of a grid overlying our study area. True 2-dimensional smoothing allowed us to create accurate descriptions of the UDs of individuals and groups of bears. We used a new method of clustering, based upon the relative use collared bears made of each cell in our grid, to assign individual animals to populations. We applied the fast Fourier transform to make bootstrapped estimates of the error in UDs computationally feasible. Clustering and kernel smoothing identified 3 populations of polar bears in the region between Wrangel Island, Russia, and Banks Island, Canada. The relative probability of occurrence of animals from each population varied significantly among grid cells distributed across the study area. We displayed occurrence probabilities as contour maps wherein each contour line corresponded with a change in relative probability. Only at the edges of our study area and in some offshore regions were bootstrapped estimates of error in occurrence probabilities too high to allow prediction. Error estimates, which also were displayed as contours, allowed us to show that occurrence probabilities did not vary by season. Near Barrow, Alaska, 50% of bears observed are predicted to be from the Chukchi Sea population and 50% from the Southern Beaufort Sea population. At Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada, 50% are from the Southern Beaufort Sea and 50% from the Northern Beaufort Sea population. The methods described here will aid managers of all wildlife that can be studied by telemetry to allocate harvests and other human perturbations to the appropriate populations, make risk assessments, and predict impacts of human activities. They will aid researchers by providing the refined descriptions of study populations that are necessary for population estimation and other investigative tasks.
Arctic, Beaufort Sea, boundaries, clustering, Fourier transform, kernel, management, polar bears, population delineation, radiotelemetry, satellite, smoothing, Ursus maritimus
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0661:USRDTD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., McDonald, T.L., and Durner, G.M., 2004, Using satellite radiotelemetry data to delineate and manage wildlife populations: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 32, no. 3, p. 661-679, https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0661:USRDTD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"661","endPage":"679","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Russia, United States","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -186.6796875,\n 59.40036514079251\n ],\n [\n -128.232421875,\n 59.4897260355371\n ],\n [\n -128.935546875,\n 73.30262420189155\n ],\n [\n -183.427734375,\n 73.32785809840696\n ],\n [\n -186.6796875,\n 59.40036514079251\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026342,"text":"70026342 - 2004 - An intensity scale for riverine flooding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026342","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An intensity scale for riverine flooding","docAbstract":"Recent advances in the availability and accuracy of multi-dimensional flow models, the advent of precise elevation data for floodplains (LIDAR), and geographical GIS allow the creation of hazard maps that more correctly reflect the varying levels of flood-damage risk across a floodplain when inundatecby floodwaters. Using intensity scales for wind damages, an equivalent water-damage flow intensity scale has been developed that ranges from 1 (minimal effects) to 10 (major damages to most structures). This flow intensity scale, FIS, is portrayed on a map as color-coded areas of increasing flow intensity. This should prove to be a valuable tool to assess relative risk to people and property in known flood-hazard areas.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management","conferenceTitle":"2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management","conferenceDate":"27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","language":"English","isbn":"0784407371","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J., 2004, An intensity scale for riverine flooding, in Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmetal Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmetal Resources Management, Salt Lake City, UT, 27 June 2004 through 1 July 2004, p. 2008-2016.","startPage":"2008","endPage":"2016","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea82e4b0c8380cd488f2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","contributorId":128420,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sehlke G.Hayes D.F.Stevens D.K.","id":536596,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}