A broad spectrum of earth materials have been linked to, blamed for, and/or debated as sources for disease. In some cases, the links are clear. For example, excessive exposures to mineral dusts have long been recognized for their role in diseases such as: asbestosis, mesothelioma, and lung cancers (asbestos); silicosis and lung cancer (silica dusts); and coal-workers pneumoconiosis (coal dust). Lead poisoning, particularly in toddlers and young children, has been conclusively linked to involuntary ingestion of soils or other materials contaminated with lead-rich paint particles, leaded gasoline combustion byproducts, and some types of lead-rich mine wastes or smelter particulates. Waters with naturally elevated arsenic contents are common in many regions of the globe, and consumption of these waters has been documented as the source of arsenic-related diseases affecting thousands of people in south Asia and other regions. Exposure to dusts or soils containing pathogens has been documented as the cause of regionally common diseases such as valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) and much rarer diseases such as anthrax. Links between many other earth materials and specific diseases, although suspected, are less clear or are debated. For example, it has been suggested that geographic clusters of diseases such as leukemia are related to exposures to waters or atmospheric particulates containing organic or metal contaminants; however, for many clusters the exact causal relationships between disease and environmental exposure are difficult to prove conclusively. Even for many diseases in which the causal relationship is clear, such as in asbestosis and mesothelioma triggered by asbestos exposure, the minimum exposures needed to trigger disease, the influence of genetic factors, and the exact mechanisms of toxicity are still incompletely understood and are the focus of considerable debate within the public health community. Hence, understanding the health effects resulting from occupational and environmental exposures to a wide variety of earth materials remains a very active and fruitful area of research.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2006.64.2","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., Morman, S.A., and Ziegler, T.L., 2006, The toxicological geochemistry of Earth materials: An overview of processes and the interdisciplinary methods used to understand them: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 64, no. 1, p. 5-57, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.64.2.","productDescription":"53 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343764,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a3e4b0d1f9f05f59d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morman, Suzette A. 0000-0002-2532-1033 smorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-1033","contributorId":996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morman","given":"Suzette","email":"smorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ziegler, Thomas L.","contributorId":20381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028589,"text":"70028589 - 2006 - Are southern California's fragmented saltmarshes capable of sustaining endemic bird populations?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70028589","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are southern California's fragmented saltmarshes capable of sustaining endemic bird populations?","docAbstract":"Loss of coastal saltmarshes in southern California has been estimated at 75-90% since presettlement times. The remaining wetlands are mostly fragmented and degraded, and most frequently have harsh edges adjacent to urban landscapes. Non-migratory Belding's Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi) and Light-footed Clapper Rails (Rallus longirostris levipes) are endemic to saltmarshes in southern California and Baja California, Mexico. Population sizes of Belding's Savannah Sparrows show a positive relationship with saltmarsh area, but few large wetland fragments remain within their range in California. Belding's Savannah Sparrows are sensitive to fragmentation and isolation, with small isolated marshes acting as population sinks. In addition, this subspecies shows low genetic variability, limited dispersal, and small effective population sizes. Light-footed Clapper Rails are habitat specialists, found in marshes with good tidal flushing that support California cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) habitats. Light-footed Clapper rails also show low genetic variability and limited dispersal and the remnant populations of clapper rails are relatively isolated from one another. Large wetland complexes may serve as population sources for both species, while small, isolated marshes may act as population sinks but more research is needed to estimate and model the dynamics of these two metapopulations. Mitigation for wetland loss and restoration projects should not be evaluated simply by presence of rare bird species alone, but instead efforts should be made to determine population sustainability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01979922","isbn":"0943610702; 9780943610702","usgsCitation":"Powell, A., 2006, Are southern California's fragmented saltmarshes capable of sustaining endemic bird populations?: Studies in Avian Biology, no. 32, p. 198-204.","startPage":"198","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed5fe4b0c8380cd4978c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Greenberg R.Maldonado J.E.Droege S.McDonald M.V.","contributorId":128314,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Greenberg R.Maldonado J.E.Droege S.McDonald M.V.","id":536636,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Powell, A.N.","contributorId":66194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70194221,"text":"70194221 - 2006 - Dawning of Herpetological Conservation and Biology: A special welcome to your new journal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:00:47","indexId":"70194221","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1894,"text":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","onlineIssn":"2151-0733","printIssn":"1931-7603","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dawning of Herpetological Conservation and Biology: A special welcome to your new journal","docAbstract":"Inception of a new journal in herpetology is a rare event. The first discussion of developing a journal with an emphasis on natural history and conservation occurred among a subset of us (McCallum, others), while at the 2005 joint annual meeting of the SSAR/HL/ASIH in Tampa, Florida. Some of the initial questions we posed for a new herpetological journal were as follows: (1) is there a need; (2) audience; and (3) support? If any one of these did not exist, then the concept should be abandoned or modified. We critically examined these questions through discussions with many individuals and informal surveys performed on the Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (PARC) listserver (parc@listserv.uga.edu) and other forums. Early on, it was obvious to us that there was strong demand for an outlet serving natural history, field ecology and conservation studies, especially descriptive investigations and management case studies that appeared to lack a home in other journals. The road traveled since those discussions has been fast paced, culminating in this 2006 launch of Herpetological Conservation and Biology (HCB).
","language":"English","publisher":"Herpetological Conservation & Biology","usgsCitation":"Bury, R.B., McCallum, M.L., Trauth, S.E., and Saumure, R.A., 2006, Dawning of Herpetological Conservation and Biology: A special welcome to your new journal: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 1, no. 1, p. i-iii.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"iii","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349089,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/contents_vol1_issue1.html"}],"volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61142de4b06e28e9c25878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bury, R. Bruce buryb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.","email":"buryb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":722754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCallum, Malcolm L.","contributorId":75808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCallum","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trauth, Stanley E.","contributorId":93406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trauth","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saumure, Raymond A.","contributorId":71375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saumure","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028590,"text":"70028590 - 2006 - Tidal saltmarsh fragmentation and persistence of San Pablo Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia samuelis): Assessing benefits of wetland restoration in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T16:38:15","indexId":"70028590","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal saltmarsh fragmentation and persistence of San Pablo Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia samuelis): Assessing benefits of wetland restoration in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"The San Pablo Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia samuelis) is one of three morphologically distinct Song Sparrow subspecies in tidal marshes of the San Francisco Bay estuary. These subspecies are rare, because as the human population has grown, diking and development have resulted in loss of 79% of the historic tidal marshes. Hundreds of projects have been proposed in the past decade to restore tidal marshes and benefit endemic populations. To evaluate the value of these restoration projects for Song Sparrows, we developed a population viability analysis (PVA) model to examine persistence of samuelis subspecies in relation to parcel size, connectivity, and catastrophe in San Pablo Bay. A total of 101 wetland parcels were identified from coverages of modern and historic tidal marshes. Parcels were grouped into eight fragments in the historical landscape and 10 in the present landscape. Fragments were defined as a group of parcels separated by >1 km, a distance that precluded regular interchange. Simulations indicated that the historic (circa 1850) samuelis population was three times larger than the modern population. However, only very high levels (>70% mortality) of catastrophe would threaten their persistence. Persistence of populations was sensitive to parcel size at a carrying capacity of <10 pairs, but connectivity of parcels was found to have little importance because habitats were dominated by a few large parcels. Our analysis indicates little risk of extinction of the samuelis subspecies with the current extent of tidal marshes, but the vulnerability of the small-est parcels suggests that restoration should create larger continuous tracts. Thus, PVA models may be useful tools for balancing the costs and benefits of restoring habitats for threatened tidal-marsh populations in wetland restoration planning.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01979922","isbn":"0943610702; 9780943610702","usgsCitation":"Takekawa, J.Y., Sacks, B., Woo, I., Johnson, M., and Wylie, G., 2006, Tidal saltmarsh fragmentation and persistence of San Pablo Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia samuelis): Assessing benefits of wetland restoration in San Francisco Bay: Studies in Avian Biology, no. 32, p. 238-246.","startPage":"238","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb37ae4b08c986b325ded","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Greenberg R.Maldonado J.E.Droege S.McDonald M.V.","contributorId":128314,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Greenberg R.Maldonado J.E.Droege S.McDonald M.V.","id":536637,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":418747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, B.N.","contributorId":64431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"B.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woo, I.","contributorId":45861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, M.L.","contributorId":39525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wylie, G.D.","contributorId":68238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175717,"text":"70175717 - 2006 - Nest survival in dusky Canada geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis): Use of discrete-time models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T07:59:42","indexId":"70175717","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest survival in dusky Canada geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis): Use of discrete-time models","docAbstract":"The Dusky Canada Goose (Branta canadensis occidentalis) population that breeds in the Copper River Delta, Alaska, has declined substantially since the late 1970s. Persistent low numbers have been attributed to low productivity in recent years. We examined patterns in survival rates of 1,852 nests to better understand ecological processes that influenced productivity during 1997-2000. We compared 10 nonparametric models of daily survival rate of nests (DSR) that included variation among years, calendar dates, nest initiation dates, and nest ages with equivalent models based on parametric functions. The unequivocal best model included patterns of DSR that varied among discrete periods of years, calendar dates, and nest ages. Generally, DSR was low early in the nesting season and higher midseason. Across years, patterns in DSR were most variable early and late in the nesting season. Daily survival rates of nests declined between the first and second week after initiation, increased until the fourth week, and then declined during the last week before hatch. Nest survival probability estimates ranged from 0.07 to 0.71 across years and nest initiation dates. Mean rates of nest survival ranged between 0.21 and 0.31 each year. We suggest (1) considering models that do not limit estimates of daily nest survival to parametric forms; (2) placing greater emphasis on sample size when nests are rare, to obtain accurate estimates of nest survival; and (3) developing new techniques to estimate the number of nests initiated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0198:NSIDCG]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Grand, J., Fondell, T., Miller, D., and Anthony, R.M., 2006, Nest survival in dusky Canada geese (Branta canadensis occidentalis): Use of discrete-time models: The Auk, v. 123, no. 1, p. 198-210, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0198:NSIDCG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"210","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0198:nsidcg]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":326825,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc69e4b03fd6b7d94c6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fondell, T.F.","contributorId":11154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fondell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Dick","contributorId":46054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Dick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anthony, R. Michael","contributorId":54535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030908,"text":"70030908 - 2006 - Direct effects of soil amendments on field emergence and growth of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70030908","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3089,"text":"Plant and Soil","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Direct effects of soil amendments on field emergence and growth of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth","docAbstract":"Bromus tectorum L. is a non-native, annual grass that has invaded western North America. In SE Utah, B. tectorum generally occurs in grasslands dominated by the native perennial grass, Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. and rarely where the natives Stipa hymenoides Roem. and Schult. and S. comata Trin. & Rupr. are dominant. This patchy invasion is likely due to differences in soil chemistry. Previous laboratory experiments investigated using soil amendments that would allow B. tectorum to germinate but would reduce B. tectorum emergence without affecting H. jamesii. For this study we selected the most successful treatments (CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl and zeolite) from a previous laboratory study and applied them in the field in two different years at B. tectorum-dominated field sites. All amendments except the lowest level of CaCl2 and zeolite negatively affected B. tectorum emergence and/or biomass. No amendments negatively affected the biomass of H. jamesii but NaCl reduced emergence. Amendment effectiveness depended on year of application and the length of time since application. The medium concentration of zeolite had the strongest negative effect on B. tectorum with little effect on H. jamesii. We conducted a laboratory experiment to determine why zeolite was effective and found it released large amounts of Na+, adsorbed Ca2+, and increased Zn2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, exchangeable Mg2+, exchangeable K, and NH 4+ in the soil. Our results suggest several possible amendments to control B. tectorum. However, variability in effectiveness due to abiotic factors such as precipitation and soil type must be accounted for when establishing management plans. ?? Springer 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant and Soil","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s11104-005-8551-8","issn":"0032079X","usgsCitation":"Newingham, B., and Belnap, J., 2006, Direct effects of soil amendments on field emergence and growth of the invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum L. and the native perennial grass Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth: Plant and Soil, v. 280, no. 1-2, p. 29-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-8551-8.","startPage":"29","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211532,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-8551-8"},{"id":238833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"280","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01aee4b0c8380cd4fceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newingham, B.A.","contributorId":19775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newingham","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belnap, J. 0000-0001-7471-2279","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":23872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016431,"text":"1016431 - 2006 - Populations and habitat relationships of Piute ground squirrels in southwest Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"1016431","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Populations and habitat relationships of Piute ground squirrels in southwest Idaho","docAbstract":"Piute ground squirrels (Spermophilus mollis idahoensis) are normally above ground from late January until late June or early July in the Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area in southwestern Idaho. In 2002 they were rarely seen above ground after early May. Because of the ecological importance of ground squirrels for nesting raptors and other species, we sought to determine the reasons for their early disappearance. We sampled 12 sites from January 2003 through March 2003 to determine if a population crash had occurred in 2002. Tests indicated that Piute ground squirrels had not been exposed to plague within the past year. The presence of yearlings in the population indicated that squirrels reproduced in 2002 and that at least some yearlings survived the winter. Both yearling and adult squirrels appeared to be reproducing at or above normal rates in 2003. The most plausible explanation for the early disappearance of Piute ground squirrels in 2002 is that squirrels entered seasonal torpor early in response to a late spring drought. In addition, the breeding chronology of squirrels may have shifted during the past 2 decades in response to climate change and/or habitat alteration. Shrub habitats provide a more favorable and stable environment for squirrels than grass habitats. Squirrel abundance was higher on live-trapping grids with sagebrush than on grids dominated by grass, and squirrel masses were higher at sites dominated by shrubs and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). Densities in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) were within the ranges reported for earlier years, but densities in grass were lower than previously reported. Low densities at grassland sites in 2003 support other findings that drought affects squirrels in altered grass communities more than those in native shrub habitats. Long-term shifts in ground squirrel breeding chronology may have implications for raptors that depend on them for food.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western North American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Steenhof, K., Yensen, E., Kochert, M.N., and Gage, K., 2006, Populations and habitat relationships of Piute ground squirrels in southwest Idaho: Western North American Naturalist, v. 66, no. 4, p. 482-491.","productDescription":"p. 482-491","startPage":"482","endPage":"491","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683d85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yensen, Eric","contributorId":58611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yensen","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gage, K.","contributorId":83884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gage","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70031195,"text":"70031195 - 2006 - Effects of El Niño on distribution and reproductive performance of Black Brant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T12:12:21","indexId":"70031195","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of El Niño on distribution and reproductive performance of Black Brant","docAbstract":"Climate in low-latitude wintering areas may influence temperate and high-latitude breeding populations of birds, but demonstrations of such relationships have been rare because of difficulties in linking wintering with breeding populations. We used long-term aerial surveys in Mexican wintering areas and breeding areas in Alaska, USA, to assess numbers of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans; hereafter brant) on their principal wintering and breeding area in El Niño and non-El Niño years. We used Pollock's robust design to directly estimate probability of breeding and apparent annual survival of individually marked brant at the Tutakoke River (TR) colony, Alaska, in each year between 1988 and 2001. Fewer brant wintered in Mexico during every El Niño event since 1965. Fewer brant were observed on the principal breeding area following each El Niño since surveys began in 1985. Probability of breeding was negatively related to January sea surface temperature along the subtropical coast of North America during the preceding winter. Between 23% (five-year-olds or older) and 30% (three-year-olds) fewer brant nested in 1998 following the strong El Niño event in the winter of 1997–1998 than in non-El Niño years. This finding is consistent with life history theory, which predicts that longer-lived species preserve adult survival at the expense of reproduction. Oceanographic conditions off Baja California, apparently by their effect on Zostera marina (eelgrass), strongly influence winter distribution of brant geese and their reproduction (but not survival), which in turn affects ecosystem dynamics in Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/04-1013","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., Ward, D.H., Schamber, J.L., Butler, W., Eldridge, W., Conant, B., Voelzer, J.F., Chelgren, N., and Herzog, M., 2006, Effects of El Niño on distribution and reproductive performance of Black Brant: Ecology, v. 87, no. 1, p. 151-159, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1013.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a064fe4b0c8380cd511cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":430466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schamber, Jason L.","contributorId":72512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schamber","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, William I.","contributorId":181918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"William I.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":430470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eldridge, William D.","contributorId":36808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldridge","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Conant, Bruce","contributorId":37596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conant","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Voelzer, James F.","contributorId":64710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelzer","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chelgren, Nathan 0000-0003-0944-9165 nchelgren@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0944-9165","contributorId":3134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chelgren","given":"Nathan","email":"nchelgren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":430462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Herzog, Mark P. mherzog@usgs.gov","contributorId":3965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Mark P.","email":"mherzog@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":430463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70031088,"text":"70031088 - 2006 - Predictable hotspots and foraging habitat of the endangered short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) in the North Pacific: Implications for conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T15:17:50","indexId":"70031088","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictable hotspots and foraging habitat of the endangered short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) in the North Pacific: Implications for conservation","docAbstract":"The short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) is a rare and endangered seabird that ranges widely over the northern North Pacific. Populations are slowly recovering but birds face several threats at sea, in particular the incidental capture of birds in long-line fisheries. Conservation efforts are hampered by a lack of information about the at-sea distribution of this species, especially knowledge of where it may predictably co-occur with long-line fishing effort. During 18 years of transiting the Aleutian Islands Unit of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge on a research vessel, we observed short-tailed albatross on 65 occasions. They were consistently observed near Ingenstrem Rocks (Buldir Pass) in the western Aleutians and near Seguam Pass in the central Aleutians. Based on the oceanographic characteristics of the locations where we saw most of the birds, we hypothesized that short-tailed albatross “hotspots” were located where tidal currents and steep bottom topography generate strong vertical mixing along the Aleutian Archipelago. As a test of this hypothesis, we analyzed a database containing 1432 opportunistic observations of 2463 short-tailed albatross at sea in the North Pacific. These data showed that short-tailed albatross were closely associated with shelf-edge habitats throughout the northern Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. In addition to Ingenstrem Rocks and Seguam Pass, important hotspots for short-tailed albatross in the Aleutians included Near Strait, Samalga Pass, and the shelf-edge south of Umnak/Unalaska islands. In the Bering Sea, hotspots were located along margins of Zhemchug, St. Matthews and Pervenets canyons. Because these short-tailed albatross hotspots are predictable, they are also protectable by regulation of threatening activities at local spatial scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.008","issn":"09670645","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., Wetzel, J., Bell, K., DeGange, A., Balogh, G., Drew, G., Geernaert, T., Ladd, C., and Byrd, G., 2006, Predictable hotspots and foraging habitat of the endangered short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) in the North Pacific: Implications for conservation: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 53, no. 3-4, p. 387-398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.008.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"398","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211278,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.008"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a818ae4b0c8380cd7b5a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":429972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetzel, J.","contributorId":64113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bell, K.","contributorId":45971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeGange, A.R.","contributorId":52105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Balogh, G.R.","contributorId":74349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balogh","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drew, G.S.","contributorId":95415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Geernaert, T.","contributorId":104350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geernaert","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ladd, C.","contributorId":68607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Byrd, G.V.","contributorId":39320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"G.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70031005,"text":"70031005 - 2006 - Association of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with live algae and total lipids in rivers - A field-based approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70031005","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with live algae and total lipids in rivers - A field-based approach","docAbstract":"The association of PCBs and live algal cells in rivers was studied at four locations during four seasons in two Wisconsin rivers. Positive relations between particle-associated PCBs and both chlorophyll-a and algal carbon concentrations indicated that live algal cells were a significant sorption phase for dissolved PCBs. Large Pennate diatoms (Navicula, Synedra, Pinnularia, Diatoma, and Cocconeis), or more rarely, Euglenoids (Trachelomonas sp.), dominated most sample assemblages on an algal carbon basis. These assemblages made up the highest percentage of total SOC during spring (average=50%) and lowest during summer (average=15%). At the three impounded sites, most individual PCB congeners were relatively enriched in samples characterized by: (1) high concentrations of algal carbon (as a percent of SOC), (2) algal assemblages dominated (or co-dominated) by Euglenoids, and (3) high concentrations of total lipids. Despite relatively higher masses of sorbed PCBs in the most lipid-rich samples, there was no robust correlation between total lipid content and particle-associated PCBs when aggregating all samples from the study. A possible explanation is that PCBs are associated with other structural components in live algae and (or) departure from chemical equilibrium in the river due to algal growth kinetics. A kinetic uptake model was used to calculate the mass of PCBs associated with the total organic carbon content of live algae. Based on this model, PCBs were enriched in algal cells during bloom seasons (spring and fall) compared to non-bloom seasons (summer and winter). Further, although individual PCB congener partition coefficients (log) to live algal cells (range=5.3-6.4) overlapped to those for detritus (range=3.6-7.4), PCBs tended to be enriched in detrital carbon pools during non-bloom conditions. The larger range of estimated PCB partition coefficients for detritus likely reflects the more heterogeneous nature of this material compared to live algal cells.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.025","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Fitzgerald, S., and Steuer, J.J., 2006, Association of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with live algae and total lipids in rivers - A field-based approach: Science of the Total Environment, v. 354, no. 1, p. 60-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.025.","startPage":"60","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211450,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.11.025"},{"id":238741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"354","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee91e4b0c8380cd49e22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzgerald, S.A.","contributorId":94348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steuer, J. J.","contributorId":12430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030958,"text":"70030958 - 2006 - Indirect food web interactions: Sea otters and kelp forest fishes in the Aleutian archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70030958","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indirect food web interactions: Sea otters and kelp forest fishes in the Aleutian archipelago","docAbstract":"Although trophic cascades - the effect of apex predators on progressively lower trophic level species through top-down forcing - have been demonstrated in diverse ecosystems, the broader potential influences of trophic cascades on other species and ecosystem processes are not well studied. We used the overexploitation, recovery and subsequent collapse of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the Aleutian archipelago to explore if and how the abundance and diet of kelp forest fishes are influenced by a trophic cascade linking sea otters with sea urchins and fleshy macroalgae. We measured the abundance of sea urchins (biomass density), kelp (numerical density) and fish (Catch per unit effort) at four islands in the mid-1980s (when otters were abundant at two of the islands and rare at the two others) and in 2000 (after otters had become rare at all four islands). Our fish studies focused on rock greenling (Hexagrammos lagocephalus), the numerically dominant species in this region. In the mid-1980s, the two islands with high-density otter populations supported dense kelp forests, relatively few urchins, and abundant rock greenling whereas the opposite pattern (abundant urchins, sparse kelp forests, and relatively few rock greenling) occurred at islands where otters were rare. In the 2000, the abundances of urchins, kelp and greenling were grossly unchanged at islands where otters were initially rare but had shifted to the characteristic pattern of otter-free systems at islands where otters were initially abundant. Significant changes in greenling diet occurred between the mid-1980s and the 2000 although the reasons for these changes were difficult to assess because of strong island-specific effects. Whereas urchin-dominated communities supported more diverse fish assemblages than kelp-dominated communities, this was not a simple effect of the otter-induced trophic cascade because all islands supported more diverse fish assemblages in 2000 than in the mid-1980s. ?? Springer-Verlag 2005.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00442-005-0230-1","issn":"00298549","usgsCitation":"Reisewitz, S., Estes, J.A., and Simenstad, C., 2006, Indirect food web interactions: Sea otters and kelp forest fishes in the Aleutian archipelago: Oecologia, v. 146, no. 4, p. 623-631, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0230-1.","startPage":"623","endPage":"631","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211298,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0230-1"}],"volume":"146","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-09-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3a98e4b0c8380cd61dda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reisewitz, S.E.","contributorId":86561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisewitz","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simenstad, C.A.","contributorId":6798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simenstad","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":429392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030837,"text":"70030837 - 2006 - Minding the gap: Frequency of indels in mtDNA control region sequence data and influence on population genetic analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:24:02","indexId":"70030837","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minding the gap: Frequency of indels in mtDNA control region sequence data and influence on population genetic analyses","docAbstract":"Insertions and deletions (indels) result in sequences of various lengths when homologous gene regions are compared among individuals or species. Although indels are typically phylogenetically informative, occurrence and incorporation of these characters as gaps in intraspecific population genetic data sets are rarely discussed. Moreover, the impact of gaps on estimates of fixation indices, such as FST, has not been reviewed. Here, I summarize the occurrence and population genetic signal of indels among 60 published studies that involved alignments of multiple sequences from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of vertebrate taxa. Among 30 studies observing indels, an average of 12% of both variable and parsimony-informative sites were composed of these sites. There was no consistent trend between levels of population differentiation and the number of gap characters in a data block. Across all studies, the average influence on estimates of ??ST was small, explaining only an additional 1.8% of among population variance (range 0.0-8.0%). Studies most likely to observe an increase in ??ST with the inclusion of gap characters were those with < 20 variable sites, but a near equal number of studies with few variable sites did not show an increase. In contrast to studies at interspecific levels, the influence of indels for intraspecific population genetic analyses of control region DNA appears small, dependent upon total number of variable sites in the data block, and related to species-specific characteristics and the spatial distribution of mtDNA lineages that contain indels. ?? 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02781.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., 2006, Minding the gap: Frequency of indels in mtDNA control region sequence data and influence on population genetic analyses: Molecular Ecology, v. 15, no. 2, p. 333-341, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02781.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"341","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211500,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02781.x"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5735e4b0c8380cd6db26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030746,"text":"70030746 - 2006 - Genetic structure of eelgrass Zostera marina meadows in an embayment with restricted water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:17:47","indexId":"70030746","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic structure of eelgrass Zostera marina meadows in an embayment with restricted water flow","title":"Genetic structure of eelgrass Zostera marina meadows in an embayment with restricted water flow","docAbstract":"Genetic structure of the seagrass Zostera marina in a coastal lagoon with restricted water flow, and with heterogeneous water residence times and oceanographic characteristics, was assessed using 8 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Analyses of genetic differentiation (θ) and Bayesian clustering suggested that the Z. marina population in San Quintin Bay (SQB) is genetically substructured, with at least 4 genetically different groups: (1) West Head, (2) Mouth, (3) East Arm, and (4) East Head. The greatest θ value was observed between the most distant sites (θ = 0.095). The lowest values were found among sites closest to the mouth of the coastal lagoon (θ = 0.000 to 0.009). The maximum likelihood approach showed that the sites at the mouth have a mixed pattern of gene flow without a unidirectional pattern. In contrast, there was a clear pattern of asymmetrical gene flow from the mouth towards the West Head. These results suggested that the restriction of water flow at the heads, current pattern, and the distance between sites can reduce genetic flow and promote genetic differences within Z. marina meadows in small water embayments such as SQB. Though the population is genetically substructured and a 14% decline in cover has been detected, this study did not show evidence of a recent genetic bottleneck. In contrast, mouth sites have experienced a recent expansion in their population size, and also perhaps a recent influx of rare alleles from genetically distinct immigrants
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps309107","usgsCitation":"Muniz-Salazar, R., Talbot, S.L., Sage, G.K., Ward, D.H., and Cabello-Pasini, A., 2006, Genetic structure of eelgrass Zostera marina meadows in an embayment with restricted water flow: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 309, p. 107-116, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309107.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309107","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":238888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"309","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1586e4b0c8380cd54e61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muniz-Salazar, Raquel","contributorId":194242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Muniz-Salazar","given":"Raquel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sage, George K. 0000-0003-1431-2286 ksage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2286","contributorId":87833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"George","email":"ksage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":428495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cabello-Pasini, Alejandro","contributorId":80636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cabello-Pasini","given":"Alejandro","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030668,"text":"70030668 - 2006 - Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70030668","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)","docAbstract":"Studies of ecological energetics in chelonians are rare. Here, we report the first measurements of daily energy expenditure (DEE) and water influx rates (WIRs) in free-ranging adult Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). We used the doubly labeled water (DLW) method to measure DEE in six adult tortoises during the non-breeding season in south-central Mississippi, USA. Tortoise DEE ranged from 76.7-187.5 kj/day and WIR ranged from 30.6-93.1 ml H2O/day. Daily energy expenditure did not differ between the sexes, but DEE was positively related to body mass. Water influx rates varied with the interaction of sex and body mass. We used a log/log regression model to assess the allometric relationship between DEE and body mass for Gopher Tortoises, Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii), and Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina), the only chelonians for which DEE has been measured. The slope of this allometric model (0.626) was less than that previously calculated for herbivorous reptiles (0.813), suggesting that chelonians may expend energy at a slower rate per unit of body mass compared to other herbivorous reptiles. We used retrospective power analyses and data from the DLW isotope analyses to develop guidelines for sample sizes and duration of measurement intervals, respectively, for larger-scale energetic studies in this species. ?? 2006 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Copeia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1643/0045-8511(2006)006[0129:DEEIFG]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00458511","usgsCitation":"Jodice, P., Epperson, D., and Visser, G.H., 2006, Daily energy expenditure in free-ranging Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus): Copeia, no. 1, p. 129-136, https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2006)006[0129:DEEIFG]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"129","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211936,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2006)006[0129:DEEIFG]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":239321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd59e4b0c8380cd4e7bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jodice, P.G.R.","contributorId":79846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jodice","given":"P.G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Epperson, D.M. 0000-0002-0567-4915","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0567-4915","contributorId":95246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epperson","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Visser, G. Henk","contributorId":105497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Visser","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Henk","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030667,"text":"70030667 - 2006 - Invasion in a diversity hotspot: Exotic cover and native richness in the Californian serpentine flora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T06:31:13","indexId":"70030667","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invasion in a diversity hotspot: Exotic cover and native richness in the Californian serpentine flora","docAbstract":"Exotic species have been observed to be more prevalent in sites where the richness of native species is highest, possibly reflecting variation among sites in resources, propagule supply, heterogeneity, or disturbance. However, such a pattern leaves unclear whether natives at species-rich sites are subject to especially severe impacts from exotics as a result. We considered this question using path models in which relationships between exotic cover and native richness were evaluated in the presence of correlated environmental factors. At 109 sites on serpentine soils across California, USA, exotic cover was positively correlated with total native herbaceous richness and was negatively correlated with the richness of both serpentine-endemic and rare native herbs. However, in path models that accounted for the influences of soil chemistry, disturbance, overstory cover, and regional rainfall and elevation, we found no indication that exotic cover reduced any component of native herb richness. Rather, our results indicated similarities and differences in the conditions favoring exotic, native, endemic, and rare species. Our results suggest that, in spite of some localized impacts, exotic species are not exerting a detectable overall effect on the community richness of the unique native flora of Californian serpentine. ?? 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/05-0778","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Harrison, S., Grace, J., Davies, K., Safford, H., and Viers, J., 2006, Invasion in a diversity hotspot: Exotic cover and native richness in the Californian serpentine flora: Ecology, v. 87, no. 3, p. 695-703, https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0778.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"703","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -124.43115234375,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -123.11279296875001,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -120.56396484375,\n 34.470335121217474\n ],\n [\n -119.46533203125,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 35.47856499535729\n ],\n [\n -121.26708984374999,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -121.97021484374999,\n 38.976492485539396\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.6248779296875,\n 33.4955977448657\n ],\n [\n -118.46557617187499,\n 33.31675830290707\n ],\n [\n -118.27880859375001,\n 33.27543541298162\n ],\n [\n -118.2843017578125,\n 33.422272258866045\n ],\n [\n -118.6248779296875,\n 33.4955977448657\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.740478515625,\n 33.348884792201694\n ],\n [\n -117.1307373046875,\n 33.348884792201694\n ],\n [\n -117.1307373046875,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -117.740478515625,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -117.740478515625,\n 33.348884792201694\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.85559082031249,\n 34.67839374011646\n ],\n [\n -118.44909667968749,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -117.9217529296875,\n 35.86679541749027\n ],\n [\n -117.88879394531249,\n 36.52288052805137\n ],\n [\n -118.77868652343751,\n 37.779398571318765\n ],\n [\n -119.278564453125,\n 38.12591462924157\n ],\n [\n -120.1904296875,\n 38.96795115401593\n ],\n [\n -120.12451171875,\n 39.27478966170308\n ],\n [\n -120.27282714843749,\n 40.20824570152502\n ],\n [\n -120.8551025390625,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -121.343994140625,\n 39.85915479295669\n ],\n [\n -121.1077880859375,\n 39.39799959542146\n ],\n [\n -120.904541015625,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -119.00939941406249,\n 37.496652341233364\n ],\n [\n -118.267822265625,\n 36.266421331439375\n ],\n [\n -118.5809326171875,\n 35.7286770448517\n ],\n [\n -119.4049072265625,\n 34.93548199355901\n ],\n [\n -119.34997558593749,\n 34.71452466170392\n ],\n [\n -118.85559082031249,\n 34.67839374011646\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e1de4b0c8380cd63af8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrison, S.","contributorId":76129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davies, K.F.","contributorId":72586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Safford, H.D.","contributorId":22293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safford","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Viers, J.H.","contributorId":46305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viers","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70030594,"text":"70030594 - 2006 - High REE and Y concentrations in Co-Cu-Au ores of the Blackbird district, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030594","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High REE and Y concentrations in Co-Cu-Au ores of the Blackbird district, Idaho","docAbstract":"Analysis of 11 samples of strata-bound Co-Cu-Au ore from the Blackbird district in Idaho shows previously unknown high concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and Y, averaging 0.53 wt percent ???REE + Y oxides. Scanning electron microscopy indicates REE and Y residence in monazite, xenotime, and allanite that form complex intergrowths with cobaltite, suggesting coeval Co and REE + Y mineralization during the Mesoproterozoic. Occurrence of high REE and Y concentrations in the Blackbird ores, together with previously documented saline-rich fluid inclusions and Cl-rich biotite, suggest that these are not volcanogenic massive sulfide or sedimentary exhalative deposits but instead are iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits. Other strata-bound Co deposits of Proterozoic age in the North American Cordillera and elsewhere in the world may have potential for REE and Y resources. IOCG deposits with abundant light REE should also be evaluated for possible unrecognized heavy REE and Y mineralization. ?? 2006 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.101.2.275","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., 2006, High REE and Y concentrations in Co-Cu-Au ores of the Blackbird district, Idaho: Economic Geology, v. 101, no. 2, p. 275-280, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.2.275.","startPage":"275","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211873,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.101.2.275"},{"id":239246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30abe4b0c8380cd5d847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030541,"text":"70030541 - 2006 - Patterns of den occupation by the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:13","indexId":"70030541","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":670,"text":"African Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of den occupation by the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)","docAbstract":"Spotted hyaenas utilize isolated natal dens (NDs) and communal dens (CDs) for rearing their cubs. Here we describe patterns of natal and CD occupation by hyaenas belonging to one well-studied clan in the Maasai Mara National Reserve during a 10-year period. Locations of 98 den sites that were used as natal or CDs by hyaenas in the study clan were digitized in a Geographic Information System, and the duration of use of each den site, frequency of re-use, and distances involved in den moves were quantified. Hyaenas moved their CD monthly on average. Most CD sites were occupied only once during the study, but several sites were used repeatedly. On rare occasions, the movement of hyaenas to a new den site could be attributed to a disturbance event at the CD, but factors regularly prompting hyaenas to move to new CD sites were unclear. High-ranking female hyaenas were more likely to rear their cubs from birth in a CD than low-ranking females. Low-ranking females almost always utilized isolated NDs for the first few weeks of a litter's development, and low-ranking females transferred their cubs over longer distances than did high-ranking females. ?? 2006 East African Wild Life Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"African Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00618.x","issn":"01416707","usgsCitation":"Boydston, E., Kapheim, K., and Holekamp, K., 2006, Patterns of den occupation by the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta): African Journal of Ecology, v. 44, no. 1, p. 77-86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00618.x.","startPage":"77","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212101,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00618.x"},{"id":239524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75cce4b0c8380cd77d52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boydston, E. E.","contributorId":106045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boydston","given":"E. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kapheim, K.M.","contributorId":64197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapheim","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holekamp, K.E.","contributorId":34077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holekamp","given":"K.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030452,"text":"70030452 - 2006 - Petrography, palynology, and paleoecology of the Lower Pennsylvanian Bon Air coal, Franklin County, Cumberland Plateau, southeast Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030452","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrography, palynology, and paleoecology of the Lower Pennsylvanian Bon Air coal, Franklin County, Cumberland Plateau, southeast Tennessee","docAbstract":"Stratigraphy, palynology, petrography, and geochemistry of the Bon Air coal from the Armfield, Dotson, Rutledge, and Shakerag mine sites of Franklin County, Tennessee suggest that Bon Air seams at all sites were small (??? 1.0 mile, 1.6 km), spatially distinct paleomires that evolved from planar to domed within the fluviodeltaic Lower Pennsylvanian Raccoon Mountain Formation. Of observed palynoflora, 88-97% are from lycopsids prevalent in the Westphalian. Densosporites palynomorphs of small lycopsids (e.g., Omphalophloios) dominate at the shale-hosted Armfield site, while Lycospora palynoflora of large arboreous lycopsids (especially Lepidodendron, with lesser Lepidophloios harcourtii and Lepidophloios hallii) dominate where intercalated siltstone/sandstone/shale hosts the coal (all other sites). Palynoflora of other lycopsids (Sigillaria and Paralycopodites), tree ferns, seed ferns, small ferns, calamites, and cordaites are generally minor. Genera of clastic-associated Paralycopodites are most common in Shakerag's coal (??? 10%), yet quite rare in Rutledge or Dotson coals. Overall, the palynomorph assemblages suggest that the Bon Air paleomires were forest swamps, and Early Pennsylvanian in age (Westphalian A, Langsettian). Dominant macerals at all sites are vitrinites, with fine collodetrinite (from strongly decomposed plant debris) more common than coarser collotelinite (from well-preserved plant fragments), and with lesser inertinites (fusinite and semifusinite) and liptinites (dominantly sporinite). Shakerag's coal has greatest abundance (mineral-matter-free) of collotelinite (up to 47%) and total vitrinite (74-79%) of any sites, but lowest liptinite (12-14.5%) and inertinite (7-11%). The Dotson and Rutledge seams contain moderate liptinite (21-23%) and highest inertinite (36-37%), lowest vitrinite (??? 41%), and lowest collotelinite (13-15%). Armfield's seam has relatively high liptinite (26-28%) and vitrinite (56.5-62%), but rather low inertinite (12-15%). Moderately high ash (11.0-20.0%) and low to moderate sulfur (1.24% avg.) are typical, but ash may locally be up to 38% and sulfur up to 2.9%. Volatile matter (32.1-41.3%), calorific value (33.3-34.9 MJ/kg MAF), moisture (2.2-3.4%), and vitrinite reflectance (0.70-0.84% Rmax; 0.64-0.79% Rrandom) place the Bon Air's rank as high-volatile-A bituminous (hvAb). The Armfield coal was probably a channel-distal paleomire, perhaps an oxbow lake or floodplain depression, which domed and then subsided back to planarity prior to burial. Features of its basal and uppermost benches suggest low-lying, often-flooded (but periodically dry) mires marked by fluvial influxes and diverse lycopsid growth. These include variable inertinite, common palynoflora of both small lycopsids (Omphalophloios-like) and large arboreous ones (Lepidophloios and Lepidodendron), minor but significant palynoflora of subaerial levee or levee/mire transition species (especially Paralycopodites), moderate to high ash, variable sulfur, and elevated levels of commonly fluvial trace elements (e.g., Al, Cr, REEs, Rb, Sr, Th, V, Y, and Zr). These benches also contain high total vitrinite, high collotelinite/collodetrinite ratios, and clays with moderate to low kaolinite/quartz ratios, all consistent with the near-neutral pH and limited peat degradation that typify such planar mires. By contrast, middle benches at Armfield reflect mires domed above the land surface, less-often flooded, less-preservational, and of lower pH: coals have lower ash, vitrinite, and collotelinite, less palynoflora of both large arboreous lycopsids and Paralycopodites, and high proportions of kaolinite, liptinite, and Densosporites. Similar data at Shakerag suggest that its mire also grew from planar to domed. However, more abundant Paralycopodites, a kaolinite-poor but quartz-and-illite-rich underclay, benches alternately ash-rich and ash-poor, and an upper bench truncated by channel sandstone, suggest that it was channel-proximal and pron","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.08.004","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Shaver, S., Eble, C., Hower, J., and Saussy, F., 2006, Petrography, palynology, and paleoecology of the Lower Pennsylvanian Bon Air coal, Franklin County, Cumberland Plateau, southeast Tennessee: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 67, no. 1-2, p. 17-46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.08.004.","startPage":"17","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211865,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.08.004"},{"id":239238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77b4e4b0c8380cd78566","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaver, S.A.","contributorId":34719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saussy, F.L.","contributorId":33527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saussy","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030420,"text":"70030420 - 2006 - Extreme plasticity in thermoregulatory behaviors of free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030420","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3075,"text":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extreme plasticity in thermoregulatory behaviors of free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs","docAbstract":"In the natural environment, hibernating sciurids generally remain dormant during winter and enter numerous deep torpor bouts from the time of first immergence in fall until emergence in spring. In contrast, black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) remain active throughout winter but periodically enter short and shallow bouts of torpor. While investigating body temperature (Tb) patterns of black-tailed prairie dogs from six separate colonies in northern Colorado, we observed one population that displayed torpor patterns resembling those commonly seen in hibernators. Five individuals in this population experienced multiple torpor bouts in immediate succession that increased in length and depth as winter progressed, whereas 16 prairie dogs in five neighboring colonies remained euthermic for the majority of winter and entered shallow bouts of torpor infrequently. Our results suggest that these differences in torpor patterns did not result from differences in the physiological indicators that we measured because the prairie dogs monitored had similar body masses and concentrations of stored lipids across seasons. Likewise, our results did not support the idea that differences in overwinter Tb patterns between prairie dogs in colonies with differing torpor patterns resulted from genetic differences between populations; genetic analyses of prairie dog colonies revealed high genetic similarity between the populations and implied that individuals regularly disperse between colonies. Local environmental conditions probably played a role in the unusual T b patterns experienced by prairie dogs in the colony where hibernation-like patterns were observed; this population received significantly less rainfall than neighboring colonies during the summer growing seasons before, during, and after the year of the winter in which they hibernated. Our study provides a rare example of extreme plasticity in thermoregulatory behaviors of free-ranging prairie dogs and provides evidence contrary to models that propose a clear delineation between homeothermy, facultative torpor, and hibernation. ?? 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/502816","issn":"15222152","usgsCitation":"Lehmer, E., Savage, L., Antolin, M., and Biggins, E., 2006, Extreme plasticity in thermoregulatory behaviors of free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, v. 79, no. 3, p. 454-467, https://doi.org/10.1086/502816.","startPage":"454","endPage":"467","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502816"}],"volume":"79","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e69e4b0c8380cd5343d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehmer, E.M.","contributorId":99102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehmer","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, L.T.","contributorId":102274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"L.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antolin, M.F.","contributorId":101450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antolin","given":"M.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Biggins, E.","contributorId":88303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70030416,"text":"70030416 - 2006 - Population momentum: Implications for wildlife management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:03","indexId":"70030416","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population momentum: Implications for wildlife management","docAbstract":"Maintenance of sustainable wildlife populations is one of the primary purposes of wildlife management. Thus, it is important to monitor and manage population growth over time. Sensitivity analysis of the long-term (i.e., asymptotic) population growth rate to changes in the vital rates is commonly used in management to identify the vital rates that contribute most to population growth. Yet, dynamics associated with the long-term population growth rate only pertain to the special case when there is a stable age (or stage) distribution of individuals in the population. Frequently, this assumption is necessary because age structure is rarely estimated. However, management actions can greatly affect the age distribution of a population. For initially growing and declining populations, we instituted hypothetical management targeted at halting the growth or decline of the population, and measured the effects of a changing age structure on the population dynamics. When we changed vital rates, the age structure became unstable and population momentum caused populations to grow differently than that predicted by the long-term population growth rate. Interestingly, changes in fertility actually reversed the direction of short-term population growth, leading to long-term population sizes that were actually smaller or larger than that when fertility was changed. Population momentum can significantly affect population dynamics and will be an important factor in the use of population models for management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[19:PMIFWM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Koons, D.N., Rockwell, R., and Grand, J., 2006, Population momentum: Implications for wildlife management: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 1, p. 19-26, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[19:PMIFWM]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"19","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211863,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[19:PMIFWM]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":239235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d83e4b0c8380cd79fc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koons, D. N.","contributorId":68093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koons","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, R.F.","contributorId":22527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rockwell","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030408,"text":"70030408 - 2006 - Sustained long-period seismicity at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-21T20:22:10","indexId":"70030408","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sustained long-period seismicity at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"From September 1999 through April 2004, Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, exhibited a continuous and extremely high level of background seismicity. This activity consisted of many hundreds to thousands of long-period (LP; 1–2 Hz) earthquakes per day, recorded by a 6-station monitoring network around Shishaldin. The LP events originate beneath the summit at shallow depths (0–3 km). Volcano tectonic events and tremor have rarely been observed in the summit region. Such a high rate of LP events with no eruption suggests that a steady state process has been occurring ever since Shishaldin last erupted in April–May 1999. Following the eruption, the only other signs of volcanic unrest have been occasional weak thermal anomalies and an omnipresent puffing volcanic plume. The LP waveforms are nearly identical for time spans of days to months, but vary over longer time scales. The observations imply that the spatially close source processes are repeating, stable and non-destructive. Event sizes vary, but the rate of occurrence remains roughly constant. The events range from magnitude ∼0.1 to 1.8, with most events having magnitudes <1.0. The observations suggest that the conduit system is open and capable of releasing a large amount of energy, approximately equivalent to at least one magnitude 1.8–2.6 earthquake per day. The rate of observed puffs (1 per minute) in the steam plume is similar to the typical seismic rates, suggesting that the LP events are directly related to degassing processes. However, the source mechanism, capable of producing one LP event about every 0.5–5 min, is still poorly understood. Shishaldin's seismicity is unusual in its sustained high rate of LP events without accompanying eruptive activity. Every indication is that the high rate of seismicity will continue without reflecting a hazardous state. Sealing of the conduit and/or change in gas flux, however, would be expected to change Shishaldin's behavior.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.003","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Petersen, T., Caplan-Auerbach, J., and McNutt, S.R., 2006, Sustained long-period seismicity at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, no. 4, p. 365-381, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.003.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"381","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":239099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Shishaldin Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.069580078125,\n 54.322931143263474\n ],\n [\n -165.069580078125,\n 55.21649013168979\n ],\n [\n -162.94921875,\n 55.21649013168979\n ],\n [\n -162.94921875,\n 54.322931143263474\n ],\n [\n -165.069580078125,\n 54.322931143263474\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba322e4b08c986b31fbb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Tanja","contributorId":177624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petersen","given":"Tanja","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13097,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":427038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline","contributorId":17848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caplan-Auerbach","given":"Jacqueline","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNutt, Stephen R.","contributorId":38133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030360,"text":"70030360 - 2006 - Rare earths, the lanthanides, yttrium and scandium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030360","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earths, the lanthanides, yttrium and scandium","docAbstract":"In 2005, rare earths were not mined in the United States. The major supplier, Molycorp, continued to maintain a large stockpile of rare-earth concentrates and compounds. Consumption decreased of refined rare-earth products. The United States remained a major importer and exporter of rare earths in 2005. During the same period, yttrium was not mined or refined in the US. Hence, supply of yttrium compounds for refined yttrium products came from China, France and Japan. Scandium was not also mined. World production was primarily in China, Russia and Ukraine. Demand for rare earths in 2006 is expected to be closely tied to economic conditions in the US.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, J., 2006, Rare earths, the lanthanides, yttrium and scandium: Mining Engineering, v. 58, no. 6, p. 51-53.","startPage":"51","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":239444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9523e4b0c8380cd81822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, J.B.","contributorId":96717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70030311,"text":"70030311 - 2006 - Golden-cheeked warbler males participate in nest-site selection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:02","indexId":"70030311","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Golden-cheeked warbler males participate in nest-site selection","docAbstract":"Nest-site selection behaviors have rarely been described for songbirds. Furthermore, male involvement in nest-site selection is generally assumed to be minimal among most species, especially those predominantly exhibiting female nest building. This assumption has held true for the federally endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia), a breeding resident of central Texas. We observed Golden-cheeked Warbler males and females searching for nest sites together on three separate occasions, 2001-2003. Although rare, such observations add to our knowledge of the life history of songbirds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1676/05-044.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Graber, A., Davis, C., and Leslie, D., 2006, Golden-cheeked warbler males participate in nest-site selection: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 118, no. 2, p. 247-251, https://doi.org/10.1676/05-044.1.","startPage":"247","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211858,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/05-044.1"},{"id":239229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29a4e4b0c8380cd5aaef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graber, A.E.","contributorId":96553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graber","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, C.A.","contributorId":68819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":426621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035639,"text":"70035639 - 2006 - U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and trace-element geochemistry of coesite-bearing zircons, North-East Greenland Caledonides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:51","indexId":"70035639","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and trace-element geochemistry of coesite-bearing zircons, North-East Greenland Caledonides","docAbstract":"Obtaining reliable estimates for the timing of eclogite-facies metamorphism is critical to establishing models for the formation and exhumation of high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terranes in collisional orogens. The presence of pressure-dependent phases, such as coesite, included in metamorphic zircon is generally regarded as evidence that zircon growth occurred at UHP conditions and, ifdated, should provide the necessary timing information. We report U-Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) ages and trace-element SHRIMP data from coesite-bearing zircon suites formed during UHP metamorphism in the North- East Greenland Caledonides. Kyanite eclogite and quartzofeldspathic host gneiss samples from an island in J??kelbugt (78??00'N, 18??04'W) contained subspherical zircons with well-defined domains in cathodoluminescence (CL) images. The presence of coesite is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy in six zircons from four samples. Additional components of the eclogite-facies inclusion suite include kyanite, omphacite, garnet, and rutile. The trace-element signatures in core domains reflect modification of igneous protolith zircon. Rim signatures show flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns that are characteristic of eclogite-facies zircon. The kyanite eclogites generally lack a Eu anomaly, whereas a negative Eu anomaly persists in all domains of the host gneiss. The 207Pb- corrected 206Pb/238U ages range from 330 to 390 Ma for the host gneiss and 330-370 Ma for the kyanite eclogite. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages for coesite-bearing domains vary from 364 ?? 8 Ma for the host gneiss to 350 ?? 4 Ma for kyanite eclogite. The combined U-Pb and REE data interpreted in conjunction with observed CL domains and inclusion suites suggest that (1) Caledonian metamorphic zircon formed by both new zircon growth and recrystallization, (2) UHP metamorphism occurred near the end of the Caledonian collision, and (3) the 30-50m.y. span of ages records long residence times at eclogite-facies conditions for the UHProcks of North-East Greenland. This spread in observed ages is interpreted to be characteristic of metamorphic rocks that have experienced relatively long (longer than 10 m.y.) residence times at UHP conditions. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/2006.2403(02)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"McClelland, W., Power, S., Gilotti, J.A., Mazdab, F., and Wopenka, B., 2006, U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology and trace-element geochemistry of coesite-bearing zircons, North-East Greenland Caledonides: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 403, p. 23-43, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2403(02).","startPage":"23","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":216273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2006.2403(02)"},{"id":244136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"403","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9bee4b08c986b327d96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClelland, W.C.","contributorId":66929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClelland","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Power, S.E.","contributorId":82944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilotti, J. A.","contributorId":15776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilotti","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mazdab, F.K.","contributorId":11650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazdab","given":"F.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wopenka, B.","contributorId":56064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wopenka","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70035660,"text":"70035660 - 2006 - Recent volcanic history of Irazu volcano, Costa Rica: alternation and mixing of two magma batches, and pervasive mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-27T14:17:16","indexId":"70035660","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent volcanic history of Irazu volcano, Costa Rica: alternation and mixing of two magma batches, and pervasive mixing","docAbstract":"40Ar/39Ar dates, field observations, and geochemical data are reported for Irazú volcano, Costa Rica. Volcanism dates back to at least 854 ka, but has been episodic with lava shield construction peaks at ca. 570 ka and 136–0 ka. The recent volcanic record on Irazú volcano comprises lava flows and a variety of Strombolian and phreatomagmatic deposits, with a long-term trend toward more hydrovolcanic deposits. Banded scorias and hybridized rocks reflect ubiquitous magma mixing and commingling. Two distinct magma batches have been identified. One magma type or batch, Haya, includes basalt with higher high field strength (HFS) and rare-earth element contents, suggesting a lower degree melt of a subduction modified mantle source. The second batch, Sapper, has greater enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) relative to HFS elements and rare-earth elements, suggesting a higher subduction signature. The recent volcanic history at Irazú records two and one half sequences of the following pattern: eruptions of the Haya batch; eruptions of the Sapper batch; and finally, an unusually clear unconformity, indicating a pause in eruptions. In the last two sequences, strongly hybridized magma erupted after the eruption of the Haya batch. The continuing presence of two distinct magma batches requires two active magma chambers. The common occurrence of hybrids is evidence for a small, nearer to the surface chamber for mixing the two batches. Estimated pre-eruptive temperatures based on two-pyroxene geothermometry range from ∼1000–1176 °C in basalts to 922 °C in hornblende andesites. Crystallization occurred mainly between 4.6 and 3 kb as measured by different geobarometers. Hybridized rocks show intermediate pressures and temperatures. High silica magma occurs in very small volumes as banded scorias but not as lava flows. Although eruptions at Irazú are not often very explosive, the pervasiveness of magma mixing presents the danger of larger, more explosive hybrid eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2006.2412(14)","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Alvarado, G.E., Carr, M.J., Turrin, B., Swisher, C., Schmincke, H., and Hudnut, K.W., 2006, Recent volcanic history of Irazu volcano, Costa Rica: alternation and mixing of two magma batches, and pervasive mixing: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, no. 412, p. 259-276, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2412(14).","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"276","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":243946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216100,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2006.2412(14)"}],"country":"Costa Rica","otherGeospatial":"Irazu volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.85623931884766,\n 9.977303980690538\n ],\n [\n -83.85623931884766,\n 9.9871096175011\n ],\n [\n -83.84173393249512,\n 9.9871096175011\n ],\n [\n -83.84173393249512,\n 9.977303980690538\n ],\n [\n -83.85623931884766,\n 9.977303980690538\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9658e4b0c8380cd81f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alvarado, Guillermo E.","contributorId":58489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarado","given":"Guillermo","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, Michael J.","contributorId":45924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turrin, Brent D.","contributorId":89867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"Brent D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swisher, Carl C. III","contributorId":66313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swisher","given":"Carl C.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich","contributorId":34272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmincke","given":"Hans-Ulrich","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudnut, Kenneth W. 0000-0002-3168-4797 hudnut@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3168-4797","contributorId":2550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"Kenneth","email":"hudnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}