In many cases, the derivation of high-resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) from planetary surfaces using conventional digital image matching is a problem. The matching methods need at least one stereo pair of images with sufficient texture. However, many space missions provide only a few stereo images and planetary surfaces often possess insufficient texture. This paper describes a method for the generation of high-resolution DTMs from planetary surfaces, which has the potential to overcome the described problem. The suggested method, developed by our group, is based on shape-from-shading using an arbitrary number of digital optical images, and is termed \"multi-image shape-from-shading\" (MI-SFS). The paper contains an explanation of the theory of MI-SFS, followed by a presentation of current results, which were obtained using images from NASA's lunar mission Clementine, and constitute the first practical application with our method using extraterrestrial imagery. The lunar surface is reconstructed under the assumption of different kinds of reflectance models (e.g. Lommel-Seeliger and Lambert). The represented results show that the derivation of a high-resolution DTM of real digital planetary images by means of MI-SFS is feasible.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.03.002","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Lohse, V., Heipke, C., and Kirk, R.L., 2006, Derivation of planetary topography using multi-image shape-from-shading: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 7, p. 661-674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.03.002.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"661","endPage":"674","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":237345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fedde4b0c8380cd4ef7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lohse, Volker","contributorId":211327,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lohse","given":"Volker","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heipke, Christian","contributorId":211328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heipke","given":"Christian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028547,"text":"70028547 - 2006 - Exhumation of Greater Himalayan rock along the main central thrust in Nepal: Implications for channel flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:43","indexId":"70028547","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Exhumation of Greater Himalayan rock along the main central thrust in Nepal: Implications for channel flow","docAbstract":"South-vergent channel flow from beneath the Tibetan Plateau may have played an important role in forming the Himalaya. The possibility that Greater Himalayan rocks currently exposed in the Himalayan Fold-Thrust Belt flowed at mid-crustal depths before being exhumed is intriguing, and may suggest a natural link between orogenic processes operating under the Tibetan Plateau and in the fold-thrust belt. Conceptual and numeric models for the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen currently reported in the literature do an admirable job of replicating many of the observable primary geological features and relationships. However, detailed observations from Greater Himalayan rocks exposed in the fold-thrust belt's external klippen, and from Lesser Himalayan rocks in the proximal footwall of the Main Central Thrust, suggest that since Early Miocene time, it may be more appropriate to model the evolution of the fold-thrust belt using the critical taper paradigm. This does not exclude the possibility that channel flow and linked extrusion of Greater Himalayan rocks may have occurred, but it places important boundaries on a permissible time frame during which these processes may have operated. ?? The Geological Society of London 2006.","largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society Special Publication","language":"English","issn":"03058719","isbn":"1862392099; 9781862392090","usgsCitation":"Robinson, D., and Pearson, O., 2006, Exhumation of Greater Himalayan rock along the main central thrust in Nepal: Implications for channel flow, in Geological Society Special Publication, no. 268, p. 255-267.","startPage":"255","endPage":"267","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"268","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0daee4b0c8380cd5313d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Law R.D.Searle M.P.Godin L.","contributorId":128425,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Law R.D.Searle M.P.Godin L.","id":536635,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, D.M.","contributorId":74185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, O.N. 0000-0002-9550-1128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-1128","contributorId":51698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"O.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028187,"text":"70028187 - 2006 - Abrupt transitions during sustained explosive eruptions: Examples from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T18:23:13","indexId":"70028187","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abrupt transitions during sustained explosive eruptions: Examples from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, Alaska","docAbstract":"Plinian/ignimbrite activity stopped briefly and abruptly 16 and 45 h after commencement of the 1912 Novarupta eruption defining three episodes of explosive volcanism before finally giving way after 60 h to effusion of lava domes. We focus here on the processes leading to the termination of the second and third of these three episodes. Early erupted pumice from both episodes show a very similar range in bulk vesicularity, but the modal values markedly decrease and the vesicularity range widens toward the end of Episode III. Clasts erupted at the end of each episode represent textural extremes; at the end of Episode II, clasts have very thin glass walls and a predominance of large bubbles, whereas at the end of Episode III, clasts have thick interstices and more small bubbles. Quantitatively, all clasts have very similar vesicle size distributions which show a division in the bubble population at 30 ??m vesicle diameter and cumulative number densities ranging from 107-109 cm-3. Patterns seen in histograms of volume fraction and the trends in the vesicle size data can be explained by coalescence signatures superimposed on an interval of prolonged nucleation and free growth of bubbles. Compared to experimental data for bubble growth in silicic melts, the high 1912 number densities suggest homogeneous nucleation was a significant if not dominant mechanism of bubble nucleation in the dacitic magma. The most distinct clast populations occurred toward the end of Plinian activity preceding effusive dome growth. Distributions skewed toward small sizes, thick walls, and teardrop vesicle shapes are indicative of bubble wall collapse marking maturation of the melt and onset of processes of outgassing. The data suggest that the superficially similar pauses in the 1912 eruption which marked the ends of episodes II and III had very different causes. Through Episode III, the trend in vesicle size data reflects a progressive shift in the degassing process from rapid magma ascent and coupled gas exsolution to slower ascent with partial open-system outgassing as a precursor to effusive dome growth. No such trend is visible in the Episode II clast assemblages; we suggest that external changes involving failure of the conduit/vent walls are more likely to have effected the break in explosive activity at 45 h. ?? Springer-Verlag 2006.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00445-006-0067-4","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Adams, N., Houghton, B.F., and Hildreth, W., 2006, Abrupt transitions during sustained explosive eruptions: Examples from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, no. 2, p. 189-206, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0067-4.","startPage":"189","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210153,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0067-4"}],"volume":"69","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e647e4b0c8380cd472ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, N.K.","contributorId":83729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":416956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":416958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028851,"text":"70028851 - 2006 - Spatial correlation of shear-wave velocity within San Francisco Bay Sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:57","indexId":"70028851","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Spatial correlation of shear-wave velocity within San Francisco Bay Sediments","docAbstract":"Sediment properties are spatially variable at all scales, and this variability at smaller scales influences high frequency ground motions. We show that surface shear-wave velocity is highly correlated within San Francisco Bay Area sediments using shear-wave velocity measurements from 210 seismic cone penetration tests. We use this correlation to estimate the surface sediment velocity structure using geostatistics. We find that the variance of the estimated shear-wave velocity is reduced using ordinary kriging, and that including this velocity structure in 2D ground motion simulations of a moderate sized earthquake improves the accuracy of the synthetics. Copyright ASCE 2006.","largerWorkTitle":"GeoCongress 2006: Geotechnical Engineering in the Information Technology Age","conferenceTitle":"GeoCongress 2006","conferenceDate":"26 February 2006 through 1 March 2006","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40803(187)134","isbn":"0784408033; 9780784408032","usgsCitation":"Thompson, E., Baise, L., and Kayen, R.E., 2006, Spatial correlation of shear-wave velocity within San Francisco Bay Sediments, in GeoCongress 2006: Geotechnical Engineering in the Information Technology Age, v. 2006, Atlanta, GA, 26 February 2006 through 1 March 2006, https://doi.org/10.1061/40803(187)134.","startPage":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209718,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40803(187)134"},{"id":236410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9460e4b08c986b31aa47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, E.M.","contributorId":104688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baise, L.G.","contributorId":6239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baise","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028333,"text":"70028333 - 2006 - Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in southern California from modified Mercalli intensities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:53","indexId":"70028333","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in southern California from modified Mercalli intensities","docAbstract":"Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) assignments, instrumental moment magnitudes M, and epicenter locations of thirteen 5.6 ??? M ??? 7.1 \"training-set\" events in southern California were used to obtain the attenuation relation MMI = 1.64 + 1.41M - 0.00526 * ??h - 2.63 * log ??h, where ??h is the hypocentral distance in kilometers and M is moment magnitude. Intensity magnitudes MI and locations for five 5.9 ??? M ??? 7.3 independent test events were consistent with the instrumental source parameters. Fourteen \"historical\" earthquakes between 1890 and 1927 were then analyzed. Of particular interest are the MI 7.2 9 February 1890 and MI 6.6 28 May 1892 earthquakes, which were previously assumed to have occurred near the southern San Jacinto fault; a more likely location is in the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). These events, and the 1992 M 7.3 Landers and 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine events, suggest that the ECSZ has been seismically active since at least the end of the nineteenth century. The earthquake catalog completeness level in the ECSZ is ???M 6.5 at least until the early twentieth century.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050205","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., 2006, Estimating locations and magnitudes of earthquakes in southern California from modified Mercalli intensities: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 A, p. 1278-1295, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050205.","startPage":"1278","endPage":"1295","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":210293,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050205"},{"id":237171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b28e4b0c8380cd525d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028332,"text":"70028332 - 2006 - Acoustic bed velocity and bed load dynamics in a large sand bed river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-03T16:36:26","indexId":"70028332","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2318,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic bed velocity and bed load dynamics in a large sand bed river","docAbstract":"Development of a practical technology for rapid quantification of bed load transport in large rivers would represent a revolutionary advance for sediment monitoring and the investigation of fluvial dynamics. Measurement of bed load motion with acoustic Doppler current profiles (ADCPs) has emerged as a promising approach for evaluating bed load transport. However, a better understanding of how ADCP data relate to conditions near the stream bed is necessary to make the method practical for quantitative applications. In this paper, we discuss the response of ADCP bed velocity measurements, defined as the near-bed sediment velocity detected by the instrument's bottom-tracking feature, to changing sediment-transporting conditions in the lower Missouri River. Bed velocity represents a weighted average of backscatter from moving bed load particles and spectral reflections from the immobile bed. The ratio of bed velocity to mean bed load particle velocity depends on the concentration of the particles moving in the bed load layer, the bed load layer thickness, and the backscatter strength from a unit area of moving particles relative to the echo strength from a unit area of unobstructed bed. A model based on existing bed load transport theory predicted measured bed velocities from hydraulic and grain size measurements with reasonable success. Bed velocities become more variable and increase more rapidly with shear stress when the transport stage, defined as the ratio of skin friction to the critical shear stress for particle entrainment, exceeds a threshold of about 17. This transition in bed velocity response appears to be associated with the appearance of longer, flatter bed forms at high transport stages.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union, Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2005JF000411","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gaeuman, D., and Jacobson, R., 2006, Acoustic bed velocity and bed load dynamics in a large sand bed river: Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface, v. 111, no. 2, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000411.","productDescription":"14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477522,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jf000411","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":237170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210292,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000411"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e69ce4b0c8380cd47525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaeuman, D.","contributorId":73807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaeuman","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, R. B. 0000-0002-8368-2064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":92614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028762,"text":"70028762 - 2006 - Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T16:06:57","indexId":"70028762","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River","docAbstract":"Little information currently exists on habitat use by subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha rearing in large, main-stem habitats. We collected habitat use information on subyearlings in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River during May 1994 and April-May 1995 using point abundance electrofishing. We analyzed measures of physical habitat using logistic regression to predict fish presence and absence in shoreline habitats. The difference between water temperature at the point of sampling and in the main river channel was the most important variable for predicting the presence and absence of subyearlings. Mean water velocities of 45 cm/s or less and habitats with low lateral bank slopes were also associated with a greater likelihood of subyearling presence. Intermediate-sized gravel and cobble substrates were significant predictors of fish presence, but small (<32-mm) and boulder-sized (>256-mm) substrates were not. Our rearing model was accurate at predicting fish presence and absence using jackknifing (80% correct) and classification of observations from an independent data set (76% correct). The habitat requirements of fall Chinook salmon in the Hanford Reach are similar to those reported for juvenile Chinook salmon in smaller systems but are met in functionally different ways in a large river.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M04-161.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Clark, L., Garland, R., and Rondorf, D., 2006, Variables influencing the presence of subyearling fall Chinook salmon in shoreline habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 2, p. 351-360, https://doi.org/10.1577/M04-161.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"360","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488438,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2506806","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Hanford Reach","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.83337402343749,\n 46.640008243515915\n ],\n [\n -119.81689453125,\n 46.61171462536894\n ],\n [\n -119.61639404296874,\n 46.6286925708375\n ],\n [\n -119.49005126953124,\n 46.6965511173143\n ],\n [\n -119.3609619140625,\n 46.511625395437925\n ],\n [\n -119.27581787109374,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -119.26208496093751,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -119.07257080078124,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -119.02862548828125,\n 46.231153027822046\n ],\n [\n -119.22088623046875,\n 46.32417161725694\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 46.50217348354072\n ],\n [\n -119.39117431640625,\n 46.68336307047754\n ],\n [\n -119.50103759765625,\n 46.751153008636884\n ],\n [\n -119.68780517578125,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -119.80865478515625,\n 46.65132155014943\n ],\n [\n -119.83337402343749,\n 46.640008243515915\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc14be4b08c986b32a4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, L.O.","contributorId":85745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70028561,"text":"70028561 - 2006 - Coseismic and initial postseismic deformation from the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake, observed by global positioning system, electronic distance meter, creepmeters, and borehole strainmeters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028561","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic and initial postseismic deformation from the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake, observed by global positioning system, electronic distance meter, creepmeters, and borehole strainmeters","docAbstract":"Global Positioning System (GPS), electronic distance meter, creepmeter, and strainmeter measurements spanning the M 6.0 Parkfield, California, earthquake are examined. Using these data from 100 sec through 9 months following the main-shock, the Omori's law, with rate inversely related to time, l/t p and p ranging between 0.7 and 1.3, characterizes the time-dependent deformation during the post-seismic period; these results are consistent with creep models for elastic solids. With an accurate function of postseismic response, the coseismic displacements can be estimated from the high-rate, 1-min sampling GPS; and the coseismic displacements are approximately 75% of those estimated from the daily solutions. Consequently, fault-slip models using daily solutions overestimate coseismic slip. In addition, at 2 months and at 8 months following the mainshock, postseismic displacements are modeled as slip on the San Andreas fault with a lower bound on the moment exceeding that of the coseismic moment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050823","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J., Murray, J., and Snyder, H.A., 2006, Coseismic and initial postseismic deformation from the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake, observed by global positioning system, electronic distance meter, creepmeters, and borehole strainmeters: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 B, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050823.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050823"},{"id":236428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc5ae4b0c8380cd4e237","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J.","contributorId":16990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, J.R.","contributorId":39179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, Hollice A.","contributorId":59530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Hollice","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028325,"text":"70028325 - 2006 - Multiphase, multicomponent parameter estimation for liquid and vapor fluxes in deep arid systems using hydrologic data and natural environmental tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:54:09","indexId":"70028325","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiphase, multicomponent parameter estimation for liquid and vapor fluxes in deep arid systems using hydrologic data and natural environmental tracers","docAbstract":"Multiphase, multicomponent numerical models of long-term unsaturated-zone liquid and vapor movement were created for a thick alluvial basin at the Nevada Test Site to predict present-day liquid and vapor fluxes. The numerical models are based on recently developed conceptual models of unsaturated-zone moisture movement in thick alluvium that explain present-day water potential and tracer profiles in terms of major climate and vegetation transitions that have occurred during the past 10 000 yr or more. The numerical models were calibrated using borehole hydrologic and environmental tracer data available from a low-level radioactive waste management site located in a former nuclear weapons testing area. The environmental tracer data used in the model calibration includes tracers that migrate in both the liquid and vapor phases (δD, δ18O) and tracers that migrate solely as dissolved solutes (Cl), thus enabling the estimation of some gas-phase as well as liquid-phase transport parameters. Parameter uncertainties and correlations identified during model calibration were used to generate parameter combinations for a set of Monte Carlo simulations to more fully characterize the uncertainty in liquid and vapor fluxes. The calculated background liquid and vapor fluxes decrease as the estimated time since the transition to the present-day arid climate increases. However, on the whole, the estimated fluxes display relatively little variability because correlations among parameters tend to create parameter sets for which changes in some parameters offset the effects of others in the set. Independent estimates on the timing since the climate transition established from packrat midden data were essential for constraining the model calibration results. The study demonstrates the utility of environmental tracer data in developing numerical models of liquid- and gas-phase moisture movement and the importance of considering parameter correlations when using Monte Carlo analysis to characterize the uncertainty in moisture fluxes.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2006.0021","usgsCitation":"Kwicklis, E.M., Wolfsberg, A.V., Stauffer, P.H., Walvoord, M.A., and Sully, M.J., 2006, Multiphase, multicomponent parameter estimation for liquid and vapor fluxes in deep arid systems using hydrologic data and natural environmental tracers: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 934-950, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2006.0021.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"934","endPage":"950","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a605ae4b0c8380cd713c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kwicklis, Edward M.","contributorId":25970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwicklis","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfsberg, Andrew V.","contributorId":22530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolfsberg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Philip H.","contributorId":69262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13447,"text":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":417536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sully, Michael J.","contributorId":82911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sully","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16973,"text":"Neptune and Company Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":417534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028321,"text":"70028321 - 2006 - Earthquake and volcano clustering via stress transfer at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:45","indexId":"70028321","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake and volcano clustering via stress transfer at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"The proposed national high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain is close to Quaternary cinder cones and faults with Quaternary slip. Volcano eruption and earthquake frequencies are low, with indications of spatial and temporal clustering, making probabilistic assessments difficult. In an effort to identify the most likely intrusion sites, we based a three-dimensional finite-element model on the expectation that faulting and basalt intrusions are sensitive to the magnitude and orientation of the least principal stress in extensional terranes. We found that in the absence of fault slip, variation in overburden pressure caused a stress state that preferentially favored intrusions at Crater Flat. However, when we allowed central Yucca Mountain faults to slip in the model, we found that magmatic clustering was not favored at Crater Flat or in the central Yucca Mountain block. Instead, we calculated that the stress field was most encouraging to intrusions near fault terminations, consistent with the location of the most recent volcanism at Yucca Mountain, the Lathrop Wells cone. We found this linked fault and magmatic system to be mutually reinforcing in the model in that Lathrop Wells feeder dike inflation favored renewed fault slip. ?? 2006 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G22636.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Thompson, G.A., and Cogbill, A., 2006, Earthquake and volcano clustering via stress transfer at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Geology, v. 34, no. 9, p. 785-788, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22636.1.","startPage":"785","endPage":"788","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210104,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G22636.1"}],"volume":"34","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04bbe4b0c8380cd50ae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, G. A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cogbill, A.H.","contributorId":88917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cogbill","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028647,"text":"70028647 - 2006 - Body-wave traveltime and amplitude shifts from asymptotic travelling wave coupling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028647","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Body-wave traveltime and amplitude shifts from asymptotic travelling wave coupling","docAbstract":"We explore the sensitivity of finite-frequency body-wave traveltimes and amplitudes to perturbations in 3-D seismic velocity structure relative to a spherically symmetric model. Using the approach of coupled travelling wave theory, we consider the effect of a structural perturbation on an isolated portion of the seismogram. By convolving the spectrum of the differential seismogram with the spectrum of a narrow window taper, and using a Taylor's series expansion for wavenumber as a function of frequency on a mode dispersion branch, we derive semi-analytic expressions for the sensitivity kernels. Far-field effects of wave interactions with the free surface or internal discontinuities are implicitly included, as are wave conversions upon scattering. The kernels may be computed rapidly for the purpose of structural inversions. We give examples of traveltime sensitivity kernels for regional wave propagation at 1 Hz. For the direct SV wave in a simple crustal velocity model, they are generally complicated because of interfering waves generated by interactions with the free surface and the Mohorovic??ic?? discontinuity. A large part of the interference effects may be eliminated by restricting the travelling wave basis set to those waves within a certain range of horizontal phase velocity. ?? Journal compilation ?? 2006 RAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03095.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2006, Body-wave traveltime and amplitude shifts from asymptotic travelling wave coupling: Geophysical Journal International, v. 167, no. 2, p. 705-736, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03095.x.","startPage":"705","endPage":"736","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477684,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03095.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":209895,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03095.x"},{"id":236640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"167","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1f8e4b0c8380cd4af27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F.","contributorId":66449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70028695,"text":"70028695 - 2006 - Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T11:35:05","indexId":"70028695","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States","docAbstract":"We compare the historical record of earthquake hazard experienced at 78 towns and cities (sites) distributed across New Zealand and the continental United States with the hazard estimated from the national probabilistic seismic-hazard (PSH) models for the two countries. The two PSH models are constructed with similar methodologies and data. Our comparisons show a tendency for the PSH models to slightly exceed the historical hazard in New Zealand and westernmost continental United States interplate regions, but show lower hazard than that of the historical record in the continental United States intraplate region. Factors such as non-Poissonian behavior, parameterization of active fault data in the PSH calculations, and uncertainties in estimation of ground-motion levels from historical felt intensity data for the interplate regions may have led to the higher-than-historical levels of hazard at the interplate sites. In contrast, the less-than-historical hazard for the remaining continental United States (intraplate) sites may be largely due to site conditions not having been considered at the intraplate sites, and uncertainties in correlating ground-motion levels to historical felt intensities. The study also highlights the importance of evaluating PSH models at more than one region, because the conclusions reached on the basis of a solely interplate or intraplate study would be very different.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050176","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stirling, M.W., and Petersen, M.D., 2006, Comparison of the historical record of earthquake hazard with seismic-hazard models for New Zealand and the continental United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 6, p. 1978-1994, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050176.","startPage":"1978","endPage":"1994","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209663,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050176"},{"id":236332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8ace4b0c8380cd4d204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stirling, Mark W.","contributorId":175118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":419297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028645,"text":"70028645 - 2006 - The ionospheric impact on GPS performance in southern polar region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028645","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The ionospheric impact on GPS performance in southern polar region","docAbstract":"The primary objective of this paper is to present the results of the study of the effects of varying ionospheric conditions on the GPS signal tracking in the southern polar region. In the first stage of this study, the data collected by the OSU/USGS team in October-November 2003 within the TAMDEF (Transantarctic Mountains Deformation) network were used together with some IGS Antarctic stations to study the effect of severe ionospheric storms on GPS hardware. Note that TAMDEF is a joint USGS/OSU project with the primary objective of measuring crustal motion in the Transantarctic Mountains of Southern Victoria Land using GPS techniques. This study included ten Antarctic stations equipped with different dual-frequency GPS hardware, and the data were evaluated for two 24-hour periods of severe ionospheric storm (2003/10/29) and moderate ionospheric conditions (minor storm of 2003/11/11). The results of this study were presented at the LAG Assembly in Cairns, Australia (Grejner-Brzezinska et al., 2005). Additional tests, in a more controlled environment, were carried out at the US Antarctic station, McMurdo, between January 10 and February 6, 2006, under varying ionospheric conditions, where several different types of receivers were connected to the same antenna located on the rooftop of the Crary Laboratory (the primary test site). In this scenario, each antenna was subject to identical ionospheric effects during each day of the test, and no spatial decorrelation effects were present, as seen in the previous study, due to the spatial separation of the receivers tested. It should be noted, however, that no moderate or severe ionospheric storms occurred during the experiment, so, unfortunately, this type of conditions was not tested here. The test was repeated with different receivers connected to different antenna types; a total of four 5-day sessions were carried out. The following receiver types were used at the primary site: Trimble 5700, Ashtech Z-Surveyor, JNS Euro-80 and Novatel DL-4, with the following antennas: Trimble Zephyr Geodetic, Ashtech D/M and Ashtech E/M chokering. In addition, data collected by the MCM4 IGS station, MCMD UNAVCO station, and CRAR USGS station, all located within 300 m from the primary test site, were used in the analyses. These stations were equipped with the following receiver/antenna combinations: ADA SNR-12/AOAD/MJT chokering (MCM4), Trimble NETRS/AOAD/MJT chokering (MCMD), and TPS ODYSEY_E/JPSREGANT_DD_E (CRAR). The UNAVCO TEQC software was used to carry out the analyses. Depending on the data sampling rate and the mask angle, the expected numbers of observations per receiver/satellite were compared to the actual number of measurements collected during the ionospheric events, with a special emphasis on L2 data. A total number of cycle slips and losses of lock were computed and compared among the hardware types. The results presented here indicate that there is no significant effects on the GPS receivers during minor ionospheric storms (Kp<5). However, the results reported in ibid, indicate significant differences in the hardware performance under severe ionospheric storms. Thus, careful hardware selection is needed to assure data quality/continuity when observations may be affected by severe ionospheric disturbances, while under calm to minor ionospheric activity level there is no significant difference in performance among the hardware tested here.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation - 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, ION GNSS 2006","conferenceTitle":"Institute of Navigation - 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, ION GNSS 2006","conferenceDate":"26 September 2006 through 29 September 2006","conferenceLocation":"Fort Worth, TX","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hong, C., Grejner-Brzezinska, D.A., Arslan, N., Willis, M., and Hothem, L., 2006, The ionospheric impact on GPS performance in southern polar region, in Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation - 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, ION GNSS 2006, v. 3, Fort Worth, TX, 26 September 2006 through 29 September 2006, p. 1418-1426.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1426","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad64e4b08c986b323bab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hong, C.-K.","contributorId":90526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hong","given":"C.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grejner-Brzezinska, D. A.","contributorId":42772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grejner-Brzezinska","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arslan, N.","contributorId":86557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arslan","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willis, M.","contributorId":82910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hothem, L.","contributorId":13801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70028930,"text":"70028930 - 2006 - Surface fault slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:37:25","indexId":"70028930","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface fault slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"Surface fracturing occurred along the San Andreas fault, the subparallel Southwest Fracture Zone, and six secondary faults in association with the 28 September 2004 (M 6.0) Parkfield earthquake. Fractures formed discontinuous breaks along a 32-km-long stretch of the San Andreas fault. Sense of slip was right lateral; only locally was there a minor (1-11 mm) vertical component of slip. Right-lateral slip in the first few weeks after the event, early in its afterslip period, ranged from 1 to 44 mm. Our observations in the weeks following the earthquake indicated that the highest slip values are in the Middle Mountain area, northwest of the mainshock epicenter (creepmeter measurements indicate a similar distribution of slip). Surface slip along the San Andreas fault developed soon after the mainshock; field checks in the area near Parkfield and about 5 km to the southeast indicated that surface slip developed more than 1 hr but generally less than 1 day after the event. Slip along the Southwest Fracture Zone developed coseismically and extended about 8 km. Sense of slip was right lateral; locally there was a minor to moderate (1-29 mm) vertical component of slip. Right-lateral slip ranged from 1 to 41 mm. Surface slip along secondary faults was right lateral; the right-lateral component of slip ranged from 3 to 5 mm. Surface slip in the 1966 and 2004 events occurred along both the San Andreas fault and the Southwest Fracture Zone. In 1966 the length of ground breakage along the San Andreas fault extended 5 km longer than that mapped in 2004. In contrast, the length of ground breakage along the Southwest Fracture Zone was the same in both events, yet the surface fractures were more continuous in 2004. Surface slip on secondary faults in 2004 indicated previously unmapped structural connections between the San Andreas fault and the Southwest Fracture Zone, further revealing aspects of the structural setting and fault interactions in the Parkfield area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120050830","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Rymer, M.J., Tinsley, J.C., Treiman, J., Arrowsmith, J., Ciahan, K., Rosinski, A., Bryant, W., Snyder, H.A., Fuis, G., Toke, N., and Bawden, G., 2006, Surface fault slip associated with the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 96, no. 4 B, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050830.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209880,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120050830"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4 B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fa9e4b08c986b31e768","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinsley, J. C. III","contributorId":39777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Treiman, J.A.","contributorId":19735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treiman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arrowsmith, J.R.","contributorId":88536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arrowsmith","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ciahan, K.B.","contributorId":21336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ciahan","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rosinski, A.M.","contributorId":37939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosinski","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bryant, W. A.","contributorId":56255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"W. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Snyder, Hollice A.","contributorId":59530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Hollice","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Toke, N.A.","contributorId":76924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toke","given":"N.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bawden, G.W.","contributorId":61139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawden","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":420607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70028726,"text":"70028726 - 2006 - Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028726","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability","docAbstract":"The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) instrument on the Cassini Saturn Orbiter returned spectral imaging data as the spacecraft undertook six close encounters with Titan beginning 7 July, 2004. Three of these flybys each produced overlapping coverage of two distinct regions of Titan's surface. Twenty-four points were selected on approximately opposite hemispheres to serve as photometric controls. Six points were selected in each of four reflectance classes. On one hemisphere each control point was observed at three distinct phase angles. From the derived phase coefficients, preliminary normal reflectances were derived for each reflectance class. The normal reflectance of Titan's surface units at 2.0178 ??m ranged from 0.079 to 0.185 for the most absorbing to the most reflective units assuming no contribution from absorbing haze. When a modest haze contribution of ??=0.1 is considered these numbers increase to 0.089-0.215. We find that the lowest three reflectance classes have comparable normal reflectance on either hemisphere. However, for the highest brightness class the normal reflectance is higher on the hemisphere encompassing longitude 14-65?? compared to the same high brightness class for the hemisphere encompassing 122-156?? longitude. We conclude that an albedo dichotomy observed in continental sized units on Titan is due not only to one unit having more areal coverage of reflective material than the other but the material on the brighter unit is intrinsically more reflective than the most reflective material on the other unit. This suggests that surface renewal processes are more widespread on Titan's more reflective units than on its less reflective units. We note that one of our photometric control points has increased in reflectance by 12% relative to the surrounding terrain from July of 2004 to April and May of 2005. Possible causes of this effect include atmospheric processes such as ground fog or orographic clouds; the suggestion of active volcanism cannot be ruled out. Several interesting circular features which resembled impact craters were identified on Titan's surface at the time of the initial Titan flyby in July of 2004. We traced photometric profiles through two of these candidate craters and attempted to fit these profiles to the photometric properties expected from model depressions. We find that the best-fit attempt to model these features as craters requires that they be unrealistically deep, approximately 70 km deep. We conclude that despite their appearance, these circular features are not craters, however, the possibility that they are palimpsests cannot be ruled out. We used two methods to test for the presence of vast expanses of liquids on Titan's surface that had been suggested to resemble oceans. Specular reflection of sunlight would be indicative of widespread liquids on the surface; we found no evidence of this. A large liquid body should also show uniformity in photometric profile; we found the profiles to be highly variable. The lack of specular reflection and the high photometric variability in the profiles across candidate oceans is inconsistent with the presence of vast expanses of flat-lying liquids on Titan's surface. While liquid accumulation may be present as small, sub-pixel-sized bodies, or in areas of the surface which still remain to be observed by VIMS, the presence of large ocean-sized accumulations of liquids can be ruled out. The Cassini orbital tour offers the opportunity for VIMS to image the same parts of Titan's surface repeatedly at many different illumination and observation geometries. This creates the possibility of understanding the properties of Titan's atmosphere and haze by iteratively adapting models to create a best fit to the surface reflectance properties. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Nelson, R., Brown, R.H., Hapke, B., Smythe, W.D., Kamp, L., Boryta, M., Leader, F., Baines, K.H., Bellucci, G., Bibring, J., Buratti, B.J., Capaccioni, F., Cerroni, P., Clark, R.N., Combes, M., Coradini, A., Cruikshank, D.P., Drossart, P., Formisano, V., Jaumann, R., Langevin, Y., Matson, D.L., McCord, T.B., Mennella, V., Nicholson, P.D., Sicardy, B., and Sotin, C., 2006, Photometric properties of Titan's surface from Cassini VIMS: Relevance to titan's hemispherical albedo dichotomy and surface stability: Planetary and Space Science, v. 54, no. 15, p. 1540-1551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014.","startPage":"1540","endPage":"1551","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209998,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.06.014"},{"id":236784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a2ce4b0c8380cd78d92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, R.M.","contributorId":38316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R. H.","contributorId":19931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hapke, B.W.","contributorId":7899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smythe, W. D.","contributorId":90878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smythe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kamp, L.","contributorId":32312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamp","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boryta, M.D.","contributorId":21337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boryta","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leader, F.","contributorId":37942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leader","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Baines, K. H.","contributorId":37868,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baines","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bellucci, G.","contributorId":46256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellucci","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Bibring, J.-P.","contributorId":86083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bibring","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Buratti, B. J.","contributorId":69280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buratti","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Capaccioni, F.","contributorId":90900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capaccioni","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Cerroni, P.","contributorId":7869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerroni","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Combes, M.","contributorId":66892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Combes","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Coradini, A.","contributorId":34679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coradini","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Cruikshank, D. 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L.","contributorId":59940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"McCord, T. B.","contributorId":69695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCord","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Mennella, V.","contributorId":88522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mennella","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Nicholson, P. D.","contributorId":54330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicholson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Sicardy, B.","contributorId":57622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sicardy","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Sotin, Christophe","contributorId":53924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sotin","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}} ,{"id":70028599,"text":"70028599 - 2006 - Modeling movement and fidelity of American black ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70028599","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling movement and fidelity of American black ducks","docAbstract":"Spatial relationships among stocks of breeding waterfowl can be an important component of harvest management. Prediction and optimal harvest management under adaptive harvest management (AHM) requires information on the spatial relationships among breeding populations (fidelity and inter-year exchange), as well as rates of movements from breeding to harvest regions. We used band-recovery data to develop a model to estimate probabilities of movement for American black ducks (Anas rubripes) among 3 Canadian breeding strata and 6 harvest regions (3 in Canada, and 3 in the United States) over the period 1965-1998. Model selection criteria suggested that models containing area-, year-, and age-specific recovery rates with area- and sex-specific movement rates were the best for modeling movement. Movement by males to southern harvest areas was variable depending on the originating area. Males from the western breeding area predominantly moved to the Mississippi Flyway or southern Atlantic Flyway (??ij = 0.353, SE = 0.0187 and ??ij = 0.473, SE = 0.037, respectively), whereas males that originated in the eastern and central breeding strata moved to the northern Atlantic flyway (??ij = 0.842, SE = 0.010 and ??ij = 0.578, SE = 0.0222, respectively). We used combined recoveries and recaptures in Program MARK to estimate fidelity to the 3 Canadian breeding strata. Information criteria identified a model containing sex- and age-specific fidelity for black ducks. Estimates of fidelity were 0.9695 (SE = 0.0249) and 0.9554 (SE = 0.0434) for adult males and females, respectively. Estimates of fidelity for juveniles were slightly lower at 0.9210 (SE = 0.0931) and 0.8870 (SE = 0.0475) for males and females, respectively. These models have application to the development of spatially stratified black duck harvest management models for use in AHM.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1770:MMAFOA]2.0.CO;2","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Zimpfer, N., and Conroy, M., 2006, Modeling movement and fidelity of American black ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 70, no. 6, p. 1770-1777, https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1770:MMAFOA]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1770","endPage":"1777","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209761,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[1770:MMAFOA]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":236466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c0ce4b0c8380cd6f9c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimpfer, N.L.","contributorId":74560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimpfer","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028640,"text":"70028640 - 2006 - New ghost-node method for linking different models with varied grid refinement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028640","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New ghost-node method for linking different models with varied grid refinement","docAbstract":"A flexible, robust method for linking grids of locally refined ground-water flow models constructed with different numerical methods is needed to address a variety of hydrologic problems. This work outlines and tests a new ghost-node model-linking method for a refined \"child\" model that is contained within a larger and coarser \"parent\" model that is based on the iterative method of Steffen W. Mehl and Mary C. Hill (2002, Advances in Water Res., 25, p. 497-511; 2004, Advances in Water Res., 27, p. 899-912). The method is applicable to steady-state solutions for ground-water flow. Tests are presented for a homogeneous two-dimensional system that has matching grids (parent cells border an integer number of child cells) or nonmatching grids. The coupled grids are simulated by using the finite-difference and finite-element models MODFLOW and FEHM, respectively. The simulations require no alteration of the MODFLOW or FEHM models and are executed using a batch file on Windows operating systems. Results indicate that when the grids are matched spatially so that nodes and child-cell boundaries are aligned, the new coupling technique has error nearly equal to that when coupling two MODFLOW models. When the grids are nonmatching, model accuracy is slightly increased compared to that for matching-grid cases. Overall, results indicate that the ghost-node technique is a viable means to couple distinct models because the overall head and flow errors relative to the analytical solution are less than if only the regional coarse-grid model was used to simulate flow in the child model's domain.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM","conferenceTitle":"11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference","conferenceDate":"30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","isbn":"0894486918; 9780894486913","usgsCitation":"James, S., Dickinson, J., Mehl, S., Hill, M.C., Leake, S.A., Zyvoloski, G., and Eddebbarh, A., 2006, New ghost-node method for linking different models with varied grid refinement, in Proceedings of the 11th International High Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM, v. 2006, Las Vegas, NV, 30 April 2006 through 4 May 2006, p. 338-344.","startPage":"338","endPage":"344","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2006","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a658be4b0c8380cd72c10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, S.C.","contributorId":103059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickinson, J.E.","contributorId":28790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehl, S.W.","contributorId":84555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"S.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zyvoloski, G.A.","contributorId":20123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zyvoloski","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Eddebbarh, A.-A.","contributorId":101425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddebbarh","given":"A.-A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70028603,"text":"70028603 - 2006 - Shallow gas off the Rhône prodelta, Gulf of Lions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-20T11:45:20","indexId":"70028603","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow gas off the Rhône prodelta, Gulf of Lions","docAbstract":"Sediment cores acquired in 2004 off the Rhône prodelta show consistent anomalous methane concentrations of up to 87,440 ppm. Methane compositional and isotopic data support a biogenic origin, although there are a few sites that show strongly depleted δ13C values (− 53‰ PDB) suggesting a mixed source for the gas (biogenic and thermogenic). Anomalous methane concentrations (samples with more than 90 ppm) are discussed and integrated with organic carbon data, sedimentary rates and ADCP profiles. Highest gas concentrations were found directly off the river mouth (20–40 m water depth) and where the IFREMER models point to the thickest accumulation (> 2 m) in response to the Rhône flood event.
\nIn areas unaffected by the high flux of organic matter and rapid/thick flood deposition, or in between flood events, the conditions for methanogenesis and gas accumulation have not been met; in these areas, the physical and biological reworking of the surficial sediment may effectively oxidize and mineralize organic matter and limit bacterial methanogenesis in the sub-surface. We propose that in the Rhône prodelta flood deposits deliver significant amounts of terrigenous organic matter that can be rapidly buried, effectively removing this organic matter from aerobic oxidation and biological uptake and leading to the potential for methanogenesis with burial.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2006.09.005","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Garcia-Garcia, A., Orange, D.L., Lorenson, T., Radakovitch, O., Tesi, T., Miserocchi, S., Berne, S., Friend, P., Nittrouer, C., and Normand, A., 2006, Shallow gas off the Rhône prodelta, Gulf of Lions: Marine Geology, v. 234, no. 1-4, p. 215-231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.09.005.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"231","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477479,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-01061570","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209812,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.09.005"}],"volume":"234","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e1ee4b08c986b318742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia-Garcia, Ana","contributorId":43958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia-Garcia","given":"Ana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orange, Daniel L.","contributorId":23309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenson, T.","contributorId":88915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Radakovitch, Olivier","contributorId":23324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radakovitch","given":"Olivier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tesi, Tommaso","contributorId":106687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesi","given":"Tommaso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miserocchi, Stefano","contributorId":68949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miserocchi","given":"Stefano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Berne, Serge","contributorId":68089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berne","given":"Serge","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Friend, P.L.","contributorId":59609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nittrouer, Chuck","contributorId":23325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nittrouer","given":"Chuck","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Normand, Alain","contributorId":26499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normand","given":"Alain","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":418788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70028296,"text":"70028296 - 2006 - Can basin-scale recharge be estimated reasonably with water-balance models?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:25:08","indexId":"70028296","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can basin-scale recharge be estimated reasonably with water-balance models?","docAbstract":"We examine in-place recharge as an example of the complex, basin-scale hydrologic processes that are being represented with simplified numerical models. The rate and distribution of recharge depend on local meteorological conditions and hydrogeologic properties. The pattern of recharge is defined predominantly by the distribution of net precipitation (precipitation less evapotranspiration), but different pedotransfer functions (PTFs) predict different fractions of precipitation that become in-place recharge at a given location. At any single location, these differences can often be explained on the basis of the PTF characteristics, but because of the complex averaging that occurs across a basin, the combined effects of meteorological variation and soil textural variation on the basin-wide recharge rates cannot be predicted on the basis of the characteristics of different PTFs. In fact, we show that the same basin-scale numerical model, using identical inputs and modeling options, can produce almost an order of magnitude variation in predicted basin total recharge depending on the choice of PTF. This suggests that sensitivity analyses should be performed on the choice of constitutive relationship (e.g., PTF) when assessing the predictive capability of basin-scale hydrologic models. ?? Soil Science Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Vadose Zone Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2136/vzj2005.0109","issn":"15391663","usgsCitation":"Faust, A., Ferre, T., Schaap, M., Hinnell, A., and Brown, G.E., 2006, Can basin-scale recharge be estimated reasonably with water-balance models?: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 850-855, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2005.0109.","startPage":"850","endPage":"855","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":237100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210238,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2136/vzj2005.0109"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f333e4b0c8380cd4b660","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, A.E.","contributorId":100600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferre, T.P.A.","contributorId":196167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferre","given":"T.P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaap, M.G.","contributorId":70583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaap","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hinnell, A.C.","contributorId":70175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinnell","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Gordon E. 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We compared habitats at normal operating pool elevation with habitats at drawdown to spillway crest elevation and drawdown to the historical natural river elevation for two flows (4,417 and 8,495 m3/s). Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling and a predictive habitat model, we determined the quantity and spatial distribution of rearing habitat and predicted water velocities. We predicted that the most habitat area would occur under normal pool elevation, but 93% of habitat was located in the upper third of the reservoir. Although less habitat area was predicted under drawdown to the spillway crest and the natural river, it was distributed more homogeneously throughout the study area. Habitat connectivity, patch size, and percent of suitable shoreline were greatest under drawdown to the natural river elevation. Mean cross-sectional water velocity and the variation in velocity increased with increasing level of reservoir drawdown. Water velocities under drawdown to the natural river were about twice as high as those under drawdown to spillway crest and five times higher than those under normal pool. The variability in water velocity, which may provide cues to fish migration, was highest under drawdown to the natural river and lowest under normal pool elevation. The extent to which different drawdown scenarios would be effective in John Day Reservoir depends in part on restoring normative riverine processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/M06-018.1","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Garland, R., and Rondorf, D., 2006, Predicted changes in subyearling fall Chinook salmon rearing and migratory habitat under two drawdown scenarios for John Day Reservoir, Columbia River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 26, no. 4, p. 894-907, https://doi.org/10.1577/M06-018.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"894","endPage":"907","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487580,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2506883","text":"External Repository"},{"id":236403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209711,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M06-018.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"John Day Dam and McNary Dam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.49093627929689,\n 45.72631510756141\n ],\n [\n -121.5087890625,\n 45.71001523943372\n ],\n [\n -121.47033691406249,\n 45.691792112909965\n ],\n [\n -121.38931274414062,\n 45.67260345778067\n ],\n [\n -121.34811401367186,\n 45.68603620740324\n ],\n [\n -121.23825073242186,\n 45.66108710567762\n ],\n [\n -121.20803833007811,\n 45.60635207711834\n ],\n [\n -121.12564086914062,\n 45.59482210127054\n ],\n [\n -121.06796264648436,\n 45.63516665067313\n ],\n [\n -120.89492797851561,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -120.80978393554688,\n 45.663006662228675\n ],\n [\n -120.83038330078125,\n 45.68891423419542\n ],\n [\n -120.88256835937499,\n 45.66684557788979\n ],\n [\n -120.97595214843749,\n 45.663006662228675\n ],\n [\n -121.07070922851564,\n 45.670684230297006\n ],\n [\n -121.13525390625,\n 45.63132556313632\n ],\n [\n -121.17233276367188,\n 45.63324613981234\n ],\n [\n -121.23138427734375,\n 45.68891423419542\n ],\n [\n -121.30828857421875,\n 45.70809729528788\n ],\n [\n -121.40029907226562,\n 45.719603972998634\n ],\n [\n -121.47033691406249,\n 45.719603972998634\n ],\n [\n -121.49093627929689,\n 45.72631510756141\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a818de4b0c8380cd7b5b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":419551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70028687,"text":"70028687 - 2006 - Fuel loads, fire regimes, and post-fire fuel dynamics in Florida Keys pine forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:44","indexId":"70028687","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fuel loads, fire regimes, and post-fire fuel dynamics in Florida Keys pine forests","docAbstract":"In forests, the effects of different life forms on fire behavior may vary depending on their contributions to total fuel loads. We examined the distribution of fuel components before fire, their effects on fire behavior, and the effects of fire on subsequent fuel recovery in pine forests within the National Key Deer Refuge in the Florida Keys. We conducted a burning experiment in six blocks, within each of which we assigned 1-ha plots to three treatments: control, summer, and winter burn. Owing to logistical constraints, we burned only 11 plots, three in winter and eight in summer, over a 4-year period from 1998 to 2001. We used path analysis to model the effects of fuel type and char height, an indicator of fire intensity, on fuel consumption. Fire intensity increased with surface fuel loads, but was negatively related to the quantity of hardwood shrub fuels, probably because these fuels are associated with a moist microenvironment within hardwood patches, and therefore tend to resist fire. Winter fires were milder than summer fires, and were less effective at inhibiting shrub encroachment. A mixed seasonal approach is suggested for fire management, with burns applied opportunistically under a range of winter and summer conditions, but more frequently than that prevalent in the recent past. ?? 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Here we present a diverse data set to support our hypothesis that these earthquakes resulted from stick-slip motion along the margins of the plug as it was forced incrementally upwards by ascending, solidifying, gas-poor magma. We formalize this hypothesis with a dynamical model that reveals a strong analogy between behaviour of the magma-plug system and that of a variably damped oscillator. Modelled stick-slip oscillations have properties that help constrain the balance of forces governing the earthquakes and eruption, and they imply that magma pressure never deviated much from the steady equilibrium pressure. 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P.","contributorId":42606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70028354,"text":"70028354 - 2006 - Effects of permafrost melting on CO2 and CH4 exchange of a poorly drained black spruce lowland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T09:48:26","indexId":"70028354","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2319,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of permafrost melting on CO2 and CH4 exchange of a poorly drained black spruce lowland","docAbstract":"[1] Permafrost melting is occurring in areas of the boreal forest region where large amounts of carbon (C) are stored in organic soils. We measured soil respiration, net CO2 flux, and net CH4 flux during May–September 2003 and March 2004 in a black spruce lowland in interior Alaska to better understand how permafrost thaw in poorly drained landscapes affects land‐atmosphere CO2 and CH4 exchange. Sites included peat soils underlain by permafrost at ∼0.4 m depth (permafrost plateau, PP), four thermokarst wetlands (TW) having no permafrost in the upper 2.2 m, and peat soils bordering the thermokarst wetlands having permafrost at ∼0.5 m depth (thermokarst edges, TE). Soil respiration rates were not significantly different among the sites, and 5‐cm soil temperature explained 50–91% of the seasonal variability in soil respiration within the sites. Groundcover vegetation photosynthesis (calculated as net CO2 minus soil respiration) was significantly different among the sites (TW > TE > PP), which can be partly attributed to the difference in photosynthetically active radiation reaching the ground at each site type. Methane emission rates were 15 to 28 times greater from TW than from TE and PP. We modeled annual soil respiration and groundcover vegetation photosynthesis using soil temperature and radiation data, and CH4 flux by linear interpolation. We estimated all sites as net C gas sources to the atmosphere (not including tree CO2 uptake at PP and TE), although the ranges in estimates when accounting for errors were large enough that TE and TW may have been net C sinks.