It was the most devastating earthquake in California’s history. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the ground under the San Francisco Bay Area shook violently for more than 40 seconds. The magnitude 7.8 earthquake created a rupture along nearly 300 miles of the San Andreas Fault and was felt from southern Oregon to Los Angeles. Because the earthquake’s epicenter was just offshore from San Francisco, the impact on that city was catastrophic. Fragments of broken houses and buildings tumbled into the streets. The pipeline carrying water into the city was severed; fires triggered by broken gas mains raged out of control for 3 days. An area of almost 5 square miles in the heart of the city was destroyed by shaking and fire, and earthquake damage was widespread elsewhere. At least 3,000 people were killed, and 225,000 were left homeless. Drinking water, food, and supplies quickly became scarce.
In 1906, the only permanent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) office in California was the Pacific Division topographic mapping office in Sacramento, 70 miles up the Sacramento River from San Francisco Bay. The office had been established just 3 years earlier and was the only USGS office ever created for the sole function of topographic mapping. At the time of the earthquake, many USGS topographers were in Sacramento preparing for a summer of field work.
Although moderate shaking was felt in Sacramento, then a town of about 30,000 people, detailed information about the earthquake was slow to reach the residents there. USGS topographic engineer George R. Davis, not knowing the full extent of the damage, was fearful that his 62-year-old father Edward Davis in San Francisco was caught up in the devastation. George therefore left Sacramento on the first train bound for the San Francisco Bay area. “He was very worried. The phones were down and he wasn’t sure whether or not the hotel his father was living in was damaged,” said George Davis’s daughter Anna (Davis) Rogers, then an octogenarian, in a 2005 interview. Recalling the stories she heard of these events while growing up, Anna added, “Fortunately [the hotel] hadn’t fallen down.”
George Davis, a tall man with a quiet demeanor and a dry wit, was accompanied to San Francisco by fellow USGS topographer Clarence L. Nelson. Both were 29 years old and in excellent physical condition after a year spent mapping the Mount Whitney quadrangle, which includes some of the most rugged terrain in the conterminous United States.
On their arrival in San Francisco, the pair was fortunate to find the elder Davis unharmed at the hotel where he had been living. Nelson—handsome, athletic, and artistic—had brought his camera in order to get photographs while things were still “hot” and began taking what were to become a memorable set of images. The three men wandered through San Francisco all night and through the following morning, moving from one dramatic scene to the next. Nelson captured the horse-mounted “dynamite squad,” soldiers marching on Van Ness Avenue, and a rare scene of two horsedrawn fire engines with one engine drawing water from a cistern on Union Street. One ironic photograph shows refugees making their way through rubble-filled streets in the direction of a wrecked City Hall. Flames from the burning heart of the city shone brightly against the darkness, and Nelson captured the surreal glow in several of his photographs, including one of Union Square with the Breuners building burning in the background.
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with FEMA and the Maine State Planning Office Floodplain Management Program, began scoping work in 2005 for Kennebec County. Scoping activities included assembling existing data and map needs information for communities in Kennebec County (efforts were made to not duplicate those of pre-scoping completed in March 2005), documentation of data, contacts, community meetings, and prioritized mapping needs in a final scoping report (this document), and updating the Mapping Needs Update Support System (MNUSS) Database or its successor with information gathered during the scoping process. \r\n\r\nThe average age of the FEMA floodplain maps in Kennebec County, Maine is 16 years. Most of these studies were in the late 1970's to the mid 1980s. However, in the ensuing 20-30 years, development has occurred in many of the watersheds, and the characteristics of the watersheds have changed with time. 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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with FEMA and the Maine State Planning Office Floodplain Management Program, began scoping work in 2005 for Cumberland County. Scoping activities included assembling existing data and map needs information for communities in Cumberland County, documentation of data, contacts, community meetings, and prioritized mapping needs in a final scoping report (this document), and updating the Mapping Needs Update Support System (MNUSS) Database or its successor with information gathered during the scoping process.\r\n\r\nThe average age of the FEMA floodplain maps in Cumberland County, Maine is 21 years. Most of these studies were in the early to mid 1980s. However, in the ensuing 20-25 years, development has occurred in many of the watersheds, and the characteristics of the watersheds have changed with time. Therefore, many of the older studies may not depict current conditions nor accurately estimate risk in terms of flood heights. \r\n\r\nThe following is the scope of work as defined in the FEMA/USGS Statement of Work: \r\n\r\nTask 1: Collect data from a variety of sources including community surveys, other Federal and State Agencies, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) State Coordinators, Community Assistance Visits (CAVs) and FEMA archives. Lists of mapping needs will be obtained from the MNUSS database, community surveys, and CAVs, if available. FEMA archives will be inventoried for effective FIRM panels, FIS reports, and other flood-hazard data or existing study data. Best available base map information, topographic data, flood-hazard data, and hydrologic and hydraulic data will be identified. Data from the Maine Floodplain Management Program database also will be utilized. \r\n\r\nTask 2: Contact communities in Cumberland County to notify them that FEMA and the State have selected them for a map update, and that a project scope will be developed with their input. Topics to be reviewed with the communities include (1) Purpose of the Flood Map Project (for example, the update needs that have prompted the map update); (2) The community's mapping needs; (3) The community's available mapping, hydrologic, hydraulic, and flooding information; (4) target schedule for completing the project; and (5) The community's engineering, planning, and geographic information system (GIS) capabilities. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of the collected information from Task 1 and community contacts/meetings in Task 2, the USGS will develop a Draft Project Scope for the identified mapping needs of the communities in Cumberland County. 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This section of the report explains the objective of the task and the purpose of the report. \r\n\r\nThe Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed a plan in 1997 to modernize the FEMA flood mapping program. FEMA flood maps delineate flood hazard areas in support of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). FEMA's plan outlined the steps necessary to update FEMA's flood maps for the nation to a seamless digital format and streamline FEMA's operations in raising public awareness of the importance of the maps and responding to requests to revise them. The modernization of flood maps involves conversion of existing information to digital format and integration of improved flood hazard data as needed. To determine flood mapping modernization needs, FEMA has established specific scoping activities to be done on a county-by-county basis for identifying and prioritizing requisite flood-mapping activities for map modernization. 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Data from the Maine Floodplain Management Program database also will be utilized. \r\n\r\nTask 2: Contact communities in Somerset County to notify them that FEMA and the State have selected them for a map update, and that a project scope will be developed with their input. Topics to be reviewed with the communities include (1) Purpose of the Flood Map Project (for example, the update needs that have prompted the map update); (2) The community's mapping needs; (3) The community's available mapping, hydrologic, hydraulic, and flooding information; (4) target schedule for completing the project; and (5) The community's engineering, planning, and geographic information system (GIS) capabilities. \r\n\r\nOn the basis of the collected information from Task 1 and community contacts/meetings in Task 2, the USGS will develop a Draft Project Scope for the identified mapping needs of the communities in Somerset County. 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Survey","id":534781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76553,"text":"sir20065001 - 2006 - Characteristics of thermal springs and the shallow ground-water system at Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"sir20065001","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5001","title":"Characteristics of thermal springs and the shallow ground-water system at Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065001","usgsCitation":"Yeatts, D.S., 2006, Characteristics of thermal springs and the shallow ground-water system at Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5001, 42 p., 17 fig., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065001.","productDescription":"42 p., 17 fig.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7257,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yeatts, Daniel S.","contributorId":22015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeatts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76557,"text":"fs20063038 - 2006 - Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"fs20063038","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-3038","title":"Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Geography ? the science of place ? is a bridging, integrating, and synthesizing field because place is a pivotal study element in all the natural sciences. We work to combine our talents with USGS scientists in other disciplines in pursuing the USGS mission ? Science for a Changing World.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20063038","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3038, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063038.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91192,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76552,"text":"sir20065064 - 2006 - Evaluation of the ground-water flow model for northern Utah Valley, Utah, updated to conditions through 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:27:22","indexId":"sir20065064","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5064","title":"Evaluation of the ground-water flow model for northern Utah Valley, Utah, updated to conditions through 2002","docAbstract":"This report evaluates the performance of a numerical model of the ground-water system in northern Utah Valley, Utah, that originally simulated ground-water conditions during 1947-1980 and was updated to include conditions estimated for 1981-2002. Estimates of annual recharge to the ground-water system and discharge from wells in the area were added to the original ground-water flow model of the area.
The files used in the original transient-state model of the ground-water flow system in northern Utah Valley were imported into MODFLOW-96, an updated version of MODFLOW. The main model input files modified as part of this effort were the well and recharge files. Discharge from pumping wells in northern Utah Valley was estimated on an annual basis for 1981-2002. Although the amount of average annual withdrawals from wells has not changed much since the previous study, there have been changes in the distribution of well discharge in the area. Discharge estimates for flowing wells during 1981-2002 were assumed to be the same as those used in the last stress period of the original model because of a lack of new data. Variations in annual recharge were assumed to be proportional to changes in total surface-water inflow to northern Utah Valley. Recharge specified in the model during the additional stress periods varied from 255,000 acre-feet in 1986 to 137,000 acre-feet in 1992.
The ability of the updated transient-state model to match hydrologic conditions determined for 1981-2002 was evaluated by comparing water-level changes measured in wells to those computed by the model. Water-level measurements made in February, March, or April were available for 39 wells in the modeled area during all or part of 1981-2003. In most cases, the magnitude and direction of annual water-level change from 1981 to 2002 simulated by the updated model reasonably matched the measured change. The greater-than-normal precipitation that occurred during 1982-84 resulted in period-of-record high water levels measured in many of the observation wells in March 1984. The model-computed water levels at the end of 1982-84 also are among the highest for the period. Both measured and computed water levels decreased during the period representing ground-water conditions from 1999 to 2002. Precipitation was less than normal during 1999-2002.
The ability of the model to adequately simulate climatic extremes such as the wetter-than-normal conditions of 1982-84 and the drier-than-normal conditions of 1999-2002 indicates that the annual variation of recharge to the ground-water system based on streamflow entering the valley, which in turn is primarily dependent upon precipitation, is appropriate but can be improved. The updated transient-state model of the ground-water system in northern Utah Valley can be improved by making revisions on the basis of currently available data and information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20065064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Utah Water Conservancy District; Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District representing Draper City; Highland Water Company; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the municipalities of Alpine, American Fork, Cedar Hills, Eagle Mountain, Highland, Lehi, Lindon, Orem, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Saratoga Springs, and Vineyard","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 2006, Evaluation of the ground-water flow model for northern Utah Valley, Utah, updated to conditions through 2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5064, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065064.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7256,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5064/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Northern Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 40.04023218690451\n ],\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 40.65563874006118\n ],\n [\n -111.4617919921875,\n 40.65563874006118\n ],\n [\n -111.4617919921875,\n 40.04023218690451\n ],\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 40.04023218690451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76564,"text":"sir20055266 - 2006 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system, Johnson County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T15:39:42","indexId":"sir20055266","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5266","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system, Johnson County, Iowa","docAbstract":"Bedrock of Silurian and Devonian age (termed the “Silurian-Devonian aquifer system”) is the primary source of ground water for Johnson County in east-central Iowa. Population growth within municipal and suburban areas of the county has resulted in increased amounts of water withdrawn from this aquifer and water-level declines in some areas. A 3-year study of the hydrogeology of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system in Johnson County was undertaken to provide a quantitative assessment of ground water resources and to construct a ground-water flow model that can be used by local governmental agencies as a management tool.
\nJohnson County is underlain by unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age and Paleozoic-age bedrock units. The bulk of the Quaternary deposits consists of weathered and unweathered glacial till; however, shallow alluvium and buried sand and gravel deposits also are present. Six bedrock hydrogeologic units are present in Johnson County (oldest to youngest): Maquoketa confining unit, Silurian aquifer, Wapsipinicon Group (aquifer and confining unit), Cedar Valley aquifer, Upper Devonian shale confining unit, and Cherokee confining unit. Although separate aquifers and confining units are described, the Silurian- and Devonian-age units are considered as a single aquifer system. The top of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system is considered as the top of the Cedar Valley aquifer, where present, and the base of the aquifer system is considered as the top of the Maquoketa confining unit.
\nThe hydraulic properties of the rocks that comprise the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system are highly variable as a result of the variable composition of the rocks and the presence of solution features in some of the carbonate-rock units. For the combined Silurian-Devonian aquifer system, specific capacity averages 2.1 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, transmissivity averages about 580 feet squared per day, and hydraulic conductivity averages 8.3 feet per day.
\nRecharge to the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system in Johnson County is predominantly from infiltration of precipitation to the bedrock. Discharge from the aquifer is primarily to municipal, industrial, and private-development wells. Reliable measurements of the amount of recharge to or discharge from the ground-water system in Johnson County, however, are not available.
\nAltitude of the 1996 potentiometric surface ranged from more than 750 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) in northern Johnson County to less than 575 feet above NAVD88 in the central part of the county. A large cone of depression within the potentiometric surface is present in the central part of the county, between Coralville and Iowa City. A large limestone quarry is located near the center of this cone of depression. Ground water generally flows from the northern and western parts of Johnson County either toward the cone of depression in the center of the county or south out of the county. Ground water also flows toward the Cedar River in the northeastern part of the county. A ground-water divide in the northeastern part of the county roughly approximates the surface-water divide between the Iowa River and Cedar River drainages.
\nA numerical ground-water-flow model of the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system in Johnson County was used to test concepts of ground-water flow, to assess the need for additional data, and to evaluate the potential effects of anticipated increased ground-water development and drought. The 1-layer model was calibrated to average 1996 ground-water conditions, which were assumed to approximate steady-state flow conditions. The model also was used to simulate steady-state conditions for 2004, steady-state conditions using anticipated pumping rates for 2025, and potential future drought conditions.
\nThe simulated potentiometric surface generally replicated the potentiometric surface for 1996 and 2004 conditions. The calculated root mean squared error values for the 1996 and 2004 simulations were 13.6 and 18.6 feet, respectively. The mean absolute differences between measured and simulated water levels for the 1996 and 2004 simulations were about 11 and 14 feet, respectively.
\nTotal model-calculated inflow to the ground-water system for the 1996 simulation was 19.6 million gallons per day (Mgal/d), and the largest model-calculated inflow component was areal recharge (15.1 Mgal/d). Total model-calculated outflow from the ground-water system was 19.7 Mgal/d, and the largest outflow component was discharge to wells (10.5 Mgal/d). Model-calculated water-budget components for the 2004 simulation were similar to the 1996 components.
\nPotential future steady-state conditions were simulated using anticipated 2025 pumping rates. Pumpage both for existing wells and for assumed new wells, based on anticipated population growth in the northern part of the county and for the nearby municipalities, was included in the model. Simulated 2025 pumpage was about 1.5 Mgal/d greater than simulated 2004 pumpage. Simulated steady-state ground-water levels, using anticipated 2025 pumping rates, were lower than 2004 simulated levels throughout the county, and simulated water-level declines ranged from less than 1 foot near the county boundaries to about 11 feet.
\nPotential future drought conditions were simulated by assuming that recharge to the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system is reduced by a factor of 0.75 and that water-supply pumpage is increased by a factor of 1.25 over the anticipated 2025 pumping rates. Overall, simulated water levels for future drought conditions were greater than 5 feet lower than simulated 2004 conditions and were a maximum of about 30 feet lower in the northeastern part of the county.
\nThe greatest limitation to the model is the lack of measured or estimated water-budget components for comparison to simulated water-budget components. Because the model is only calibrated to measured water levels, and not to water-budget components, the model results are nonunique. Other model limitations include the relatively coarse grid scale, lack of detailed information on pumpage from the quarry and from private developments and domestic wells, and the lack of separate water-level data for the Silurian- and Devonian-age rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20055266","usgsCitation":"Tucci, P., and McKay, R.M., 2006, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer system, Johnson County, Iowa (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5266, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055266.","productDescription":"78 p.","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7521,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5266/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Johnson","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.3677,41.8603],[-91.3673,41.7745],[-91.3675,41.6855],[-91.3671,41.5987],[-91.3679,41.5107],[-91.3687,41.4235],[-91.4839,41.4222],[-91.4843,41.4286],[-91.492,41.4405],[-91.5033,41.4493],[-91.5026,41.452],[-91.4989,41.4538],[-91.4988,41.4592],[-91.5145,41.4676],[-91.5156,41.4704],[-91.5136,41.4767],[-91.5038,41.4779],[-91.5029,41.4874],[-91.5039,41.4933],[-91.5076,41.4939],[-91.5107,41.4944],[-91.5112,41.4971],[-91.508,41.5016],[-91.5098,41.5034],[-91.5117,41.5016],[-91.5148,41.4985],[-91.5197,41.4981],[-91.5196,41.5027],[-91.5281,41.5078],[-91.528,41.511],[-91.5991,41.5107],[-91.7138,41.511],[-91.8291,41.5116],[-91.827,41.6001],[-91.8337,41.6006],[-91.8335,41.6865],[-91.8327,41.775],[-91.8318,41.8617],[-91.716,41.862],[-91.5989,41.8612],[-91.4836,41.8608],[-91.3677,41.8603]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Johnson\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","edition":"Online only","tableOfContents":"Abstract
Introduction
Previous Studies
Physical Setting and Climate
Water Use
Acknowledgments
Hydrogeologic Setting
Hydrogeologic Units
Quaternary Deposits
Bedrock Topography
Bedrock Hydrogeologic Units
Maquoketa Confining Unit
Silurian Aquifer
Wapsipinicon Group
Cedar Valley Aquifer
Upper Devonian Shale Confining Unit
Cherokee Confining Unit
Geologic Structure
Hydraulic Characteristics
Recharge and Discharge
Ground-Water Occurrence and Movement
Simulation of Ground-Water Flow
Model Construction and Boundary Conditions
1996 Steady-State Calibration and Simulation
Model Calibration
Simulation Results
Model Sensitivity
Simulation of Potential Future Withdrawals
Simulation of 2004 Conditions
Simulation of Potential 2025 Steady-State Pumping
Simulation of Potential Future Drought Conditions
Model Limitations and Additional Data Needs
Summary
References Cited
Appendix
Several aquifers underlying Campton Township in Kane County, Illinois provide virtually all of the water supply to the residents of the township. These aquifers consist of layers of unconsolidated sand and gravel in the glacial drift; dolomite and shale of the Alexandrian Series and the Maquoketa Group (the Silurian-Maquoketa aquifer); dolomite of the Platteville and Galena Groups (the Galena-Platteville aquifer); and sandstones of the Glenwood Formation and the St. Peter Sandstone (the Ancell aquifer). In 2002, total withdrawals from these aquifers underlying Campton Township exceeded 1.36 million gallons day.
Water-level altitudes in the shallow and deep glacial drift aquifers generally follow surface topography. Comparison of water levels measured in 1995 and 2002 does not indicate large (15 feet or more) water-level declines in these aquifers beneath most of the township.
Water-level altitudes in the Silurian-Maquoketa aquifer generally decrease from west to east. The potentiometric surface of the aquifer follows the bedrock-surface topography in parts of the township, but local low water-level altitudes and large declines in water levels between 1995 and 2002 indicate that withdrawals from the Silurian-Maquoketa aquifer may exceed recharge in some areas.
Water-level altitudes in wells completed in the Galena-Platteville aquifer vary by more than 300 ft. Large water-level declines in wells completed in the Galena-Platteville aquifer from 1995 to 2002 indicate that withdrawals from the Galena-Platteville and Silurian-Maquoketa aquifers exceed recharge in the northern part of the township.
Water-level altitudes in wells completed in the Ancell aquifer are also highly variable. Although there is no indication of large water-level declines in Ancell aquifer between 1995 and 2002, historical data for one well completed in the aquifer indicate large water-level declines over a period of decades.
Computer simulation of flow in the ground-water system indicates that most of the shallow ground water underlying the township is derived from precipitation near the ground-water divide in the western part of the township. Shallow recharge moves primarily through the glacial drift aquifers and the upper part of the Silurian-Maquoketa aquifer, with minimal flow into the Galena-Platteville and Ancell aquifers. Most of the water in the Ancell aquifer beneath the township originates as surface recharge in the area west of the township. Vertical recharge to the Ancell aquifer from the Galena-Platteville aquifer beneath the township is not substantial. The source of the water withdrawn from the Ancell is inflow through the aquifer from areas west of the township. About 10 percent of ground water flowing through the township in 2002 was withdrawn by wells, with 80 percent flowing through the township and discharging to surface water bodies, including the Fox River. Simulation of additional withdrawals from the Ancell aquifer to supply an additional 605 proposed homes indicates about 17 ft of drawdown in the aquifer in the vicinity of a production well, but virtually no drawdown in any of the overlying aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Campton Township Board of Trustees","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Arihood, L.D., Arnold, T., and Fowler, K.K., 2006, Hydrogeology, water use, and simulated ground-water flow and availability in Campton township, Kane County, Illinois (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5076, vii, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065076.","productDescription":"vii, 99 p.","numberOfPages":"109","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":190833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362135,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5076/pdf/sir20065076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2006–5076"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.83333333333333,42.333333333333336 ], [ -88.83333333333333,42 ], [ -88.41666666666667,42 ], [ -88.41666666666667,42.333333333333336 ], [ -88.83333333333333,42.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Online only","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
In April 2004, more than 40 hours of georeferenced submarine digital video was collected in water depths of 15-370 m in Glacier Bay to (1) ground-truth existing geophysical data (bathymetry and acoustic reflectance), (2) examine and record geologic characteristics of the sea floor, and (3) investigate the relation between substrate types and benthic communities, and (4) construct predictive maps of seafloor geomorphology and habitat distribution. Common substrates observed include rock, boulders, cobbles, rippled sand, bioturbated mud, and extensive beds of living horse mussels and scallops. Four principal sea-floor geomorphic types are distinguished by using video observations. Their distribution in lower and central Glacier Bay is predicted using a supervised, hierarchical decision-tree statistical classification of geophysical data.
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2006 - Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:18","indexId":"wdrNM051","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NM-05-1","title":"Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2005","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrNM051","usgsCitation":"Miller, L., and Stiles, J., 2006, Water resources data, New Mexico, water year 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NM-05-1, 500 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNM051.","productDescription":"500 p.","numberOfPages":"500","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7380,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-nm-05-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f804","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, L.K.","contributorId":37763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stiles, J.A.","contributorId":70079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stiles","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76546,"text":"wdrLA051 - 2006 - Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-27T08:27:11","indexId":"wdrLA051","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"LA-05-1","title":"Water resources data, Louisiana, water year 2005","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2005 water year for Louisiana consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes; and water levels and water quality of ground water. 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https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/