Demographic estimation of vital parameters in plants with an unobservable dormant state is complicated, because time of death is not known. Conventional methods assume that death occurs at a particular time after a plant has last been seen aboveground but the consequences of assuming a particular duration of dormancy have never been tested. Capture–recapture methods do not make assumptions about time of death; however, problems with parameter estimability have not yet been resolved. To date, a critical comparative assessment of these methods is lacking. We analysed data from a 10 year study of Cleistes bifaria, a terrestrial orchid with frequent dormancy, and compared demographic estimates obtained by five varieties of the conventional methods, and two capture–recapture methods. All conventional methods produced spurious unity survival estimates for some years or for some states, and estimates of demographic rates sensitive to the time of death assumption. In contrast, capture–recapture methods are more parsimonious in terms of assumptions, are based on well founded theory and did not produce spurious estimates. In Cleistes, dormant episodes lasted for 1–4 years (mean 1.4, SD 0.74). The capture–recapture models estimated ramet survival rate at 0.86 (SE∼0.01), ranging from 0.77–0.94 (SEs≤0.1) in any one year. The average fraction dormant was estimated at 30% (SE 1.5), ranging 16–47% (SEs≤5.1) in any one year. Multistate capture–recapture models showed that survival rates were positively related to precipitation in the current year, but transition rates were more strongly related to precipitation in the previous than in the current year, with more ramets going dormant following dry years. Not all capture–recapture models of interest have estimable parameters; for instance, without excavating plants in years when they do not appear aboveground, it is not possible to obtain independent time-specific survival estimates for dormant plants. We introduce rigorous computer algebra methods to identify the parameters that are estimable in principle. As life-states are a prominent feature in plant life cycles, multistate capture–recapture models are a natural framework for analysing population dynamics of plants with dormancy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13589.x","usgsCitation":"Kery, M., Gregg, K.B., and Schaub, M., 2005, Demographic estimation methods for plants with unobservable life-states: Oikos, v. 108, no. 2, p. 307-320, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13589.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13589.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696f2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kery, Marc","contributorId":38680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"Marc","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregg, Katharine B.","contributorId":41118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregg","given":"Katharine","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaub, Michael","contributorId":138861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaub","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12551,"text":"Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":341531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224448,"text":"5224448 - 2005 - Improving inferences in population studies of rare species that are detected imperfectly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T15:02:18.721013","indexId":"5224448","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:36","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving inferences in population studies of rare species that are detected imperfectly","docAbstract":"For the vast majority of cases, it is highly unlikely that all the individuals of a population will be encountered during a study. Furthermore, it is unlikely that a constant fraction of the population is encountered over times, locations, or species to be compared. Hence, simple counts usually will not be good indices of population size. We recommend that detection probabilities (the probability of including an individual in a count) be estimated and incorporated into inference procedures. However, most techniques for estimating detection probability require moderate sample sizes, which may not be achievable when studying rare species. In order to improve the reliability of inferences from studies of rare species, we suggest two general approaches that researchers may wish to consider that incorporate the concept of imperfect detectability: (1) borrowing information about detectability or the other quantities of interest from other times, places, or species; and (2) using state variables other than abundance (e.g., species richness and occupancy). We illustrate these suggestions with examples and discuss the relative benefits and drawbacks of each approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/04-1060","usgsCitation":"MacKenzie, D.I., Nichols, J.D., Sutton, N., Kawanishi, K., and Bailey, L., 2005, Improving inferences in population studies of rare species that are detected imperfectly: Ecology, v. 86, no. 5, p. 1101-1113, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1060.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1101","endPage":"1113","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":477627,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1060","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":201802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5bac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKenzie, Darry I.","contributorId":15926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"Darry","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutton, N.","contributorId":39101,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sutton","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kawanishi, K.","contributorId":98434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kawanishi","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bailey, Larissa","contributorId":86059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Larissa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5200290,"text":"5200290 - 2005 - Research for the development of best management practices for minimizing horse trail impacts on the Hoosier National Forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5200290","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":94,"text":"U.S. Forest Service, Final Research Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Research for the development of best management practices for minimizing horse trail impacts on the Hoosier National Forest","docAbstract":"This research investigates horse trail impacts to gain an improved understanding of the relationship between various levels of horse use, horse trail management alternatives, and subsequent horse trail degradation. A survey of existing horse trails on the Hoosier National Forest was used to collect data on use-related, environmental and management factors to model horse trail impacts. Results are analyzed to identify which factors are most easily manipulated by managers to effectively avoid and minimize horse trail impacts. A specific focus includes evaluating the relative effect of trail use level, surfacing, grade, and water control on indices of erosion and trafficability such as trail cross sectional area, estimated erosion, muddiness, and incision. Overall, the Hoosier National Forest horse trails could be significantly improved by relocating or closing inherited trails that directly ascend slope or are excessively steep, reducing the distance between water control structures, and by applying gravel to harden trail surfaces and reduce soil erosion. A set of Best Management Practices for trails are included as a product of this work, with recommendations based on this research. ","language":"English","publisher":"College of Natural Resources, Department of Forestry, Virginia Tech","publisherLocation":"Blacksburg, Virginia","collaboration":" PDF on file: 6405_Aust.pdf 1.8 MB","usgsCitation":"Aust, M., Marion, J., and Kyle, K., 2005, Research for the development of best management practices for minimizing horse trail impacts on the Hoosier National Forest: U.S. Forest Service, Final Research Report, ii, 80.","productDescription":"ii, 80","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aust, M.W.","contributorId":49086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aust","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kyle, K.","contributorId":67198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyle","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211334,"text":"5211334 - 2005 - Urbanization effects on fishes and habitat quality in a southern Piedmont river basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T14:16:46","indexId":"5211334","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:23:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"47","title":"Urbanization effects on fishes and habitat quality in a southern Piedmont river basin","docAbstract":"We quantified the relationships among urban land cover, fishes, and habitat quality to determine how fish assemblages respond to urbanization and if a habitat index can be used as an indirect measure of urban effects on stream ecosystems. We sampled 30 wadeable streams along an urban gradient (5?37% urban land cover) in the Etowah River basin, Georgia. Fish assemblages, sampled by electrofishing standardized stream reaches, were assessed using species richness, density, and species composition metrics. Habitat quality was scored using the Rapid Habitat Assessment Protocol (RHAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Urban land cover (including total, high-, and low-density urban) was estimated for the drainage basin above each reach. A previous study of these sites indicated that stream slope and basin area were strongly related to local variation in assemblage structure. We used multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis to account for this variation and isolate the urban effect on fishes. The MLR models indicated that urbanization lowered species richness and density and led to predictable changes in species composition. Darters and sculpin, cyprinids, and endemics declined along the urban gradient whereas centrarchids persisted and became the dominant group. The RHAP was not a suitable indicator of urban effects because RHAP-urban relationships were confounded by an overriding influence of stream slope on RHAP scores, and urban-related changes in fish assemblage structure preceded gross changes in stream habitat quality. Regression analysis indicated that urban effects on fishes accrue rapidly (<10 years) and are detectable at low levels (~5?10% urbanization). We predict that the decline of endemics and other species will continue and centrarchid-dominated streams will become more common as development proceeds within the Etowah basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Walters, D., Freeman, M.C., Leigh, D., Freeman, B.J., and Pringle, C., 2005, Urbanization effects on fishes and habitat quality in a southern Piedmont river basin, chap. of Effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems, p. 69-85.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605267","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507991,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, Robert H.","contributorId":112554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Robert H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507993,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, Robert H.","contributorId":113400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507994,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meador, Michael","contributorId":112413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507992,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Walters, D.M.","contributorId":41507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leigh, D.S.","contributorId":88446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leigh","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pringle, C.P.","contributorId":10509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5211345,"text":"5211345 - 2005 - Size evolution in Goodwin’s small-eared shrew, Cryptotis goodwini","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T12:16:53","indexId":"5211345","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Size evolution in Goodwin’s small-eared shrew, Cryptotis goodwini","docAbstract":"Fossils of Cryptotis goodwini from Honduras indicate that body sizes of modern individuals average at least 18% larger than among members of the late Pleistocene population of this species. Palynological and other paleoenvironmental studies provide evidence that the Neotropical montane environments that these shrews inhabit were cooler and drier in the late Pleistocene than at present and supported communities of plants without modern analog. Therefore, the most likely cause of this change in size ultimately was related to climatic change at the end of the Pleistocene?but to what specific factors did the species respond? I examined the possibilities that this species changed in size: to accommodate a change in temperature regime; to escape from predators; as a response to a change in intensity of interspecific competition; to take advantage of a newly abundant food resource. Based on evidence from studies of modern communities of shrews and niche partitioning, I hypothesized that size evolution in C. goodwini was directly related to changes in the community of soil and soil-surface invertebrates upon which the species depends, specifically an increase in the availability of earthworms (Annelida).","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in the biology of shrews II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Society of Shrew Biologists: Special publication of the International Society of Shrew Biologists","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Woodman, N., 2005, Size evolution in Goodwin’s small-eared shrew, Cryptotis goodwini, chap. of Advances in the biology of shrews II, p. 125-138.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef11a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Merritt, J.F.","contributorId":111933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508011,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Churchfield, S.","contributorId":112604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churchfield","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508013,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutterer, R.","contributorId":112216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutterer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508012,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sheftel, B.A.","contributorId":114169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheftel","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508014,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211317,"text":"5211317 - 2005 - Estimating population abundance and mapping distribution of wintering sea ducks in coastal waters of the mid-Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211317","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Estimating population abundance and mapping distribution of wintering sea ducks in coastal waters of the mid-Atlantic","docAbstract":"Survey design for wintering scoters (Melanitta sp.) and other sea ducks that occur in offshore waters is challenging because these species have large ranges, are subject to distributional shifts among years and within a season, and can occur in aggregations. Interest in winter sea duck population abundance surveys has grown in recent years. This interest stems from concern over the population status of some sea ducks, limitations of extant breeding waterfowl survey programs in North America and logistical challenges and costs of conducting surveys in northern breeding regions, high winter area philopatry in some species and potential conservation implications, and increasing concern over offshore development and other threats to sea duck wintering habitats. The efficiency and practicality of statistically-rigorous monitoring strategies for mobile, aggregated wintering sea duck populations have not been sufficiently investigated. This study evaluated a 2-phase adaptive stratified strip transect sampling plan to estimate wintering population size of scoters, long-tailed ducks (Clangua hyemalis), and other sea ducks and provide information on distribution. The sampling plan results in an optimal allocation of a fixed sampling effort among offshore strata in the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast region. Phase I transect selection probabilities were based on historic distribution and abundance data, while Phase 2 selection probabilities were based on observations made during Phase 1 flights. Distance sampling methods were used to estimate detection rates. Environmental variables thought to affect detection rates were recorded during the survey and post-stratification and covariate modeling were investigated to reduce the effect of heterogeneity on detection estimation. We assessed cost-precision tradeoffs under a number of fixed-cost sampling scenarios using Monte Carlo simulation. We discuss advantages and limitations of this sampling design for estimating wintering sea duck abundance and mapping distribution and suggest improvements for future surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":" PDF on file: see 6658_Perry.pdf","usgsCitation":"Koneff, M., Royle, J., Forsell, D., Wortham, J., Boomer, G., and Perry, M., 2005, Estimating population abundance and mapping distribution of wintering sea ducks in coastal waters of the mid-Atlantic, chap. of Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts.","productDescription":"123","startPage":"22 (abs)","numberOfPages":"123","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648669","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koneff, M.D.","contributorId":37031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koneff","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forsell, D.J.","contributorId":100083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsell","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wortham, J.S.","contributorId":31503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wortham","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boomer, G.S.","contributorId":48682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boomer","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211311,"text":"5211311 - 2005 - Characterizing stopover sites of migrating passerine birds in the lower Chesapeake Bay region for conservation: an integrated radar-habitat study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211311","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Characterizing stopover sites of migrating passerine birds in the lower Chesapeake Bay region for conservation: an integrated radar-habitat study","docAbstract":"Many conservation organizations and initiatives including Partners-in-Flight and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's regional Joint Ventures have identified migratory songbird stopover habitat as a priority conservation target. However, the spatial and temporal variability inherent in migration presents a number of challenges to both identifying and characterizing stopover habitat. Scarce conservation resources further demand that stopover sites be classified on a scale of priority so that conservation action can proceed according to ecological value. We are applying weather surveillance radar data collected from the National Weather Service WSR-88D at Wakefield, VA, and NASA's Doppler radar, NPOL, in Oyster, VA, to identify passerine stopover sites in the lower Chesapeake Bay region and develop spatial models to characterize these sites based on relative migrant abundance and consistency of use between and within seasons. We are using the stopover patterns to generate hypotheses regarding the habitat, geographic, and stochastic factors contributing to the distribution of migrants at a regional scale. We are testing these hypotheses with detailed habitat data and ground surveys of migrating birds with the goal of creating a generalized prioritization system for stopover site conservation.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"One Hundred and Twenty-Third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: abstract book","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Held August 23-27, 2005, at University of California, Santa Barbara","usgsCitation":"Mabey, S., Watts, B., Paxton, B., Smith, F., Truitt, B., and Dawson, D., 2005, Characterizing stopover sites of migrating passerine birds in the lower Chesapeake Bay region for conservation: an integrated radar-habitat study, chap. of One Hundred and Twenty-Third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: abstract book.","startPage":"138 (abstr","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mabey, S.","contributorId":50630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabey","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, B.","contributorId":11307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paxton, B.","contributorId":15316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, F.","contributorId":16131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Truitt, B.","contributorId":72494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truitt","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dawson, D.","contributorId":72901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211320,"text":"5211320 - 2005 - Population trends of North American sea ducks based on Christmas Bird Count and Breeding Bird Survey data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211320","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population trends of North American sea ducks based on Christmas Bird Count and Breeding Bird Survey data","docAbstract":"Due to the difficulty of conducting range-wide surveys of either breeding or wintering populations, few data are available to assess the population trends of sea ducks with confidence. We analyze sea duck data from the Audubon Christmas Bird Count (CBC) using hierarchical modeling methods that control for varying effort among circles and over time. These procedures allow us to assess early-winter relative density patterns among states and Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) while also assessing trends in these regions and across the species North American range. Over the interval 1966-2003, continent-wide declines were observed in 1 of 11 species. Where sufficient data exist, we compare CBC results to estimates of population change derived from the USGS Breeding Bird Survey. The CBC does not effectively sample offshore populations of sea ducks; however, the CBC data can be used to assist in development of species-specific surveys, and CBC data can be used in combination with additional offshore sampling programs to better sample sea duck species.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":" PDF on file: see 6658_Perry.pdf","usgsCitation":"Niven, D., Sauer, J., and Butcher, G., 2005, Population trends of North American sea ducks based on Christmas Bird Count and Breeding Bird Survey data, chap. of Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts.","productDescription":"123","startPage":"101 (abs)","numberOfPages":"123","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683d8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niven, D.K.","contributorId":21247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niven","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butcher, G.S.","contributorId":94759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butcher","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211366,"text":"5211366 - 2005 - Testing a West Nile virus vaccine in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:54:20","indexId":"5211366","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Testing a West Nile virus vaccine in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis)","docAbstract":"Eight sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) were vaccinated with a commercial equine West Nile virus vaccine (Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa, USA) at the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA. Three doses of the vaccine were given, the first dose (day 0) was followed by a second 21 days later and the third dose 7 days after the second day 28 after the first dose). All doses were 0.50 ml. In addition, 5 sandhill cranes were given injections of similar amounts of sterile water on the same schedule. Blood for complete blood counts, serum chemistries, and serological testing was collected at weekly intervals. Ten weeks after the first injection of the vaccine and 6 weeks after the last of the 3 injections of the vaccine, the cranes were shipped to the USGS National Wildlife Heath Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. After a two-week adjustment period, 11 of these cranes were injected intramuscularly with one mosquito dose of West Nile virus. Two of the vaccinated cranes were not challenged and acted as uninfected controls. One week post challenge the only abnormal findings were slight weight loss (average 6% loss since the time of challenge with West Nile virus) and elevated white blood cell counts (heterophilic leukocytosis). There were no deaths and no clinically ill cranes (unvaccinated or vaccinated cranes) among the 11 challenged birds. All cranes were euthanized 6 weeks post challenge, and necropsies were performed. Pre-challenge titers showed no titer response to the vaccinations. However, when challenged, vaccinated cranes developed titers more quickly (within 7-10 days), and were viremic and shed virus via the cloaca for a shorter period of time than the unvaccinated cranes (2-7 days for vaccinated cranes versus 2-10 days for unvaccinated cranes). No remarkable lesions were noted in any of the cranes during the necropsy examinations. Histopathological findings are available for only four of the cranes at this time. Three of those had mild to moderate encephalitis, myelitis, and myocarditis. Initial histopathological findings also indicated a difference in the lesions found in the brains of the vaccinated versus unvaccinated cranes. The fourth crane was a vaccinated unchallenged control that had none of the lesions described. We concluded, based on the findings of no adverse reactions and the higher titers and reduced viremia seen in the cranes, that, indeed, the vaccine is safe for use in cranes and can be effective in reducing the severity of a natural infection. We would recommend this vaccine for use in adult cranes. A companion study is looking at the safety and efficacy of the vaccine for crane chicks as young as 7-10 days of age and that will be reported at a later date.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ninth North American Crane Workshop: 17-20 January 2003, Sacramento, California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Baraboo, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Olsen, G.H., Miller, K., Docherty, D., and Sileo, L., 2005, Testing a West Nile virus vaccine in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis), chap. of Proceedings of the Ninth North American Crane Workshop: 17-20 January 2003, Sacramento, California.","productDescription":"xi, 257","startPage":"253 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684acd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe","contributorId":113915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez-Ramirez","given":"Felipe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508032,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, K.","contributorId":104434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Docherty, D.","contributorId":29915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211365,"text":"5211365 - 2005 - Head stabilization in whooping cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:54:33","indexId":"5211365","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Head stabilization in whooping cranes","docAbstract":"The whooping crane (Grus americana) is the tallest bird in North America, yet not much is known about its visual ecology. How these birds overcome their unusual height to identify, locate, track, and capture prey items is not well understood. There have been many studies on head and eye stabilization in large wading birds (herons and egrets), but the pattern of head movement and stabilization during foraging is unclear. Patterns of head movement and stabilization during walking were examined in whooping cranes at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland USA. Four whooping cranes (1 male and 3 females) were videotaped for this study. All birds were already acclimated to the presence of people and to food rewards. Whooping cranes were videotaped using both digital and Hi-8 Sony video cameras (Sony Corporation, 7-35 Kitashinagawa, 6-Chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan), placed on a tripod and set at bird height in the cranes' home pens. The cranes were videotaped repeatedly, at different locations in the pens and while walking (or running) at different speeds. Rewards (meal worms, smelt, crickets and corn) were used to entice the cranes to walk across the camera's view plane. The resulting videotape was analyzed at the University of Maryland at Baltimore County. Briefly, we used a computerized reduced graphic model of a crane superimposed over each frame of analyzed tape segments by means of a custom written program (T. W. Cronin, using C++) with the ability to combine video and computer graphic input. The speed of the birds in analyzed segments ranged from 0.30 m/s to 2.64 m/s, and the proportion of time the head was stabilized ranged from 79% to 0%, respectively. The speed at which the proportion reached 0% was 1.83 m/s. The analyses suggest that the proportion of time the head is stable decreases as speed of the bird increases. In all cases, birds were able to reach their target prey with little difficulty. Thus when cranes are walking searching for food, they walk at a speed that permits them to keep their heads still and visual field immobile at least half the time.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ninth North American Crane Workshop: 17-20 January 2003, Sacramento, California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Baraboo, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Kinloch, M., Cronin, T., and Olsen, G.H., 2005, Head stabilization in whooping cranes, chap. of Proceedings of the Ninth North American Crane Workshop: 17-20 January 2003, Sacramento, California.","productDescription":"xi, 257","startPage":"251 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d786","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe","contributorId":113915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez-Ramirez","given":"Felipe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508031,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Kinloch, M.R.","contributorId":54312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinloch","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cronin, T.W.","contributorId":8959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211326,"text":"5211326 - 2005 - Predicting bird response to alternative management scenarios on a ranch in Campeche, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211326","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Predicting bird response to alternative management scenarios on a ranch in Campeche, Mexico","docAbstract":"We developed models to predict the potential response of wintering Neotropical migrant and resident bird species to alternative management scenarios, using data from point counts of birds along with habitat variables measured or estimated from remotely sensed data in a Geographic Information System. Expected numbers of occurrences at points were calculated for 100 species of birds, under current habitat conditions and under habitat conditions that would result from seven alternative management scenarios for Rancho Sandoval, a cattle ranch and private nature reserve in Campeche, Mexico. Most bird species of conservation concern would benefit from management scenarios that increase the amount of forest, but the highest priority resident species would not. To balance the somewhat conflicting habitat needs of these species and the concerns of ranch managers, we recommend that forest area and connectivity be increased, and pastures be maintained but more efficiently managed to support cattle and the priority resident and migrant birds that require open habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Albany, California","collaboration":"Conference held March 20-24, 2002, Asilomar, California PDF on file: 6513_Wood.pdf","usgsCitation":"Wood, P., Dawson, D., Sauer, J., and Wilson, M., 2005, Predicting bird response to alternative management scenarios on a ranch in Campeche, Mexico, chap. of Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002, p. 101-106.","productDescription":"2 volumes: xiv, 1296","startPage":"101","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92022,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/101-106.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e830","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507975,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rich, Terrell D.","contributorId":112381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"Terrell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507976,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Wood, P.A.","contributorId":106540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, M.H.","contributorId":17713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211323,"text":"5211323 - 2005 - The effect of varying protein levels on blood chemistry, food consumption, and behavior of captive seaducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T13:08:02","indexId":"5211323","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The effect of varying protein levels on blood chemistry, food consumption, and behavior of captive seaducks","docAbstract":"The Chesapeake Bay is a primary wintering area for scoters and the long-tailed ducks (Clangia hyemalis) that migrate along the Atlantic Flyway. Recently, the Chesapeake Bay had undergone an ecosystem shift and little is known about how this is affecting the seaduck populations. We are determining what are the preferred food sources of the seaducks wintering on the Bay and analyzing the factors influencing prey selection whether it is prey composition, energy assimilated, prey availability, or a combination of any or all of these factors. We have established a captive colony of surf (Melanitta perspicillata) and white-winged scoters (Melanitta fusca) as well as long-tailed ducks at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center to allow us to examine these factors in a more controlled environment. This project contains a multitude of experiments and the resultant data will be compiled into a compartmental model on the feeding ecology of seaducks wintering on the Bay. The first experiment entailed feeding groups of each species (four ducks per pen of equal sex ratio, if possible, and four pens per species) three diets varying in percent protein levels from November to February. Each diet was randomly assigned to each pen and the amount of food consumed was recorded each day. New feed was given when all existing food was consumed. Behavioral trials and blood profiles were completed on all study birds to determine the effects of the varying diets. There were no significant differences in food consumption, blood chemistry, and behavior detected at the 5% level among the diets for all three species of interest. There was a seasonal effect determined based on the food consumption data for white-winged scoters, but not for surf scoters or long-tailed ducks. The blood profiles of the surf scoters were compared to blood profiles of wild surf scoters and a there was no difference detected at the 5% level. As a health check of the ducks an aspergillosis test was run on the blood obtained during the experiment and it was found that surf scoters are more resistant to the disease than the other species. In the next two winters natural prey items available to seaducks wintering in the Chesapeake Bay will be offered on palettes to examine preference without the additional energetic costs of diving. Assimilation efficiency trials will be run on all three species to determine amount of energy the ducks obtain from each food source. Finally, using two large aquariums, prey preference will be analyzed with the additional energetic costs of diving and searching for prey. In addition, we will determine the effect of availability of a prey item on the prey selection of seaducks. We hope the model created from these experiments will allow managers to examine the effects of changes in the benthos on the seaduck populations wintering in the Chesapeake Bay.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":" PDF on file: see 6658_Perry.pdf","usgsCitation":"Wells-Berlin, A., Perry, M., and Olsen, G.H., 2005, The effect of varying protein levels on blood chemistry, food consumption, and behavior of captive seaducks, chap. of Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts.","productDescription":"123","startPage":"121 (abs)","numberOfPages":"123","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6673e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells-Berlin, A. M. 0000-0002-5275-3077","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-3077","contributorId":14544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells-Berlin","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, Glenn H. 0000-0002-7188-6203 golsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6203","contributorId":40918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Glenn","email":"golsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211321,"text":"5211321 - 2005 - Food selection among Atlantic Coast seaducks in relation to historic food habits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211321","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Food selection among Atlantic Coast seaducks in relation to historic food habits","docAbstract":"Food selection among Atlantic Coast seaducks during 1999-2005 was determined from hunter-killed ducks and compared to data from historic food habits file (1885-1985) for major migrational and wintering areas in the Atlantic Flyway. Food selection was determined by analyses of the gullet (esophagus and proventriculus) and gizzard of 860 ducks and summarized by aggregate percent for each species. When sample size was adequate comparisons were made among age and sex groupings and also among local sites in major habitat areas. Common eiders in Maine and the Canadian Maritimes fed predominantly (53%) on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). Scoters in Massachusetts, Maine, and the Canadian Maritimes fed predominantly on the blue mussel (46%), Atlantic jackknife clam (Ensis directus; 19%), and Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissima; 15%), whereas scoters in the Chesapeake Bay fed predominantly on hooked mussel (Ischadium recurvum; 42%), the stout razor clam (Tagelus plebeius; 22%), and dwarf surf clam (Mulinia lateralis; 15%). The amethyst gem clam (Gemma gemma) was the predominant food (45%) of long-tailed ducks in Chesapeake Bay. Buffleheads and common goldeneyes fed on a mixed diet of mollusks and soft bodied invertebrates (amphipods, isopods and polychaetes). No major differences were noticed between the sexes in regard to food selection in any of the wintering areas. Comparisons to historic food habits in all areas failed to detect major differences. However, several invertebrate species recorded in historic samples were not found in current samples and two invasive species (Atlantic Rangia, Rangia cuneata and green crab, Carcinas maenas) were recorded in modem samples, but not in historic samples. Benthic sampling in areas where seaducks were collected showed a close correlation between consumption and availability. Each seaduck species appears to fill a unique niche in regard to feeding ecology, although there is much overlap of prey species selected. Understanding the trophic relationships of seaducks in coastal wintering areas will give managers a better understanding of habitat changes in regard to future environmental perturbations.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":" PDF on file: see 6658_Perry.pdf","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., Osenton, P., Wells-Berlin, A., and Kidwell, D., 2005, Food selection among Atlantic Coast seaducks in relation to historic food habits, chap. of Second North American Sea Duck Conference, November 7-11, 2005, Annapolis, Maryland. Program and Abstracts.","productDescription":"123","startPage":"105 (abs)","numberOfPages":"123","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osenton, P.C.","contributorId":20441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osenton","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wells-Berlin, A. M. 0000-0002-5275-3077","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-3077","contributorId":14544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells-Berlin","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kidwell, D.M.","contributorId":95177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidwell","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211310,"text":"5211310 - 2005 - Population trends of North American sea ducks as revealed by the Christmas Bird Count","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211310","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population trends of North American sea ducks as revealed by the Christmas Bird Count","docAbstract":"Relative to other waterfowl, sea ducks are not well understood, yet evidence from a variety of analyses suggests that as many as 10 of the 15 species of North American sea ducks may be declining in population. However, because of the difficulty of conducting surveys of breeding populations and the lack of range-wide winter surveys, few data are available to assess the population trends of sea ducks with confidence. We analyze Audubon Christmas Bird Count data using hierarchical modeling methods that control for varying effort among circles and over time. These procedures allow us to assess early-winter relative density patterns among states and Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) while also assessing trends in these regions and across the species North American range. Over the interval 1966 - 2003, continent-wide declines were observed in 1 of 11 species (the White-winged Scoter; -3.7%/yr). We compare CBC results to estimates of population change derived from the midwinter waterfowl survey conducted by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The CBC does not effectively sample offshore populations of sea ducks; however, the CBC data can be used to assist in development of species-specific surveys, and CBC data can be used in combination with additional offshore sampling programs to better sample sea duck species.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"One Hundred and Twenty-Third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: abstract book","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Held August 23-27, 2005, at University of California, Santa Barbara.","usgsCitation":"Niven, D., Sauer, J., and Butcher, G., 2005, Population trends of North American sea ducks as revealed by the Christmas Bird Count, chap. of One Hundred and Twenty-Third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union: abstract book.","startPage":"133 (abstr","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ddd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niven, D.K.","contributorId":21247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niven","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butcher, G.S.","contributorId":94759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butcher","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211303,"text":"5211303 - 2005 - Landscape level reforestation priorities for forest breeding landbirds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5211303","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Landscape level reforestation priorities for forest breeding landbirds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"Thousands of ha of cleared wetlands are being reforested annually in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). Despite the expansive and long-term impacts of reforestation on the biological communities of the MAV, there is generally a lack of landscape level planning in its implementation. To address this deficiency we used raster-based digital data to assess the value of forest restoration to migratory landbirds for each ha within the MAV. Raster themes were developed that reflected distance from 3 existing forest cover parameters: (1) extant forest, (2) contiguous forest patches between 1,012 and 40,000 ha, and (3) forest cores with contiguous area <5,200 ha. Forest core habitat was any forest habitat >1 km from an agricultural, urban, or pastoral edge. Two additional raster themes were developed that combined information on the proportion of forest cover and average size of forest patches, respectively, within landscapes of 50,000, 100,000, 150,000, and 200,000 ha. Data from these 5 themes were amalgamated into a single raster using a weighting system that gave increased emphasis to existing forest cores, larger forest patches, and moderately forested landscapes while deemphasizing reforestation near small or isolated forest fragments and within largely agricultural landscapes. This amalgamated raster was then modified by the geographic location of historical forest cover and the current extent of public land ownership to assign a reforestation priority score to each ha in the MAV. However, because reforestation is not required on areas with extant forest cover and because restoration is unlikely on areas of open water and urban communities, these lands were not assigned a reforestation priority score. These spatially explicit reforestation priority scores were used to simulate reforestation of 368,000 ha (5%) of the highest priority lands in the MAV. Targeting restoration to these high priority areas resulted in a 54% increase in forest core - an area of forest core that exceeded the area of simulated reforestation. Bird Conservation Regions, developed within the framework of the Partners in Flight: Mississippi Alluvial Valley Bird Conservation Plan, encompassed a large proportion (circa 70%) of the area with highest priority for reforestation. Similarly, lands with high reforestation priority often were enrolled in the Wetland Reserve Program.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Management of Bottomland Hardwood Systems: the state of our understanding: a symposium, March 11-13, 1999, Memphis, TN ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Missouri-Columbia","publisherLocation":"Puxico","collaboration":"OCLC: 62725433 PDF on file: 6411_Twedt.pdf 4.4 MB color","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., and Uihlein, W., 2005, Landscape level reforestation priorities for forest breeding landbirds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, chap. of Ecology and Management of Bottomland Hardwood Systems: the state of our understanding: a symposium, March 11-13, 1999, Memphis, TN , p. 321-340.","productDescription":"xiv, 542","startPage":"321","endPage":"340","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6aba27","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fredrickson, L.H.","contributorId":91042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507956,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, S.L.","contributorId":105663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507957,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaminski, R.M.","contributorId":53330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminski","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507955,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uihlein, W.B. III","contributorId":44636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uihlein","given":"W.B.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211315,"text":"5211315 - 2005 - Hierarchical models and Bayesian analysis of bird survey information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211315","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hierarchical models and Bayesian analysis of bird survey information","docAbstract":"Summary of bird survey information is a critical component of conservation activities, but often our summaries rely on statistical methods that do not accommodate the limitations of the information. Prioritization of species requires ranking and analysis of species by magnitude of population trend, but often magnitude of trend is a misleading measure of actual decline when trend is poorly estimated. Aggregation of population information among regions is also complicated by varying quality of estimates among regions. Hierarchical models provide a reasonable means of accommodating concerns about aggregation and ranking of quantities of varying precision. In these models the need to consider multiple scales is accommodated by placing distributional assumptions on collections of parameters. For collections of species trends, this allows probability statements to be made about the collections of species-specific parameters, rather than about the estimates. We define and illustrate hierarchical models for two commonly encountered situations in bird conservation: (1) Estimating attributes of collections of species estimates, including ranking of trends, estimating number of species with increasing populations, and assessing population stability with regard to predefined trend magnitudes; and (2) estimation of regional population change, aggregating information from bird surveys over strata. User-friendly computer software makes hierarchical models readily accessible to scientists.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Albany, California","collaboration":"Conference held March 20-24, 2002, Asilomar, California PDF on file: 6516_Sauer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., Link, W., and Royle, J., 2005, Hierarchical models and Bayesian analysis of bird survey information, chap. of Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002, p. 762-770.","productDescription":"2 volumes: xiv, 1296","startPage":"762","endPage":"770","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92020,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32064","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507969,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rich, Terrell D.","contributorId":112381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"Terrell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507970,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Royle, J. Andrew 0000-0003-3135-2167","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-2167","contributorId":96221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Royle","given":"J. Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211327,"text":"5211327 - 2005 - Forest management under uncertainty for multiple bird population objectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5211327","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Forest management under uncertainty for multiple bird population objectives","docAbstract":"We advocate adaptive programs of decision making and monitoring for the management of forest birds when responses by populations to management, and particularly management trade-offs among populations, are uncertain. Models are necessary components of adaptive management. Under this approach, uncertainty about the behavior of a managed system is explicitly captured in a set of alternative models. The models generate testable predictions about the response of populations to management, and monitoring data provide the basis for assessing these predictions and informing future management decisions. To illustrate these principles, we examine forest management at the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, where management attention is focused on the recovery of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) population. However, managers are also sensitive to the habitat needs of many non-target organisms, including Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) and other forest interior Neotropical migratory birds. By simulating several management policies on a set of-alternative forest and bird models, we found a decision policy that maximized a composite response by woodpeckers and Wood Thrushes despite our complete uncertainty regarding system behavior. Furthermore, we used monitoring data to update our measure of belief in each alternative model following one cycle of forest management. This reduction of uncertainty translates into a reallocation of model influence on the choice of optimal decision action at the next decision opportunity.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Albany, California","collaboration":"Conference held March 20-24, 2002, Asilomar, California PDF on file: 6514_Moore.pdf","usgsCitation":"Moore, C., Plummer, W., and Conroy, M., 2005, Forest management under uncertainty for multiple bird population objectives, chap. of Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002, p. 373-380.","productDescription":"2 volumes: xiv, 1296","startPage":"373","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92023,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/psw_gtr191_0373-0380_moore.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de3a2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507977,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rich, Terrell D.","contributorId":112381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"Terrell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507978,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Moore, C. T. 0000-0002-6053-2880","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-2880","contributorId":87649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"C. T.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, W.T.","contributorId":20048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211370,"text":"5211370 - 2005 - Coastal foredune displacement and recovery, Barrett Beach-Talisman, Fire Island, New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211370","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Coastal foredune displacement and recovery, Barrett Beach-Talisman, Fire Island, New York, USA","docAbstract":"Coastal foredune mobility has been tracked at Fire Island National Seashore since 1976 with annual field surveys and analysis of frequent aerial photography. Sequential mapping of the foredune crestline depicts nearly islandwide displacement during major storm events, such as in 1992, and localized displacement during alongshore passage of inshore circulation cells during other years. An instance of localized landward erosion and curvilinear displacement along approximately 400 m of foredune occurred in 1994, followed by recovery over the next nine years. Data from annual surveys and partially supported by four LIDAR flights establish that volume recovery rates in the foredune ranged from about 1.0 m3/m/yr to nearly 12.0 m3/m/yr. Analysis of the foredune morphology and location shows nearly complete recovery of foredune shape and dimension during this interval and it also demonstrates that there has been inland displacement of the foredune crestline of up to 40 m. Total volume recovery within the localized foredune erosion site was greatest, between 34 m3/m to 47 m3/m, in areas of greatest displacement and eventually contributed to creation of a foredune of similar dimension along the entire eroded zone. This process of erosion and recovery describes a mechanism for foredune dimension retention during episodic erosion and displacement and may be a model for foredune persistence accompanying barrier island migration.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coasts under Stress II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"ISBN 3-443-21141-0. This volume is dedicated to the memory of James R. Allen PDF on file: 6709_Psuty.pdf","usgsCitation":"Psuty, N., Pace, J., and Allen, J., 2005, Coastal foredune displacement and recovery, Barrett Beach-Talisman, Fire Island, New York, USA, chap. of Coasts under Stress II, p. 153-168.","productDescription":"viii, 218 ","startPage":"153","endPage":"168","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb65","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Psuty, Norbert P.","contributorId":111475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Psuty","given":"Norbert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508038,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherman, Douglas J.","contributorId":113053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508039,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer-Arendt, Klaus","contributorId":113454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer-Arendt","given":"Klaus","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508040,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Psuty, N.P.","contributorId":58742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Psuty","given":"N.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pace, J.P.","contributorId":18883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pace","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J.R.","contributorId":16955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211306,"text":"5211306 - 2005 - Estimating the number of animals in wildlife populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211306","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Estimating the number of animals in wildlife populations","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION In 1938, Howard M. Wight devoted 9 pages, which was an entire chapter in the first wildlife management techniques manual, to what he termed 'census' methods. As books and chapters such as this attest, the volume of literature on this subject has grown tremendously. Abundance estimation remains an active area of biometrical research, as reflected in the many differences between this chapter and the similar contribution in the previous manual. Our intent in this chapter is to present an overview of the basic and most widely used population estimation techniques and to provide an entree to the relevant literature. Several possible approaches could be taken in writing a chapter dealing with population estimation. For example, we could provide a detailed treatment focusing on statistical models and on derivation of estimators based on these models. Although a chapter using this approach might provide a valuable reference for quantitative biologists and biometricians, it would be of limited use to many field biologists and wildlife managers. Another approach would be to focus on details of actually applying different population estimation techniques. This approach would include both field application (e.g., how to set out a trapping grid or conduct an aerial survey) and detailed instructions on how to use the resulting data with appropriate estimation equations. We are reluctant to attempt such an approach, however, because of the tremendous diversity of real-world field situations defined by factors such as the animal being studied, habitat, available resources, and because of our resultant inability to provide detailed instructions for all possible cases. We believe it is more useful to provide the reader with the conceptual basis underlying estimation methods. Thus, we have tried to provide intuitive explanations for how basic methods work. In doing so, we present relevant estimation equations for many methods and provide citations of more detailed treatments covering both statistical considerations and field applications. We have chosen to present methods that are representative of classes of estimators, rather than address every available method. Our hope is that this chapter will provide the reader with enough background to make an informed decision about what general method(s) will likely perform well in any particular field situation. Readers with a more quantitative background may then be able to consult detailed references and tailor the selected method to suit their particular needs. Less quantitative readers should consult a biometrician, preferably one with experience in wildlife studies, for this 'tailoring,' with the hope they will be able to do so with a basic understanding of the general method, thereby permitting useful interaction and discussion with the biometrician. SUMMARY Estimating the abundance or density of animals in wild populations is not a trivial matter. Virtually all techniques involve the basic problem of estimating the probability of seeing, capturing, or otherwise detecting animals during some type of survey and, in many cases, sampling concerns as well. In the case of indices, the detection probability is assumed to be constant (but unknown). We caution against use of indices unless this assumption can be verified for the comparison(s) of interest. In the case of population estimation, many methods have been developed over the years to estimate the probability of detection associated with various kinds of count statistics. Techniques range from complete counts, where sampling concerns often dominate, to incomplete counts where detection probabilities are also important. Some examples of the latter are multiple observers, removal methods, and capture-recapture. Before embarking on a survey to estimate the size of a population, one must understand clearly what information is needed and for what purpose the information will be used. The key to derivin","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Techniques for Wildlife Investigations and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Maryland","collaboration":"ISBN: 0933564155. OCLC: 61111371","usgsCitation":"Lancia, R., Kendall, W., Pollock, K.H., and Nichols, J., 2005, Estimating the number of animals in wildlife populations, chap. of Techniques for Wildlife Investigations and Management, p. 106-153.","productDescription":"xiv, 974","startPage":"106","endPage":"153","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc409","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Braun, Clait E.","contributorId":59368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Clait","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507964,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lancia, R.A.","contributorId":42327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lancia","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211329,"text":"5211329 - 2005 - Approaches for the direct estimation of rate of increase in population size using capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5211329","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Approaches for the direct estimation of rate of increase in population size using capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"Recent developments in the modeling of capture-recapture data permit the direct estimation and modeling of population growth rate Pradel (1996). Resulting estimates reflect changes in numbers of birds on study areas, and such changes result from movement as well as survival and reproductive recruitment. One measure of the 'importance' of a demographic vital rate to population growth is based on temporal covariation (i.e., do changes in population growth follow changes in vital rates). If data are available to estimate vital rates or their components, then such data can be combined with capture-recapture data in order to estimate parameters of the relationship between population growth and the vital rate. These methods are illustrated using capture-recapture and nest observation data for Black-throated Blue Warblers, Dendroica caerulescens, from a long-term study at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. Population growth rate was found to be positively associated with the proportion of birds that double-brood. We encourage use of these methods and believe they will prove to be very useful in research on, and management of, migratory bird populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Albany, California","collaboration":"Conference held March 20-24, 2002, Asilomar, California PDF on file: 6517_Nichols.pdf","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Sillett, T., Hines, J., and Holmes, R.T., 2005, Approaches for the direct estimation of rate of increase in population size using capture-recapture data, chap. of Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002, p. 805-809.","productDescription":"2 volumes: xiv, 1296","startPage":"805","endPage":"809","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/805-809.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a328","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rich, Terrell D.","contributorId":112381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"Terrell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507982,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sillett, T. Scott","contributorId":80788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sillett","given":"T. Scott","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":330745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holmes, Richard T.","contributorId":45269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5211275,"text":"5211275 - 2005 - Modeling seasonal interactions in the population dynamics of migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5211275","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling seasonal interactions in the population dynamics of migratory birds","docAbstract":"Understanding the population dynamics of migratory birds requires understanding the relevant biological events that occur during breeding, migratory, and overwintering periods. The few available population models for passerine birds focus on breeding-season events, disregard or oversimplify events during nonbreeding periods, and ignore interactions that occur between periods of the annual cycle. Identifying and explicitly incorporating seasonal interactions into population models for migratory birds could provide important insights about when population limitation actually occurs in the annual cycle. We present a population model for the annual cycle of a migratory bird, based on the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) but more generally applicable, that examines the importance of seasonal interactions by incorporating: (1) density dependence during the breeding and winter seasons, (2) a carry-over effect of winter habitat on breeding-season productivity, and (3) the effects of behavioral dominance on seasonal and habitat specific demographic rates. First, we show that habitat availability on both the wintering and breeding grounds can strongly affect equilibrium population size and sex ratio. Second, sex ratio dynamics, as mediated by behavioral dominance, can affect all other aspects of population dynamics. Third, carry-over effects can be strong, especially when winter events are limiting. These results suggest that understanding the population dynamics of migratory birds may require more consideration of the seasonal interactions induced by carry-over effects and density dependence in multiple seasons. This model provides a framework in which to explore more fully these seasonal dynamics and a context for estimation of life history parameters.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Birds of two worlds: the ecology and evolution of migration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press","publisherLocation":"Baltimore","collaboration":"Visit URL for table of contents. 'Birds of Two Worlds: Advances in the Ecology and Evolution of Temperate-Tropical Migration Systems' (2002 : National Conservation and Training Center, Shepardstown, W. Va.) PDF on file: 6309_Runge.pdf","usgsCitation":"Runge, M., and Marra, P., 2005, Modeling seasonal interactions in the population dynamics of migratory birds, chap. of Birds of two worlds: the ecology and evolution of migration, p. 375-389.","productDescription":"xviii, 466","startPage":"375","endPage":"389","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4b3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Greenberg, Russell","contributorId":112131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507925,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marra, Peter P.","contributorId":108030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marra","given":"Peter P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507924,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Runge, M.C. 0000-0002-8081-536X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8081-536X","contributorId":49312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runge","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marra, P.P.","contributorId":90683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marra","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211368,"text":"5211368 - 2005 - Modern open-population capture-recapture models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:06:42","indexId":"5211368","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modern open-population capture-recapture models","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of capture-recapture analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Princeton University Press","publisherLocation":"Princeton, N.J.","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., 2005, Modern open-population capture-recapture models, chap. of Handbook of capture-recapture analysis, p. 88-123.","productDescription":"xviii, 313","startPage":"88","endPage":"123","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69951d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":508034,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":508035,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508033,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211328,"text":"5211328 - 2005 - Statistical approaches to the analysis of point count data: A little extra information can go a long way","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5211328","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Statistical approaches to the analysis of point count data: A little extra information can go a long way","docAbstract":"Point counts are a standard sampling procedure for many bird species, but lingering concerns still exist about the quality of information produced from the method. It is well known that variation in observer ability and environmental conditions can influence the detection probability of birds in point counts, but many biologists have been reluctant to abandon point counts in favor of more intensive approaches to counting. However, over the past few years a variety of statistical and methodological developments have begun to provide practical ways of overcoming some of the problems with point counts. We describe some of these approaches, and show how they can be integrated into standard point count protocols to greatly enhance the quality of the information. Several tools now exist for estimation of detection probability of birds during counts, including distance sampling, double observer methods, time-depletion (removal) methods, and hybrid methods that combine these approaches. Many counts are conducted in habitats that make auditory detection of birds much more likely than visual detection. As a framework for understanding detection probability during such counts, we propose separating two components of the probability a bird is detected during a count into (1) the probability a bird vocalizes during the count and (2) the probability this vocalization is detected by an observer. In addition, we propose that some measure of the area sampled during a count is necessary for valid inferences about bird populations. This can be done by employing fixed-radius counts or more sophisticated distance-sampling models. We recommend any studies employing point counts be designed to estimate detection probability and to include a measure of the area sampled.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Albany, California","collaboration":"Conference held March 20-24, 2002, Asilomar, California PDF on file: 6515_Farnsworth.pdf","usgsCitation":"Farnsworth, G., Nichols, J., Sauer, J., Fancy, S., Pollock, K.H., Shriner, S., and Simons, T., 2005, Statistical approaches to the analysis of point count data: A little extra information can go a long way, chap. of Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference 2002, p. 736-743.","productDescription":"2 volumes: xiv, 1296","startPage":"736","endPage":"743","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92024,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://site.xavier.edu/farnsworth/PIF_proceedings.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f99da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507979,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rich, Terrell D.","contributorId":112381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"Terrell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507980,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Farnsworth, G.L.","contributorId":29533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farnsworth","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fancy, S.G.","contributorId":8957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fancy","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shriner, S.A.","contributorId":26405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shriner","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simons, T.R.","contributorId":56334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5200297,"text":"5200297 - 2005 - Wildlife and habitat damage assessment from Hurricane Charley: recommendations for recovery of the J. N. \"Ding\" Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex. [Final report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5200297","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T17:49:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Wildlife and habitat damage assessment from Hurricane Charley: recommendations for recovery of the J. N. \"Ding\" Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex. [Final report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]","docAbstract":"On 13 August 2004, the first of four hurricanes to strike Florida in <6 weeks came ashore near J. N. ?Ding? Darling National Wildlife Refuge (JNDDNWR) Complex, Sanibel Island, FL. Hurricane Charley passed just north of Sanibel Island with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (123 knots) and a storm surge of 0.3-2.7 m. We surveyed storm damage to JNDDNWR Complex from 20-24 September 2004. Our goals were to assess damage to: wetlands for Mangrove Cuckoos (Coccyzus minor) and Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo altiloquus), waterbird rookeries/mangrove islands, impoundments, sea grass beds, and hardwood hammocks. The refuge complex sustained moderate to catastrophic damage to vegetation, especially mangrove forests and waterbird nesting or roosting islands. Lumpkin Island, Hemp Island, and Bird Key waterbird nesting areas had >50% and sometimes 90% of their vegetation severely damaged (dead, broken tree stems, and tipped trees). Shell Mound Trail of JNDDNWR sustained catastrophic damage to its old growth mangrove forests. Direct storm mortality and injury to manatees in the area was probably slight. Because seagrass beads and manatee habitat extend beyond refuge boundaries, we recommended a regional approach with partner agencies to more thoroughly assess storm impacts and monitor recovery of seagrass and manatees. Besides intensive monitoring of waterbirds and their nesting habitat (pre- and post-storm), we recommend that the Mangrove Cuckoo be used as an indicator species for recovery of mangrove forests and also for monitoring songbirds at risk. Black-whiskered Vireo may be another potential indicator species to monitor in mangrove forests. Damaged vegetation should be monitored for recovery (permanent or long-term plots), especially where previous study plots have been established and with additional plots in mangrove forests of waterbird nesting islands and freshwater wetlands. Potential loss of wetlands may be prevented by water level monitoring, locating the positions (GPS-GIS) and maintaining existing water control structures, creating a GIS map of refuge with accurate vertical data, and monitoring and eradicating invasive plants. Invasive species, including Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and air potato (Dioscorea bulbifora), were common in a very limited survey. As an important monitoring goal, we recommend that species presence-absence data analysis (with probability of detection) be used to determine changes in animal communities. This could be accomplished possibly with comparison to other storm-damaged and undamaged refuges in the Region. This information may be helpful to refuge managers when storms return in the future.","language":"English","publisher":"USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Athens, Georgia","collaboration":"Later published by USGS as Open-File Report 2006-1126 PDF on file: 6479_Meyers.pdf 7 MB color","usgsCitation":"Meyers, J., Langtimm, C., Smith, T.J., and Pednault-Willett, K., 2005, Wildlife and habitat damage assessment from Hurricane Charley: recommendations for recovery of the J. N. \"Ding\" Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex. [Final report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service], 85.","productDescription":"85","numberOfPages":"85","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":91977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/prodabs/meyers/hurricane%20charley-ddnwrc%20final2rpt.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":201264,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e31eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyers, J.M.","contributorId":54307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langtimm, C.A. 0000-0001-8499-5743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8499-5743","contributorId":71133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langtimm","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, T. J. III","contributorId":24303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pednault-Willett, K.","contributorId":35430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pednault-Willett","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5200336,"text":"5200336 - 2005 - Management and protection protocols for the threatened Piping Plover (Charadrius Melodus) on Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5200336","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Management and protection protocols for the threatened Piping Plover (Charadrius Melodus) on Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Executive Summary 1. The breeding population of the piping plover (Charadrius melodus), a federally-threatened shorebird, at Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA) declined from 15 pairs/yr to 3 pairs/yr from 1989-2004. A population of this size may face immediate risk of extirpation from several sources. At several former breeding sites at CAHA, there have been no nesting pairs in recent years. 2. Only one plover chick has survived to fledging at CAHA, 2001-2004. While survival of eggs has often been moderate to high since 1989, survival of chicks has generally been low. Reproductive rate improved in 2005, with 6 chicks fledging from 2 pairs in conjunction with more actively managed closures in brood-rearing areas. 3. Inclement weather, predation, and recreational disturbance may negatively impact reproductive success of piping plovers at CAHA. Recreational disturbance and habitat loss caused by ORVs may discourage pairs from attempting to nest. 4. To recover the breeding plover population at CAHA, it will be necessary to create disturbance-free areas containing high-quality nesting and foraging habitat from the territory-establishment phase to the brood-rearing phase of the breeding cycle. We provide three management options to reduce risk of disturbance and mortality. They entail full closure of the seashore to recreation, closure of historical breeding sites to ORVs, or restriction of recreation to an oceanside corridor. 5. To reduce the risk of egg and chick mortality, we recommend continued efforts to trap and remove mammalian predators from all aforementioned sites and the continued use of predator exclosures around nests. We further recommend intensive monitoring and surveillance of protected areas to determine the extent and timing of threats to nests and broods, including nest overwash, predation, and disturbance or vandalism by humans. 6. Even if reproductive success improves under our recommendations, however, a population of this size will take several years to recover in the absence of immigrants from other sites, and there may not be a noticeable increase in population size in the short term. We recommend using an Adaptive Management approach, combining research, monitoring and management to assess the effectiveness of management actions in achieving our goals to recovery this threatened species at Cape Hatteras. 7. The size of nonbreeding flocks, their habitat use, their site tenacity, and sources of disturbance and mortality are not known with high precision. We recommend monitoring standards and research to address this problem, while at the same time restricting recreation adjacent to important migration and wintering sites to afford nonbreeding birds increased protection.","language":"English","publisher":"Final report to National Park Serivce","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD.","collaboration":" PDF on file: 6890_Cohen.pdf","usgsCitation":"Cohen, J., 2005, Management and protection protocols for the threatened Piping Plover (Charadrius Melodus) on Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina, 65.","productDescription":"65","numberOfPages":"65","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a227","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohen, J.B.","contributorId":29914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}