Most of 26 small (0.4≲M≲3.1) microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera in mid-1997, analyzed using data from a dense temporary network of 69 digital three-component seismometers, have significantly non-double-couple focal mechanisms, inconsistent with simple shear faulting. We determined their mechanisms by inverting P- and S-wave polarities and amplitude ratios using linear-programming methods, and tracing rays through a three-dimensional Earth model derived using tomography. More than 80% of the mechanisms have positive (volume increase) isotropic components and most have compensated linear-vector dipole components with outward-directed major dipoles. The simplest interpretation of these mechanisms is combined shear and extensional faulting with a volume-compensating process, such as rapid flow of water, steam, or CO2 into opening tensile cracks. Source orientations of earthquakes in the south moat suggest extensional faulting on ESE-striking subvertical planes, an orientation consistent with planes defined by earthquake hypocenters. The focal mechanisms show that clearly defined hypocentral planes in different locations result from different source processes. One such plane in the eastern south moat is consistent with extensional faulting, while one near Casa Diablo Hot Springs reflects en echelon right-lateral shear faulting. Source orientations at Mammoth Mountain vary systematically with location, indicating that the volcano influences the local stress field. Events in a ‘spasmodic burst’ at Mammoth Mountain have practically identical mechanisms that indicate nearly pure compensated tensile failure and high fluid mobility. Five earthquakes had mechanisms involving small volume decreases, but these may not be significant. No mechanisms have volumetric moment fractions larger than that of a force dipole, but the reason for this fact is unknown.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00420-7","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Foulger, G., Julian, B., Hill, D., Pitt, A., Malin, P., and Shalev, E., 2004, Non-double-couple microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 132, no. 1, p. 45-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00420-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00420-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.96545410156251,\n 37.62075814551956\n ],\n [\n -118.60427856445311,\n 37.62075814551956\n ],\n [\n -118.60427856445311,\n 37.79350762410675\n ],\n [\n -118.96545410156251,\n 37.79350762410675\n ],\n [\n -118.96545410156251,\n 37.62075814551956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6740e4b0c8380cd73245","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Malin, P.E.","contributorId":108104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shalev, E.","contributorId":95659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shalev","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026190,"text":"70026190 - 2004 - Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-09T16:43:56.403246","indexId":"70026190","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska","docAbstract":"The 3 November 2002 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake resulted in 341 km of surface rupture on the Susitna Glacier, Denali, and Totschunda faults. The rupture proceeded from west to east and began with a 48-km-long break on the previously unknown Susitna Glacier thrust fault. Slip on this thrust averaged about 4 m (Crone et al., 2004). Next came the principal surface break, along 226 km of the Denali fault, with average right-lateral offsets of 4.5–5.1 m and a maximum offset of 8.8 m near its eastern end. The Denali fault trace is commonly left stepping and north side up. About 99 km of the fault ruptured through glacier ice, where the trace orientation was commonly influenced by local ice fabric. Finally, slip transferred southeastward onto the Totschunda fault and continued for another 66 km where dextral offsets average 1.6–1.8 m. The transition from the Denali fault to the Totschunda fault occurs over a complex 25-km-long transfer zone of right-slip and normal fault traces. Three methods of calculating average surface slip all yield a moment magnitude of Mw 7.8, in very good agreement with the seismologically determined magnitude of M 7.9. A comparison of strong-motion inversions for moment release with our slip distribution shows they have a similar pattern. The locations of the two largest pulses of moment release correlate with the locations of increasing steps in the average values of observed slip. This suggests that slip-distribution data can be used to infer moment release along other active fault traces.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120040626","usgsCitation":"Haeussler, P.J., Schwartz, D.P., Dawson, T.E., Stenner, H.D., Lienkaemper, J.J., Sherrod, B.L., Cinti, F.R., Montone, P., Craw, P., Crone, A.J., and Personius, S.F., 2004, Surface rupture and slip distribution of the Denali and Totschunda faults in the 3 November 2002 M 7.9 earthquake, Alaska: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 6B, p. S23-S52, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040626.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"S23","endPage":"S52","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali Fault, Totschunda Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -140,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 58\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fbbe4b08c986b31e7d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeussler, Peter J. 0000-0002-1503-6247 pheuslr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-6247","contributorId":503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeussler","given":"Peter","email":"pheuslr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, Timothy E.","contributorId":24429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. 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Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":408381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stenner, Heidi D.","contributorId":35868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenner","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sherrod, Brian L. 0000-0002-4492-8631 bsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-8631","contributorId":2834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"Brian","email":"bsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cinti, Francesca R.","contributorId":24632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cinti","given":"Francesca","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Montone, Paola","contributorId":80874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montone","given":"Paola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Craw, Patricia","contributorId":71055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craw","given":"Patricia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":408380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Personius, Stephen F. personius@usgs.gov","contributorId":1214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"Stephen","email":"personius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":408372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":53208,"text":"ofr03449 - 2004 - Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault, Thousand Palms Oasis, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T13:54:29","indexId":"ofr03449","displayToPublicDate":"2003-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-449","title":"Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault, Thousand Palms Oasis, California","docAbstract":"We present photomosaics and logs of the walls of trenches excavated for a paleoseismic study at Thousand Palms Oasis (Fig. 1). The site \nis located on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone, one of two major active strands of the fault in the Indio Hills along the \nnortheast margin of the Coachella Valley (Fig. 2). The Coachella Valley section is the most poorly understood major part of the San Andreas \nfault with regard to slip rate and timing of past large-magnitude earthquakes, and therefore earthquake hazard. No large earthquakes have \noccurred for more than three centuries, the longest elapsed time for any part of the southern San Andreas fault. In spite of this, the Working \nGroup on California Earthquake Probabilities (1995) assigned the lowest 30-year conditional probability on the southern San Andreas fault \nto the Coachella Valley. Models of the behavior of this part of the fault, however, have been based on very limited geologic data.
\nThe Thousand Palms Oasis is an attractive location for paleoseismic study primarily because of the well-bedded late Holocene \nsedimentary deposits with abundant layers of organic matter for radiocarbon dating necessary to constrain the timing of large prehistoric \nearthquakes. Previous attempts to develop a chronology of paleoearthquakes for the region have been hindered by the scarcity of in-situ 14C-dateable \nmaterial for age control in this desert environment. Also, the fault in the vicinity of Thousand Palms Oasis consists of a single trace \nthat is well expressed, both geomorphically and as a vegetation lineament (Figs. 2, 3). Results of our investigations are discussed in Fumal et \nal. (2002) and indicate that four and probably five surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred along this part of the fault during the past 1200 \nyears. The average recurrence time for these earthquakes is 215 ± 25 years, although interevent times may have been as short as a few \ndecades or as long as 400 years. Thus, although the elapsed time since the most recent earthquake, about 320 years, is about 50% longer than \nthe average recurrence time, it is not necessarily unprecedented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03449","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Frost, W.T., Garvin, C., Hamilton, J.C., Jaasma, M., and Rymer, M.J., 2004, Photomosaics and logs of trenches on the San Andreas Fault, Thousand Palms Oasis, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-449, 2 Sheets: 69.66 x 34.51 inches and 69.02 x 34.12 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03449.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 69.66 x 34.51 inches and 69.02 x 34.12 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr03449.jpg"},{"id":4835,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0449/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283951,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0449/pdf/sheet1.pdf"},{"id":283952,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0449/pdf/sheet2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley;Thousand Palms Oasis","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.7969,33.2995 ], [ -116.7969,34.3 ], [ -115.6596,34.3 ], [ -115.6596,33.2995 ], [ -116.7969,33.2995 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685dd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, Thomas E.","contributorId":67882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, William T.","contributorId":51372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garvin, Christopher","contributorId":19222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garvin","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, John C. jhamilton@usgs.gov","contributorId":4202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"John","email":"jhamilton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jaasma, Monique","contributorId":70470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaasma","given":"Monique","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rymer, Michael J. mrymer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"Michael","email":"mrymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70189285,"text":"70189285 - 2004 - Using discrete choice modeling to generate resource selection functions for female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:17:43","indexId":"70189285","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Using discrete choice modeling to generate resource selection functions for female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea","docAbstract":"Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) depend on ice-covered seas to satisfy life history requirements. Modern threats to polar bears include oil spills in the marine environment and changes in ice composition resulting from climate change. Managers need practical models that explain the distribution of bears in order to assess the impacts of these threats. We explored the use of discrete choice models to describe habitat selection by female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea. Using stepwise procedures we generated resource selection models of habitat use. Sea ice characteristics and ocean depths at known polar bear locations were compared to the same features at randomly selected locations. Models generated for each of four seasons confirmed complexities of habitat use by polar bears and their response to numerous factors. Bears preferred shallow water areas where different ice types intersected. Variation among seasons was reflected mainly in differential selection of total ice concentration, ice stages, floe sizes, and their interactions. Distance to the nearest ice interface was a significant term in models for three seasons. Water depth was selected as a significant term in all seasons, possibly reflecting higher productivity in shallow water areas. Preliminary tests indicate seasonal models can predict polar bear distribution based on prior sea ice data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Resource selection methods and applications: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Resource Selection","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1st International Conference on Resource Selection","conferenceDate":"January 13-15, 2003","conferenceLocation":"Laramie, WY","language":"English","publisher":"Omnipress","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., Amstrup, S.C., Nielson, R.M., and McDonald, T., 2004, Using discrete choice modeling to generate resource selection functions for female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea, in Resource selection methods and applications: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Resource Selection, Laramie, WY, January 13-15, 2003, p. 107-120.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"120","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59609db9e4b0d1f9f0594c48","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Huzurbazar, Snehalata","contributorId":85903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huzurbazar","given":"Snehalata","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703922,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nielson, Ryan M.","contributorId":78971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nielson","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonald, Trent","contributorId":150585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":703926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38166,"text":"fs04902 - 2004 - The Parkfield experiment; capturing what happens in an earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:50","indexId":"fs04902","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"049-02","title":"The Parkfield experiment; capturing what happens in an earthquake","docAbstract":"To better understand what happens on and near a fault before, during, and after an earthquake, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the California Geological Survey began the Parkfield Earthquake Experiment in the 1980's. Researchers from the USGS and collaborating institutions have created a dense network of instruments on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California, where moderate earthquakes have occurred at fairly regular intervals. Data from these instruments are revealing the earthquake process in unprecedented detail and will aid in predicting the time and severity of future shocks. The USGS and the National Science Foundation plan to expand the Parkfield Experiment by drilling a deep borehole and installing instruments at the actual depths where earthquakes initiate, creating a San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs04902","usgsCitation":"Hickman, S., Langbein, J.O., and Stauffer, P.H., 2004, The Parkfield experiment; capturing what happens in an earthquake (Revised edition): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 049-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04902.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_049_02.bmp"},{"id":3464,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs049-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Revised edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aeae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, Steve","contributorId":70458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, John O.","contributorId":72438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4909,"text":"twri09A3 - 2004 - Chapter A3. Cleaning of equipment for water sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T10:57:17","indexId":"twri09A3","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"09-A3","displayTitle":"Chapter A3. Cleaning of Equipment for Water Sampling","title":"Chapter A3. Cleaning of equipment for water sampling","docAbstract":"The National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data (National Field Manual) describes protocols and provides guidelines for U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) personnel who collect data used to assess the quality of the Nation's surface-water and ground-water resources. Chapter A3 describes procedures for cleaning the equipment used to collect and process samples of surface water and ground water and procedures for assessing the efficacy of the equipment-cleaning process. This chapter is designed for use with the other chapters of this field manual. Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters will be announced on the USGS Home Page on the World Wide Web under 'New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.'
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 9","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri09A3","usgsCitation":"2004, Chapter A3. Cleaning of equipment for water sampling (Version 2.0, Revised April 2004 (previous version 1.2, revised March 2003, original version published September 1998)): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 09-A3, iv, 68 p.; 2 Additional Report Pieces; Related Work, https://doi.org/10.3133/twri09A3.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p.; 2 Additional Report Pieces; Related Work","numberOfPages":"83","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363719,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm9A0","text":"Techniques and Methods 9-A0","linkHelpText":"- General introduction for the “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data”"},{"id":362088,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a3/Chapter3_Version1.2.pdf","text":"Report - March 2003","size":"273 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Version 1.2"},{"id":362069,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a3/final508Chap3book.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.24 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a3/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362089,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a3/Chapter3.pdf","text":"Report - September 1998","size":"288 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Original"}],"edition":"Version 2.0, Revised April 2004 (previous version 1.2, revised March 2003, original version published September 1998)","contact":"Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA
Email: nfm@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"This report describes the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, to develop a regional ground-water-flow model of the French Creek Basin in Chester County, Pa. The model was used to assist water-resource managers by illustrating the interconnection between ground-water and surface-water systems. The 70.7-square mile French Creek Basin is in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain by crystalline and sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers. Annual water budgets were calculated for 1969-2001 for the French Creek Basin upstream of streamflow-measurement station French Creek near Phoenixville (01472157). Average annual precipitation was 46.28 in. (inches), average annual streamflow was 20.29 in., average annual base flow determined by hydrograph separation was 12.42 in., and estimated average annual ET (evapotranspiration) was 26.10 in. Estimated average annual recharge was 14.32 in. and is equal to 31 percent of the average annual precipitation. Base flow made up an average of 61 percent of streamflow.
Ground-water flow in the French Creek Basin was simulated using the finite-difference MODFLOW-96 computer program. The model structure is based on a simplified two-dimensional conceptualization of the ground-water-flow system. The modeled area was extended outside the French Creek Basin to natural hydrologic boundaries; the modeled area includes 40 square miles of adjacent areas outside the basin. The hydraulic conductivity for each geologic unit was calculated from reported specific-capacity data determined from aquifer tests and was adjusted during model calibration. The model was calibrated for above-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on May 1, 2001, using a recharge rate of 20 in/yr (inches per year). The model was calibrated for below-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on September 11 and 17, 2001, using a recharge rate of 6.2 in/yr. Average conditions were simulated by adjusting the recharge rate until simulated streamflow at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 matched the long-term (1968-2001) average base flow of 54.1 cubic feet per second. The recharge rate used for average conditions was 15.7 in/yr.
The effect of drought in the French Creek Basin was simulated using a drought year recharge rate of 8 in/yr for 3 months. After 3 months of drought, the simulated streamflow of French Creek at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 decreased 34 percent. The simulations show that after 6 months of average recharge (15.7 in/yr) following drought, streamflow and water levels recovered almost to pre-drought conditions.
The effect of increased ground-water withdrawals on stream base flow in the South Branch French Creek Subbasin was simulated under average and drought conditions with pumping rates equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the Delaware River Basin Commission Ground Water Protected Area (GWPA) withdrawal limit (1,393 million gallons per year) with all pumped water removed from the basin. For average recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 18, 28, and 37 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively. After 3 months of drought recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 27, 40, and 52 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively.
The effect of well location on base flow, water levels, and the sources of water to the well was simulated by locating a hypothetical well pumping 200 gallons per minute in different places in the Beaver Run Subbasin with all pumped water removed from the basin. The smallest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Run was from a well on the drainage divide between the French Creek Basin and the Marsh Creek Basin to the south; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 1 percent. The greatest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Creek was from a well close to Beaver Run; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 8 percent. The simulations showed that (1) if the contributing area of a well is in a basin, pumping will affect stream base flow and water levels in that basin whether the well is inside or outside that basin; (2) wells in different areas of a basin away from a divide produce a similar reduction in base flow; (3) a well within a basin will derive more water from diverted base flow and less water from storage than a well on or near a basin divide; and (4) the reduction in base flow at the mouth of the stream is the same for a well in the headwaters and a well downstream near the confluence.
Model simulations illustrate some of the typical analyses and results that can be produced. The model was calibrated using annual values for recharge and ground-water ET and then was run using the annual values in a seasonally independent transient mode to show changes with time. The timing and relative magnitude of some of the changes simulated with the model when viewed in terms of a normal climatic year may be subject to considerable uncertainty because of the variability in seasonal recharge and ground-water ET rates. Transient model simulations for short-term periods are indicative of possible hydrologic system response and are considered an approximation.
Water-resources data for the 2005 water year for Utah consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 165 gaging stations; stage and contents for 8 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 22 hydrologic stations, and 57 wells; water levels for 65 observation wells; and precipitation for 3 stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wdrUT031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah and other cooperators and agencies","usgsCitation":"Tibbetts, J., Enright, M., and Wilberg, D., 2004, Water resources data, Utah, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report UT-03-1, xxxvi, 453 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrUT031.","productDescription":"xxxvi, 453 p.","numberOfPages":"496","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDRUT03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tibbetts, J.R.","contributorId":63470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbetts","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Enright, Michael","contributorId":99979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enright","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53374,"text":"wdrND032 - 2004 - Water resources data--North Dakota water year 2003, Volume 2. Ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:33:32","indexId":"wdrND032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ND-03-2","title":"Water resources data--North Dakota water year 2003, Volume 2. Ground water","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2003 water year for North Dakota consists of records of discharge, stage, and water quality for streams; contents, stage, and water quality for lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality for ground-water wells. Volume 2 contains water-level records for 136 ground-water wells and water-quality records for 63 monitoring wells. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in North Dakota.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrND032","usgsCitation":"Robinson, S., and Wald, J.D., 2004, Water resources data--North Dakota water year 2003, Volume 2. Ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ND-03-2, 210 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrND032.","productDescription":"210 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5132,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-ND-03-2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d2e4b07f02db54807f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, S.M.","contributorId":79162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, J. D.","contributorId":30993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53375,"text":"wdrME031 - 2004 - Water resources data-Maine, water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wdrME031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ME-03-1","title":"Water resources data-Maine, water year 2003","docAbstract":"This volume of the annual hydrologic data report of Maine is one of a series of annual reports that document data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local, and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrME031","usgsCitation":"Stewart, G., Caldwell, J.M., and Cloutier, A., 2004, Water resources data-Maine, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ME-03-1, 250 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrME031.","productDescription":"250 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5133,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-me-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f096d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, G.J.","contributorId":62246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, J. M.","contributorId":93934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloutier, A.R.","contributorId":26356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloutier","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53711,"text":"ofr0392 - 2004 - Guidelines for surveying bankfull channel geometry and developing regional hydraulic-geometry relations for streams of New York State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T10:32:11","indexId":"ofr0392","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-92","title":"Guidelines for surveying bankfull channel geometry and developing regional hydraulic-geometry relations for streams of New York State","docAbstract":"Many disturbed streams within New York State are being restored in an effort to provide bank and bed stability and thereby decrease sedimentation and erosion. Efforts to identify and provide accurate indicators for stable-channel characteristics for ungaged streams have been hampered by the lack of regional equations or relations that relate drainage area to bankfull discharge and to channel depth, width, and cross-sectional area (bankfull hydraulic-geometry relations). Regional equations are needed to confirm bankfull hydraulic-geometry, assess stream stability, evaluate restoration needs, and verify restoration design for ungaged streams that lack stage-to-discharge ratings or historic peak-flow records.
This report presents guidelines for surveying bankfull channel geometry at USGS stream gages and developing regional hydraulic-geometry relations (equations) for wadeable streams in New York. It summarizes methods to (1) compile and assess existing hydrologic, geometric, photographic, and topographic data, (2) conduct stream-reconnaissance inspections, (3) identify channel-bankfull characteristics, (4) conduct longitudinal and cross-section surveys, (5) measure stream discharge, (6) develop and refine bankfull hydraulic-geometry equations, and (7) analyze and assure data completeness and quality. The techniques primarily address wadeable streams with either active or discontinued surface-water and crest-stage gages. The relations can be applied to ungaged or actively gaged streams that are wadeable, and may be extended to non-wadeable streams (with some limitations) if they have drainage areas comparable to those used to develop the relations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0392","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental ConservationDirector, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180-8349
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Contact Pubs Warehouse
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/