Geomorphic disturbances are widely recognized as important processes that influence plant-community development and landscape-scale vegetation patterns [e.g., Veblen and Ashton (1978), Garwood et al. (1979), Swanson et al. (1988), and Malanson (1993)]. In volcanically active areas such as the Pacific Northwest, mudflows are locally important geomorphic disturbance events governing short- and long-term ecological conditions. Volcanic mudflows can scour and inundate river valleys with large volumes of debris (Janda et al. 1981; Pierson 1985; Vallance and Scott 1997; Scott 1988; Vallance 2000; Kovanen et al. 2001) and influence plant succession tens of kilometers downstream from their points of origin (Halpern and Harmon 1983; Adams and Dale 1987;Wood and del Moral 1987; Frenzen et al. 1988). In addition to altering plant succession, large volcanic mudflows can initiate a cascading chain of secondary disturbances that further modify the landscape and affect subsequent ecological responses (see Swanson and Major, Chapter 3, this volume).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/0-387-28150-9_6","usgsCitation":"Frenzen, P.M., Hadley, K.S., Major, J.J., Weber, M.H., Franklin, J., Hardison, J.H., and Stanton, S., 2005, Geomorphic change and vegetation development on the Muddy River Mudflow Deposit, chap. of Ecological Responses to the 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens, p. 75-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28150-9_6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"91","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382294,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzen, Peter M.","contributorId":64544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzen","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hadley, Keith S.","contributorId":91427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, Marc H.","contributorId":169742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weber","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13529,"text":"US Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":808482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Franklin, Jerry F.","contributorId":101939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"Jerry F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hardison, J. H. III","contributorId":49543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardison","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stanton, Sharon","contributorId":247848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanton","given":"Sharon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70184426,"text":"70184426 - 2005 - Multi-scale remote sensing of coral reefs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T14:53:38","indexId":"70184426","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Multi-scale remote sensing of coral reefs","docAbstract":"In this chapter we present how both direct and indirect remote sensing can be integrated to address two major coral reef applications - coral bleaching and assessment of biodiversity. This approach reflects the current non-linear integration of remote sensing for environmental assessment of coral reefs, resulting from a rapid increase in available sensors, processing methods and interdisciplinary collaborations (Andréfouët and Riegl, 2004). Moreover, this approach has greatly benefited from recent collaborations of once independent investigations (e.g., benthic ecology, remote sensing, and numerical modeling).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing of coastal aquatic environments: technologies, techniques and applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-3100-7_13","usgsCitation":"Andréfouët, S., Hochberg, E., Chevillon, C., Muller-Karger, F.E., Brock, J., and Hu, C., 2005, Multi-scale remote sensing of coral reefs, chap. of Remote sensing of coastal aquatic environments: technologies, techniques and applications, v. 7, p. 297-315, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3100-7_13.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"315","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.27636718749999,\n 24.216909537721747\n ],\n [\n -79.47509765625,\n 24.216909537721747\n ],\n [\n -79.47509765625,\n 26.185018250078308\n ],\n [\n -83.27636718749999,\n 26.185018250078308\n ],\n [\n -83.27636718749999,\n 24.216909537721747\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c1263de4b014cc3a3d34ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andréfouët, Serge","contributorId":187710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andréfouët","given":"Serge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hochberg, E.J.","contributorId":32706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hochberg","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chevillon, Christophe","contributorId":187711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chevillon","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Muller-Karger, Frank E.","contributorId":68230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller-Karger","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hu, Chuanmin","contributorId":24696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hu","given":"Chuanmin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":81298,"text":"fs20053119 - 2005 - USGS MODIS direct broadcast - Reception and processing at the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T15:38:07","indexId":"fs20053119","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3119","title":"USGS MODIS direct broadcast - Reception and processing at the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science","docAbstract":"The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a key instrument aboard NASA?s Terra Earth Observing System (EOS) AM and Aqua EOS PM spacecrafts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20053119","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, USGS MODIS direct broadcast - Reception and processing at the USGS Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3119, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053119.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":91248,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3119/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db61197b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80124,"text":"fs20053049 - 2005 - Elevation derivatives for national applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:40:03","indexId":"fs20053049","displayToPublicDate":"2007-07-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3049","displayTitle":"Elevation Derivatives for National Applications","title":"Elevation derivatives for national applications","docAbstract":"The Elevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA) project is a multi-agency effort to develop standard topographically derived layers for use in hydrologic and environmental modeling. The EDNA takes advantage of the seamless and filtered characteristics for the National Elevation Dataset (NED) to create a hydrologically conditioned Digital Elevation Model (DEM) useful for modeling applications. The goals of the project are to create a hydrologically conditioned DEM and systematically extract a set of standard derivatives that can be used to facilitate data integration with other U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) framework data sets such as the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) and the Watershed Boundaries Dataset (WBD).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20053049","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Elevation derivatives for national applications: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3049, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053049.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362007,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3049/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362008,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3049/fs20053049.pdf","text":"Report","size":"382 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2005–3049"}],"contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
Reduction-oxidation (redox) potential--also referred to as Eh--is a measure of the equilibrium potential, relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, developed at the interface between a noble metal electrode and an aqueous solution containing electroactive chemical species. Measurements of Eh are used to evaluate geochemical speciation models, and Eh data can provide insights on the evolution and status of water chemistry in an aqueous system. Nevertheless, the measurement is fraught with inherent interferences and limitations that must be understood and considered to determine applicability to the aqueous system being studied. For this reason, Eh determination is not one of the field parameters routinely measured by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This section of the National Field Manual (NFM) describes the equipment and procedures needed to measure Eh in water using a platinum electrode. Guidance as to the limitations and interpretation of Eh measurement also is included. Each chapter of the National Field Manual is published separately and revised periodically. Newly published and revised chapters will be announced on the USGS Home Page on the World Wide Web under 'New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey.'
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Book 9","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/twri09A6.5","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., and Wilde, F.D., 2005, Chapter A6. Section 6.5. Reduction-Oxidation Potential (Electrode Method) (Version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 09-A6.5, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri09A6.5.","productDescription":"22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":363705,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm9A0","text":"Techniques and Methods 9-AO","linkHelpText":"- General introduction for the “National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data”"},{"id":9807,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a65/twri9a_6.5_v_1.2.pdf","text":"Report","size":"269 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TWRI 9A6.5"},{"id":363014,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri9a6/twri9a65/twri9a_Section6.5.pdf","text":"Report - April 1998","size":"369 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Original Report"}],"edition":"Version 1.2","contact":"Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
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Email: nfm@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"Introduction: The Digital Mapping Techniques '05 (DMT'05) workshop was attended by more than 100 technical experts from 47 agencies, universities, and private companies, including representatives from 25 state geological surveys (see Appendix A). This workshop was similar in nature to the previous eight meetings, held in Lawrence, Kansas (Soller, 1997), in Champaign, Illinois (Soller, 1998), in Madison, Wisconsin (Soller, 1999), in Lexington, Kentucky (Soller, 2000), in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Soller, 2001), in Salt Lake City, Utah (Soller, 2002), in Millersville, Pennsylvania (Soller, 2003), and in Portland, Oregon (Soller, 2004). This year's meeting was hosted by the Louisiana Geological Survey, from April 24-27, 2005, on the Louisiana State University campus in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. As in the previous meetings, the objective was to foster informal discussion and exchange of technical information. It is with great pleasure I note that the objective was successfully met, as attendees continued to share and exchange knowledge and information, and to renew friendships and collegial work begun at past DMT workshops. Each DMT workshop has been coordinated by the Association of American State Geologists (AASG) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data Capture Working Group, which was formed in August 1996, to support the AASG and the USGS in their effort to build a National Geologic Map Database (see Soller and Berg, this volume, and http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/standards/datacapt/). The Working Group was formed because increased production efficiencies, standardization, and quality of digital map products were needed for the database?and for the State and Federal geological surveys?to provide more high-quality digital maps to the public. At the 2005 meeting, oral and poster presentations and special discussion sessions emphasized: 1) methods for creating and publishing map products (here, 'publishing' includes Web-based release); 2) field data capture software and techniques, including the use of LIDAR; 3) digital cartographic techniques; 4) migration of digital maps into ArcGIS Geodatabase format; 5) analytical GIS techniques; 6) continued development of the National Geologic Map Database; and 7) progress toward building and implementing a standard geologic map data model and standard science language for the U.S. and for North America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Digital Mapping Techniques '05--Workshop Proceedings, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, April 24-27, 2005","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Digital Mapping Techniques '05","conferenceDate":"April 24-27, 2005","conferenceLocation":"Baton Rouge, Louisiana","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051428","collaboration":"Convened by the\r\nAssociation of American State Geologists\r\nand the\r\nUnited States Geological Survey\r\n\r\nHosted by the\r\nLouisiana Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., 2005, Digital Mapping Techniques '05--Workshop Proceedings, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, April 24-27, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1428, vi, 268 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051428.","productDescription":"vi, 268 p.","numberOfPages":"274","temporalStart":"2005-05-24","temporalEnd":"0205-05-27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":362519,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1428/pdf/DMT05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8889,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1428/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b45ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79309,"text":"ofr20051233 - 2005 - Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Modeling Output Online","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:57","indexId":"ofr20051233","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1233","title":"Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Modeling Output Online","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThe ability to predict the distribution of submersed aquatic vegetation in the Upper Mississippi River on the basis of physical or chemical variables is useful to resource managers. Wildlife managers have a keen interest in advanced estimates of food quantity such as American wildcelery (Vallisneria americana) population status to give out more informed advisories to hunters before the fall hunting season. Predictions for distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation beds can potentially increase hunter observance of voluntary avoidance zones where foraging birds are left alone to feed undisturbed. In years when submersed aquatic vegetation is predicted to be scarce in important wildlife habitats, managers can get the message out to hunters well before the hunting season (Jim Nissen, Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, La Crosse District Manager, La Crosse, Wisconsin, personal communication).\r\n\r\nWe developed a statistical model to predict the probability of occurrence of submersed aquatic vegetation in Pool 8 of the Upper Mississippi River on the basis of a few hydrological, physical, and geomorphic variables. Our model takes into consideration flow velocity, wind fetch, bathymetry, growing-season daily water level, and light extinction coefficient in the river (fig. 1) and calculates the probability of submersed aquatic vegetation existence in Pool 8 in individual 5- x 5-m grid cells. The model was calibrated using the data collected in 1998 (516 sites), 1999 (595 sites), and 2000 (649 sites) using a stratified random sampling protocol (Yin and others, 2000b). To validate the model, we chose the data from the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) transect sampling in backwater areas (Rogers and Owens 1995; Yin and others, 2000a) and ran the model for each 5- x 5-m grid cell in every growing season from 1991 to 2001. We tallied all the cells and came up with an annual average percent frequency of submersed aquatic vegetation occurrence and compared the results with actual LTRMP survey data (fig. 2). Both a paired Student's test (P = 0.4620) and a Wilcoxon's two-sample test (P = 0.4738) did not contradict our null hypothesis that the model prediction and the sampling data are statistically the same. We have not found an effective statistical test to compare model-predicted spatial pattern with aerial photography geographic information, but we are satisfied with the model's outcome on the basis of visual inspection (fig. 3).\r\n\r\nA unique feature about this model is that a prediction can be made by the end of June each year; therefore, providing wildlife managers an assessment of current year vegetation growth condition 3 to 4 months ahead of the arrival of migrating waterfowl that feed on submersed aquatic vegetation. We are working with the LTRMP partnership to create a mechanism so that model predictions (fig. 4) can be updated annually and the results posted on the LTRMP Web site. Our model underestimated the prevalence of vegetation from 2001 to 2004. We speculate that the summer water level reduction conducted in 2001 and 2002 triggered vegetation responses that are outside the model's domain. Future enhancement of the model will incorporate the summer water level drawdown effects as well as the effects of growth conditions in previous years.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051233","usgsCitation":"Yin, Y., Rogala, J., Sullivan, J., and Rohweder, J.J., 2005, Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Modeling Output Online: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1233, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051233.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8793,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/management/dss/sub_veg_model.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9834,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1233/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yin, Yao yyin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yin","given":"Yao","email":"yyin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rogala, Jim","contributorId":71269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogala","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, John","contributorId":37017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rohweder, Jason J. jrohweder@usgs.gov","contributorId":460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohweder","given":"Jason","email":"jrohweder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":76223,"text":"ofr20061062 - 2005 - Developing ecological criteria for prescribed fire in South Florida pine rockland ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T13:12:58","indexId":"ofr20061062","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1062","title":"Developing ecological criteria for prescribed fire in South Florida pine rockland ecosystems","docAbstract":"The pine rocklands of South Florida, characterized by a rich herbaceous flora with many narrowly endemic taxa beneath an overstory of south Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa), are found in three areas: the Miami Rock Ridge of southeastern peninsular Florida, the Lower Florida Keys, and slightly elevated portions of the southern Big Cypress National Preserve. Fire is an important element in these ecosystems, since in its absence the pine canopy is likely to be replaced by dense hardwoods, resulting in loss of the characteristic pineland herb flora. Prescribed fire has been used in Florida Keys pine forests since the creation of the National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR), with the primary aim of reducing fuels. Because fire can also be an effective tool in shaping ecological communities, we conducted a 4-year research study which explored a range of fire management options in NKDR. The intent of the study was to provide the Fish and Wildlife Service and other land managers with information regarding when and where to burn in order to perpetuate these unique forests. \r\n\r\nIn 1998 we initiated a burning experiment in a randomized complete block design. Three treatments were to be carried out in a single well-defined block in each of two characteristic understory types during each year from 1998 through 2000. One understory type was characterized by a relatively sparse shrub layer and a well-developed herb layer ('open'), and the second had a dense shrub layer and poorly developed herb layer ('shrubby'). The three burn treatments were: (a) summer burn, (b) winter burn, and (c) no burn, or control. Three 1- ha plots were established in each block, and randomly assigned to the three treatments. Though the first year experimental burns were carried out without incident, constraints posed by external factors, including nationwide and statewide prohibitions on prescribed burning due to wildfires in other regions, delayed the experimental burns and precluded collection of postburn data on one third of the burns. Ultimately we burned only eleven plots, three in winter and eight in summer, over a four-year period from 1998 to 2001. Vegetation was sampled in a stratified, nested design within 18 plots. Trees were sampled in a 1.0-ha plot, shrubs in twenty 50-m2 circular (radius 4 m) subplots within the tree plot, and the herb layer in four circular 1-m2 quadrats (radius 0.57 m) within each subplot. The amount of fuel in the shrub layer was estimated by applying regression models to plant dimensional data, and ground layer fuel was estimated by a harvest method. The effects of Key deer herbivory on regeneration of the understory pine rockland plant community after fire was studied by monitoring inside and outside exclosures established within two of the six blocks. \r\n\r\nPine trees constituted more than half (53.3%) of the biomass, but understory fine fuels comprised a surprisingly high proportion of total aboveground biomass. In the three blocks in which paired summer and winter burns were successfully conducted, the summer burns were more intense than the winter burns as judged by our indicators of fire intensity. Because of the differences in fire intensity between seasons, it was not possible to say whether observed differences in vegetation response between summer and winter burns were due to season or to fire intensity. The mortality of South Florida slash pine trees was greater after the summer burn than the winter burn in each block, but other vegetation responses were rarely as consistent. For instance, Metopium showed less recovery after summer burns in two blocks and after the winter burn in the third block. Moreover, there were instances in which alternative growth stages of the same species responded differently. Adult palms succumbed more frequently to summer than winter burns, and mortality of Coccothrinax exceeded that of Thrinax. In contrast, small palms recovered more readily after summer burns than winter burns. High in","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061062","usgsCitation":"Snyder, J.R., Ross, M.S., Koptur, S., and Sah, J.P., 2005, Developing ecological criteria for prescribed fire in South Florida pine rockland ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1062, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061062.","productDescription":"109 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":7129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.biology.usgs.gov/pineland/ofr2006_1062_snyder.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66732d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, James R. jim_snyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"James","email":"jim_snyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, Michael S.","contributorId":45406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koptur, Suzanne","contributorId":75239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koptur","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sah, Jay P.","contributorId":40689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sah","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":75973,"text":"fs20053036 - 2005 - Mount St. Helens erupts again: Activity from September 2004 through March 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T21:49:50.181315","indexId":"fs20053036","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3036","title":"Mount St. Helens erupts again: Activity from September 2004 through March 2005","docAbstract":"Eruptive activity at Mount St. Helens captured the world’s attention in 1980 when the largest historical landslide on Earth and a powerful explosion reshaped the volcano, created its distinctive crater, and dramatically modified the surrounding landscape. Over the next 6 years, episodic extrusions of lava built a large dome in the crater. From 1987 to 2004, Mount St. Helens returned to a period of relative quiet, interrupted by occasional, short-lived seismic swarms that lasted minutes to days, by months-to-yearslong increases in background seismicity that probably reflected replenishment of magma deep underground, and by minor steam explosions as late as 1991. During this period a new glacier grew in the crater and wrapped around and partly buried the lava dome. Although the volcano was relatively quiet, scientists with the U.S. Geological Survey and University of Washington’s Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network continued to closely monitor it for signs of renewed activity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20053036","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., Scott, W.E., Driedger, C., and Dzurisin, D., 2005, Mount St. Helens erupts again: Activity from September 2004 through March 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3036, Report: PDF, 4 p.; Report: HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053036.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 4 p.; Report: HTML Document","numberOfPages":"4","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-09-23","temporalEnd":"2005-03-31","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288668,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288147,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3036/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":288148,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3036/pdf/fs2005-3036.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414933,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_80815.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":288149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3036/fs2005-3036.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25843,46.160295 ], [ -122.25843,46.222088 ], [ -122.13037,46.222088 ], [ -122.13037,46.160295 ], [ -122.25843,46.160295 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b479a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, William E. 0000-0001-8156-979X wescott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8156-979X","contributorId":1725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"William","email":"wescott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driedger, Carolyn","contributorId":85165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"Carolyn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzurisin, Dan","contributorId":94979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Dan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":76103,"text":"ofr20051442 - 2005 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality invistigation. 13. Mineral microscopy and chemistry of mined and unmined porphyry molybdenum mineralization along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for ground- and surface-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-03T19:53:09.926661","indexId":"ofr20051442","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1442","displayTitle":"Questa Baseline and Pre-Mining Ground-Water Quality Investigation. 13. Mineral Microscopy and Chemistry of Mined and Unmined Porphyry Molybdenum Mineralization Along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for Ground- and Surface-Water Quality","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality invistigation. 13. Mineral microscopy and chemistry of mined and unmined porphyry molybdenum mineralization along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for ground- and surface-water quality","docAbstract":"This report is one in a series presenting results of an interdisciplinary U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) study of ground-water quality in the lower Red River watershed prior to open-pit and underground molybdenite mining at Molycorp's Questa mine. The stretch of the Red River watershed that extends from just upstream of the town of Red River to just above the town of Questa includes several mineralized areas in addition to the one mined by Molycorp. Natural erosion and weathering of pyrite-rich rocks in the mineralized areas has created a series of erosional scars along this stretch of the Red River that contribute acidic waters, as well as mineralized alluvial material and sediments, to the river. The overall goal of the USGS study is to infer the pre-mining ground-water quality at the Molycorp mine site. An integrated geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical model for ground water in the mineralized but unmined Straight Creek drainage is being used as an analogue for the geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic conditions that influenced ground-water quality and quantity at the mine site prior to mining. This report summarizes results of reconnaissance mineralogical and chemical characterization studies of rock samples collected from the various scars and the Molycorp open pit, and of drill cuttings or drill core from bedrock beneath the scars and adjacent debris fans.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051442","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Mexico Environment Department","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Lowers, H., Ludington, S., Koenig, A., and Briggs, P., 2005, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality invistigation. 13. Mineral microscopy and chemistry of mined and unmined porphyry molybdenum mineralization along the Red River, New Mexico: Implications for ground- and surface-water quality (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1442, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051442.","productDescription":"95 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7994,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1442/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401716,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76634.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.75 ], [ -105.33333333333333,36.666666666666664 ], [ -105.58333333333333,36.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a32b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoff","contributorId":16478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":52609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":106848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Koenig, Alan 0000-0002-5230-0924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":63159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, Paul","contributorId":59510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":76153,"text":"ofr20051312 - 2005 - Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T23:12:54.554904","indexId":"ofr20051312","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1312","title":"Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2004","docAbstract":"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988. The primary objectives of the seismic program are the real-time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2004.
These include Mount Wrangell, Mount Spurr, Redoubt Volcano, Iliamna Volcano, Augustine Volcano, Katmai volcanic cluster (Snowy Mountain, Mount Griggs, Mount Katmai, Novarupta, Trident Volcano, Mount Mageik, Mount Martin), Mount Peulik, Aniakchak Crater, Mount Veniaminof, Pavlof Volcano, Mount Dutton, Isanotski Peaks, Shishaldin Volcano, Fisher Caldera, Westdahl Peak, Akutan Peak, Makushin Volcano, Okmok Caldera, Great Sitkin Volcano, Kanaga Volcano, Tanaga Volcano, and Mount Gareloi. Over the past year, formal monitoring of Okmok, Tanaga and Gareloi were announced following an extended period of monitoring to determine the background seismicity at each volcanic center. The seismicity at Mount Peulik was still being studied at the end of 2004 and has yet to be added to the list of monitored volcanoes in the AVO weekly update. AVO located 6928 earthquakes in 2004.
Monitoring highlights in 2004 include: (1) an earthquake swarm at Westdahl Peak in January; (2) an increase in seismicity at Mount Spurr starting in February continuing through the end of the year into 2005; (4) low-level tremor, and low-frequency events related to intermittent ash and steam emissions at Mount Veniaminof between April and October; (4) low-level tremor at Shishaldin Volcano between April and October; (5) an earthquake swarm at Akutan in July; and (6) low-level tremor at Okmok Caldera throughout the year (Table 2). Instrumentation and data acquisition highlights in 2004 were the installation of subnetworks on Mount Peulik and Korovin Volcano and the installation of broadband stations to augment the Katmai and Spurr subnetworks.
This catalog includes: (1) a description of instruments deployed in the field and their locations; (2) a description of earthquake detection, recording, analysis, and data archival systems; (3) a description of velocity models used for earthquake locations; (4) a summary of earthquakes located in 2004; and (5) an accompanying UNIX tar-file with a summary of earthquake origin times, hypocenters, magnitudes, phase arrival times, and location quality statistics; daily station usage statistics; and all HYPOELLIPSE files used to determine the earthquake locations in 2004.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051312","usgsCitation":"Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., Tytgat, G., Estes, S., Prejean, S., Sanchez, J.J., Sanches, R., McNutt, S.R., and Paskievitch, J., 2005, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2004 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1312, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051312.","productDescription":"HTML Document","numberOfPages":"74","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051312.JPG"},{"id":410201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75359.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7125,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1312/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.82502359957547,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -129.82502359957547,\n 62.333\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 62.333\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -129.82502359957547,\n 50\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efced","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, James P. 0000-0002-8478-9971 jpdixon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-9971","contributorId":3163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"James","email":"jpdixon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stihler, Scott D.","contributorId":31373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":287083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tytgat, Guy","contributorId":71152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tytgat","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Estes, Steve","contributorId":55881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Prejean, Stephanie","contributorId":61916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanchez, John J.","contributorId":36219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sanches, Rebecca","contributorId":27962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanches","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McNutt, Stephen R.","contributorId":38133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Paskievitch, John","contributorId":74050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskievitch","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":75593,"text":"tm6A11 - 2005 - UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty evaluation constructed using the JUPITER API","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T19:53:03.558144","indexId":"tm6A11","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A11","title":"UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty evaluation constructed using the JUPITER API","docAbstract":"This report documents the computer codes UCODE_2005 and six post-processors. Together the codes can be used with existing process models to perform sensitivity analysis, data needs assessment, calibration, prediction, and uncertainty analysis. Any process model or set of models can be used; the only requirements are that models have numerical (ASCII or text only) input and output files, that the numbers in these files have sufficient significant digits, that all required models can be run from a single batch file or script, and that simulated values are continuous functions of the parameter values. Process models can include pre-processors and post-processors as well as one or more models related to the processes of interest (physical, chemical, and so on), making UCODE_2005 extremely powerful. An estimated parameter can be a quantity that appears in the input files of the process model(s), or a quantity used in an equation that produces a value that appears in the input files. In the latter situation, the equation is user-defined.
UCODE_2005 can compare observations and simulated equivalents. The simulated equivalents can be any simulated value written in the process-model output files or can be calculated from simulated values with user-defined equations. The quantities can be model results, or dependent variables. For example, for ground-water models they can be heads, flows, concentrations, and so on. Prior, or direct, information on estimated parameters also can be considered. Statistics are calculated to quantify the comparison of observations and simulated equivalents, including a weighted least-squares objective function. In addition,
UCODE_2005 can be used fruitfully in model calibration through its sensitivity analysis capabilities and its ability to estimate parameter values that result in the best possible fit to the observations. Parameters are estimated using nonlinear regression: a weighted least-squares objective function is minimized with respect to the parameter values using a modified Gauss-Newton method or a double-dogleg technique. Sensitivities needed for the method can be read from files produced by process models that can calculate sensitivities, such as MODFLOW-2000, or can be calculated by UCODE_2005 using a more general, but less accurate, forward- or central-difference perturbation technique. Problems resulting from inaccurate sensitivities and solutions related to the perturbation techniques are discussed in the report. Statistics are calculated and printed for use in (1) diagnosing inadequate data and identifying parameters that probably cannot be estimated; (2) evaluating estimated parameter values; and (3) evaluating how well the model represents the simulated processes.
Results from UCODE_2005 and codes RESIDUAL_ANALYSIS and RESIDUAL_ANALYSIS_ADV can be used to evaluate how accurately the model represents the processes it simulates. Results from LINEAR_UNCERTAINTY can be used to quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values if the model is sufficiently linear. Results from MODEL_LINEARITY and MODEL_LINEARITY_ADV can be used to evaluate model linearity and, thereby, the accuracy of the LINEAR_UNCERTAINTY results.
UCODE_2005 can also be used to calculate nonlinear confidence and predictions intervals, which quantify the uncertainty of model simulated values when the model is not linear. CORFAC_PLUS can be used to produce factors that allow intervals to account for model intrinsic nonlinearity and small-scale variations in system characteristics that are not explicitly accounted for in the model or the observation weighting.
The six post-processing programs are independent of UCODE_2005 and can use the results of other programs that produce the required data-exchange files.
UCODE_2005 and the other six codes are intended for use on any computer operating system. The programs consist of algorithms programmed in Fortran 90/95, which efficiently performs numerical calculations. The model runs required to obtain perturbation sensitivities can be performed using multiple processors. The programs are constructed in a modular fashion using JUPITER API conventions and modules. For example, the data-exchange files and input blocks are JUPITER API conventions and many of those used by UCODE_2005 are read or written by JUPITER API modules. UCODE-2005 includes capabilities likely to be required by many applications (programs) constructed using the JUPITER API, and can be used as a starting point for such programs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 6: Modeling techniques, Section A. Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A11","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.E., Hill, M.C., Banta, E., Mehl, S., and Christensen, S., 2005, UCODE_2005 and six other computer codes for universal sensitivity analysis, calibration, and uncertainty evaluation constructed using the JUPITER API: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A11, xiv, 283 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A11.","productDescription":"xiv, 283 p.","numberOfPages":"299","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":384889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a11/pdf/TM6-A11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":7013,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a11/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697edd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, Eileen E.","contributorId":101324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banta, Edward R.","contributorId":49820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehl, Steffen","contributorId":31058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Christensen, Steen","contributorId":13316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Steen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":75183,"text":"ofr20051424 - 2005 - libvaxdata: VAX data format conversion routines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-10T14:54:29","indexId":"ofr20051424","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1424","title":"libvaxdata: VAX data format conversion routines","docAbstract":"\r\nlibvaxdata provides a collection of routines for converting numeric data-integer and floating-point-to and from the formats used on a Digital Equipment Corporation1 (DEC) VAX 32-bit minicomputer (Brunner, 1991). Since the VAX numeric data formats are inherited from those used on a DEC PDP-11 16-bit minicomputer, these routines can be used to convert PDP-11 data as well. VAX numeric data formats are also the default data formats used on DEC Alpha 64-bit minicomputers running OpenVMS \r\n\r\nThe libvaxdata routines are callable from Fortran or C. They require that the caller use two's-complement format for integer data and IEEE 754 format (ANSI/IEEE, 1985) for floating-point data. They also require that the 'natural' size of a C int type (integer) is 32 bits. That is the case for most modern 32-bit and 64-bit computer systems. Nevertheless, you may wish to consult the Fortran or C compiler documentation on your system to be sure. \r\n\r\nSome Fortran compilers support conversion of VAX numeric data on-the-fly when reading or writing unformatted files, either as a compiler option or a run-time I/O option. This feature may be easier to use than the libvaxdata routines. Consult the Fortran compiler documentation on your system to determine if this alternative is available to you. \r\n\r\n\r\n1Later Compaq Computer Corporation, now Hewlett-Packard Company \r\n \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051424","usgsCitation":"Baker, L.M., 2005, libvaxdata: VAX data format conversion routines (Version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1424, ii, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051424.","productDescription":"ii, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7630,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1424/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4790e4b07f02db48adf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Lawrence M. 0000-0001-8563-2362 baker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-2362","contributorId":3337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Lawrence","email":"baker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":75213,"text":"ofr20051445 - 2005 - Digital method for regional mapping of surficial basin deposits in arid regions, example from central Death Valley, Inyo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T22:25:37.934105","indexId":"ofr20051445","displayToPublicDate":"2006-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1445","title":"Digital method for regional mapping of surficial basin deposits in arid regions, example from central Death Valley, Inyo County, California","docAbstract":"Derivative maps generated from DEM's and panchromatic remote sensing data (TM Landsat 7 or SPOT) can be used to characterize surficial basin deposits in arid regions dominated by basin and range topography. Results indicate the technique is useful for rapid digital mapping of surficial deposits where a first order, systematic subdivision of bedrock, alluvial fan units, and playas is unavailable at regional scales. Digital mapping can provide information about relative age and material properties of units that in part can be derived from the position of units within the basin. This automated mapping, implemented in a GIS system, involves an iterative process applied to a combination of digital elevation models (DEM) and satellite image data, such as SPOT or the high-resolution panchromatic Band 8 of Landsat 7 scenes.
The method first discriminates the region into first-order terrains consisting of bedrock mountain highlands, basin piedmonts, and playa-basin interiors based on user-defined slope cutoffs applied to DEM data. The basin areas are subsequently classified into surficial map units such as active channels, ground-water discharge zones, and multiple age alluvial-fan piedmont units based on reflective properties of the associated surfaces in the satellite imagery. The surficial units are differentiated through systematic classification based on specific user-defined ranges of spectral values for each unit. The spectral ranges used in the classification are largely dependent on the composite effects of surface characteristics and material properties, including depositional morphology and texture, pavement development, degree of surface clast varnishing, and (or) properties of exposed soils of the alluvial fan units. We have used the slope-curvature properties derived from the DEM data to discriminate the bajada areas that exhibit non-unique spectral characteristics. Slope curvature is particularly effective at differentiating young undissected surfaces from older dissected piedmont units.
Available geologic maps and field observations may be used both to iteratively calibrate the spectral classification scheme and to provide additional verification of the digital map output. Digital mapping combined with detailed field studies in selected areas provides useful regional maps of surficial units until time and funding is available for more field intensive studies. In addition, anomalous areas on the thematic maps indicate where more detailed field or air photo work is warranted. The technique successfully distinguishes between bedrock, alluvial fans (generally multiple fan units), active washes, playas, playa rimming marshes and seeps and other active and inactive discharge zones in arid basin and mountain regions. Limitations occur in the subdivision of some fan units where the dominant detrital clast lithologies are not susceptible to varnish development.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051445","usgsCitation":"Jayko, A.S., Menges, C., and Thompson, R.A., 2005, Digital method for regional mapping of surficial basin deposits in arid regions, example from central Death Valley, Inyo County, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1445, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051445.","productDescription":"43 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":409557,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75055.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":7633,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1445/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Inyo County","otherGeospatial":"central Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65aba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayko, A. S. 0000-0002-7378-0330","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-0330","contributorId":18011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayko","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menges, C.M.","contributorId":71200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menges","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, R. A.","contributorId":100420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":74763,"text":"ofr20051372 - 2005 - Topogrid Derived 10 Meter Resolution Digital Elevation Model of Charleston, and Parts of Berkeley, Colleton, Dorchester and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"ofr20051372","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1372","title":"Topogrid Derived 10 Meter Resolution Digital Elevation Model of Charleston, and Parts of Berkeley, Colleton, Dorchester and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina","docAbstract":"EXPLANATION\r\n\r\nThe purpose of developing a new 10m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Charleston Region was to more accurately depict geologic structure, surfical geology, and landforms of the Charleston County Region. Previously, many areas northeast and southwest of Charleston were originally mapped with a 20 foot contour interval. As a result, large areas within the National Elevation Dataset (NED) depict flat terraced topography where there was a lack of higher resolution elevation data. To overcome these data voids, the new DEM is supplemented with additional elevation data and break-lines derived from aerial photography and topographic maps. The resultant DEM is stored as a raster grid at uniform 10m horizontal resolution.\r\n\r\nThe elevation model contained in this publication was prodcued utilizing the ANUDEM algorthim. ANUDEM allows for the inclusion of contours, streams, rivers, lake and water body polygons as well as spot height data to control the development of the elevation model. A preliminary statistical analysis using over 788 vertical elevation check points, primarily located in the northeastern part of the study area, derived from USGS 7.5 Minute Topographic maps reveals that the final DEM, has a vertical accuracy of ?3.27 meters. A table listing the elevation comparison between the elevation check points and the final DEM is provided.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051372","usgsCitation":"Chirico, P., 2005, Topogrid Derived 10 Meter Resolution Digital Elevation Model of Charleston, and Parts of Berkeley, Colleton, Dorchester and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1372, Available on DVD-ROM and online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051372.","productDescription":"Available on DVD-ROM and online","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":231,"text":"Earth Surface Processes Terrain Modeling and Geographic Analysis Project","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193325,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9838,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/terrainmodeling/ofr05_1372.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.5,32.36666666666667 ], [ -80.5,33.25 ], [ -79.25,33.25 ], [ -79.25,32.36666666666667 ], [ -80.5,32.36666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629c29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chirico, Peter G.","contributorId":27086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"Peter G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":74633,"text":"sir20055229 - 2005 - Water quality and ground-water/surface-water interactions along the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 2002-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T15:24:08","indexId":"sir20055229","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5229","title":"Water quality and ground-water/surface-water interactions along the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 2002-2003","docAbstract":"The headwaters of the John River are located near the village ofAnaktuvuk Pass in the central Brooks Range of interior Alaska. With the recent construction of a water-supply system and a wastewater-treatment plant, most homes in Anaktuvuk Pass now have modern water and wastewater systems. The effluent from the treatment plant discharges into a settling pond near a tributary of the John River. The headwaters of the John River are adjacent to Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, and the John River is a designated Wild River. Due to the concern about possible water-quality effects from the wastewater effluent, the hydrology of the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass was studied from 2002 through 2003. Three streams form the John River atAnaktuvuk Pass: Contact Creek, Giant Creek, and the John RiverTributary. These streams drain areas of 90.3 km (super 2) , 120 km (super 2) , and 4.6 km (super 2) , respectively. Water-qualitydata collected from these streams from 2002-03 indicate that the waters are a calcium-bicarbonate type and that Giant Creek adds a sulfate component to the John River. The highest concentrations of bicarbonate, calcium, sodium, sulfate, and nitrate were found at the John River Tributary below the wastewater-treatment lagoon. These concentrations have little effect on the water quality of the John River because the flow of the John River Tributary is only about 2 percent of the John River flow. To better understand the ground-water/surface-water interactions of the upper John River, a numerical groundwater-flow model of the headwater area of the John River was constructed. Processes that occur during spring break-up, such as thawing of the active layer and the frost table and the resulting changes of storage capacity of the aquifer, were difficult to measure and simulate. Application and accuracy of the model is limited by the lack of specific hydrogeologic data both spatially and temporally. However, during the mid-winter and open-water periods, the model provided acceptable results and was coupled with a particle-movement model to simulate the movement and possible extent of conservative particles from the wastewater-treatment-plant lagoon.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","doi":"10.3133/sir20055229","issn":"2328-031X","usgsCitation":"Moran, E.H., and Brabets, T.P., 2005, Water quality and ground-water/surface-water interactions along the John River near Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, 2002-2003 (Online only): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5229, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055229.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7588,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9c22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, Edward H. emoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":5445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Edward","email":"emoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":74713,"text":"ofr20051301 - 2005 - Herpetofaunal Inventories of the National Parks of South Florida and the Caribbean: Volume II. Virgin Islands National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:05","indexId":"ofr20051301","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1301","title":"Herpetofaunal Inventories of the National Parks of South Florida and the Caribbean: Volume II. Virgin Islands National Park","docAbstract":"Amphibian declines and extinctions have been documented around the world, often in protected natural areas. Concern for this alarming trend has focused attention on the need to document all species of amphibians that occur within U.S. National Parks and to search for any signs that amphibians may be declining. This study, an inventory of amphibian species in Virgin Islands National Park, was conducted from 2001 to 2003. The goals of the project were to create a georeferenced inventory of amphibian species, use new analytical techniques to estimate proportion of sites occupied by each species, look for any signs of amphibian decline (missing species, disease, die-offs, etc.), and to establish a protocol that could be used for future monitoring efforts.\r\n\r\nSeveral sampling methods were used to accomplish these goals. Visual encounter surveys and anuran vocalization surveys were conducted in all habitats throughout the park to estimate the proportion of sites or proportion of area occupied (PAO) by amphibian species in each habitat. Line transect methods were used to estimate density of some amphibian species and double observer analysis was used to refine counts based on detection probabilities. Opportunistic collections were used to augment the visual encounter methods for rare species. Data were collected during four sampling periods and every major trail system throughout the park was surveyed.\r\n\r\nAll of the amphibian species believed to occur on St. John were detected during these surveys. One species not previously reported, the Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis), was also added to the species list. That species and two others (Eleutherodactylus coqui and Eleutherodactylus lentus) bring the total number of introduced amphibians on St. John to three. We detected most of the reptile species thought to occur on St. John, but our methods were less suitable for reptiles compared to amphibians.\r\n\r\nNo amphibian species appear to be in decline at this time. We found no evidence of disease or of malformations. Our surveys provide a snapshot picture of the status of the amphibian species, so continued monitoring would be necessary to determine long-term trends, but several potential threats to amphibians were identified. Invasive species, especially the Cuban treefrog, have the potential to decrease populations of native amphibians. Introduced mammalian predators are also a potential threat, especially to the reptiles of St. John, and mammalian grazers might have indirect effects on amphibians and reptiles through habitat modification. Finally, loss of habitat to development outside the park boundary could harm some important populations of amphibians and reptiles on the island.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051301","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.G., Waddle, J., Crockett, M.E., Carthy, R., and Percival, H.F., 2005, Herpetofaunal Inventories of the National Parks of South Florida and the Caribbean: Volume II. Virgin Islands National Park (Revised and reprinted 2005 ): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1301, Report: v, 45 p.; Also available on CD-ROM., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051301.","productDescription":"Report: v, 45 p.; Also available on CD-ROM.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2005_1301.jpg"},{"id":13883,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1301/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Revised and reprinted 2005 ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635bb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Kenneth G. 0000-0001-8282-1088 krice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-1088","contributorId":117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Kenneth","email":"krice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, J. Hardin 0000-0003-1940-2133","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-2133","contributorId":89982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"J. Hardin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crockett, Marquette E.","contributorId":70067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crockett","given":"Marquette","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carthy, R.R.","contributorId":96367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carthy","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":74403,"text":"tm6A13 - 2005 - Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package to Include Unsaturated Flow Beneath Streams - A Modification to SFR1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:18","indexId":"tm6A13","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A13","title":"Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package to Include Unsaturated Flow Beneath Streams - A Modification to SFR1","docAbstract":"Many streams in the United States, especially those in semiarid regions, have reaches that are hydraulically disconnected from underlying aquifers. Ground-water withdrawals have decreased water levels in valley aquifers beneath streams, increasing the occurrence of disconnected streams and aquifers. The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model (MODFLOW-2000) can be used to model these interactions using the Streamflow-Routing (SFR1) Package. However, the approach does not consider unsaturated flow between streams and aquifers and may not give realistic results in areas with significantly deep unsaturated zones. This documentation describes a method for extending the capabilities of MODFLOW-2000 by incorporating the ability to simulate unsaturated flow beneath streams.\r\n\r\nA kinematic-wave approximation to Richards' equation was solved by the method of characteristics to simulate unsaturated flow beneath streams in SFR1. This new package, called SFR2, includes all the capabilities of SFR1 and is designed to be used with MODFLOW-2000. Unlike SFR1, seepage loss from the stream may be restricted by the hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated zone. Unsaturated flow is simulated independently of saturated flow within each model cell corresponding to a stream reach whenever the water table (head in MODFLOW) is below the elevation of the streambed. The relation between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water content is defined by the Brooks-Corey function. Unsaturated flow variables specified in SFR2 include saturated and initial water contents; saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity; and the Brooks-Corey exponent. These variables are defined independently for each stream reach. Unsaturated flow in SFR2 was compared to the U.S. Geological Survey's Variably Saturated Two-Dimensional Flow and Transport (VS2DT) Model for two test simulations. For both test simulations, results of the two models were in good agreement with respect to the magnitude and downward progression of a wetting front through an unsaturated column. A third hypothetical simulation is presented that includes interaction between a stream and aquifer separated by an unsaturated zone. This simulation is included to demonstrate the utility of unsaturated flow in SFR2 with MODFLOW-2000. This report includes a description of the data input requirements for simulating unsaturated flow in SFR2.\r\n","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chapter 13 of Section A, Ground Water, of Book 6, Modeling Techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A13","collaboration":"A Product of the Ground-Water Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Niswonger, R., and Prudic, D.E., 2005, Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing (SFR2) Package to Include Unsaturated Flow Beneath Streams - A Modification to SFR1 (Version 1.2, revised Aug 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A13, vi, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A13.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p.","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a13.jpg"},{"id":7374,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6A13/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.2, revised Aug 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636149","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":74223,"text":"fs20053129 - 2005 - Inventory of Anchialine Pools in Hawaii's National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:02","indexId":"fs20053129","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3129","title":"Inventory of Anchialine Pools in Hawaii's National Parks","docAbstract":"BACKGROUND\r\n\r\nAnchialine (?near the sea?) pools are rare and localized brackish waters along coastal lava flows that exhibit tidal fluctuations without a surface connection with the ocean (Fig. 1). In Hawai`i, these pools were frequently excavated or otherwise modified by Hawaiians to serve as sources of drinking water, baths and fish ponds. National Parks in Hawai`i possess the full spectrum of pool types, from walled fish ponds to undisturbed pools in collapsed lava tubes, cracks and caves. Pools contain relatively rare and unique fauna threatened primarily by invasive species and habitat loss. In collaboration with the National Park Service?s Inventory and Monitoring Program, the U.S. Geological Survey?s Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center undertook inventories of these unique ecosystems in two National Parks on the island of Hawai`i: Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park and Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs20053129","usgsCitation":"Foote, D., 2005, Inventory of Anchialine Pools in Hawaii's National Parks: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3129, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053129.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2005_3129.jpg"},{"id":10713,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biology.usgs.gov/pierc/Plants,_Insects_&_Ecosystems/Anchialine_pools.pdf","size":"957","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c5e4b07f02db53f91f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foote, David dfoote@usgs.gov","contributorId":375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foote","given":"David","email":"dfoote@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":73553,"text":"tm6A16 - 2005 - MODFLOW-2005 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"tm6A16","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A16","title":"MODFLOW-2005 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process","docAbstract":"This report presents MODFLOW-2005, which is a new version of the finite-difference ground-water model commonly called MODFLOW. Ground-water flow is simulated using a block-centered finite-difference approach. Layers can be simulated as confined or unconfined. Flow associated with external stresses, such as wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration, drains, and rivers, also can be simulated. The report includes detailed explanations of physical and mathematical concepts on which the model is based, an explanation of how those concepts are incorporated in the modular structure of the computer program, instructions for using the model, and details of the computer code.\r\n\r\nThe modular structure consists of a MAIN Program and a series of highly independent subroutines. The subroutines are grouped into 'packages.' Each package deals with a specific feature of the hydrologic system that is to be simulated, such as flow from rivers or flow into drains, or with a specific method of solving the set of simultaneous equations resulting from the finite-difference method. Several solution methods are incorporated, including the Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient method. The division of the program into packages permits the user to examine specific hydrologic features of the model independently. This also facilitates development of additional capabilities because new packages can be added to the program without modifying the existing packages. The input and output systems of the computer program also are designed to permit maximum flexibility.\r\nThe program is designed to allow other capabilities, such as transport and optimization, to be incorporated, but this report is limited to describing the ground-water flow capability. The program is written in Fortran 90 and will run without modification on most computers that have a Fortran 90 compiler.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 6: Modeling techniques, Section A. Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm6A16","collaboration":"Code and documentation for other water models are available at http://water.usgs.gov/software/ground_water.html .","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A.W., 2005, MODFLOW-2005 : the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--the ground-water flow process: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16, 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A16.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7423,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm6A16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":73563,"text":"sir20055234 - 2005 - Sediment-transport investigations of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, 1999 through 2001: Data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T19:37:54.569338","indexId":"sir20055234","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-5234","title":"Sediment-transport investigations of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, 1999 through 2001: Data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport","docAbstract":"The upper Yellowstone River in Montana is an important State and national water resource, providing recreational, agricultural, and commercial benefits. Floods in 1996 and 1997, with recorded peak discharges having recurrence intervals close to 100 years, caused substantial streambank erosion and hill- slope mass wasting. Large quantities of sand-, gravel-, and cobble-sized material entrained by the flood flows became flood-bar deposits, creating a source of sediment available for transport during future floods. The flood damage and resulting sedimentation raised concerns about potential streambank-stabilization projects and how the river and riparian corridor might be managed in the future. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Park Conservation District, the Montana Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, investigated sediment transport in the upper Yellowstone River near Livingston from 1999 through 2001 as part of a cumulative effects study to provide a scientific basis for future river management decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport for the upper Yellowstone River.
The study area included a 13.5-mile study reach of the upper Yellowstone River where substantial sediment transport occurred in 1996 and 1997. In this study area, the upper Yellowstone River is a high gradient, coarse-bed stream having a slope of about 0.0028 foot per foot or more than 14 feet per mile. The study area drains about 3,551 square miles, and runoff results primarily from snowmelt during the spring and summer months. As part of sediment-transport investigations, the U.S. Geological Survey surveyed river cross sections, characterized streambed-material particle size using particle counts and sieve analyses, and collected bedload- and suspended-sediment data during three runoff seasons (1999-2001). Data were collected for stream discharges that ranged from 2,220 cubic feet per second (typical of pre- and post-runoff discharge) to 25,100 cubic feet per second (about 125 percent of bankfull discharge).
The distribution of streambed-material particle size was determined, and sediment-transport curves for bedload discharge, suspended-sediment discharge, and total-sediment discharge were developed. The threshold values of streamflow and average stream velocity needed for initiation of bedload transport for selected sediment-size classes showed that little to no bedload was transported for an average stream velocity below about 3 feet per second, and the only particle size transported as bedload at that velocity was sand. Over the range of stream discharges sampled and with silt- and finer-sized particles excluded, bedload discharge averaged about 18 percent of the total-sediment discharge, equal to bedload discharge plus suspended-sediment discharge. At the lowest and highest stream discharges sampled, bedload was, respectively, less than about 2 percent and about 30 percent of the total-sediment discharge. Over the range of stream discharges sampled, the sand-sized part of the total suspended-sediment discharge averaged about 48 percent, where the total suspended-sediment discharge included sand-, silt- and finer-sized particles. At the lowest and highest stream discharges sampled, the sand-sized part of the total suspended-sediment discharge was, respectively, less than about 16 percent and about 50 percent of the total suspended-sediment discharge. The sediment-transport curves were compared to curves for selected sites in the western United States having drainage areas ranging from 21 square miles to over 20,000 square miles. Daily sediment loads transported at bankfull discharge were calculated for each site and results were plotted in relation to drainage area. Results based on the 1999-2001 data-collection period indicate that the estimated daily bedload transported at bankfull discharge in the upper Yellowstone River exceeded the envelope line that bounds the upper end of the data for other selected sites in the Northern Rocky Mountains and is similar in magnitude to that for selected sites in Alaska having braided channels and glacial and snowmelt runoff. Similar comparisons for suspended sediment indicate that daily suspended-sediment load at bankfull discharge is relatively high in the upper Yellowstone River, plotting slightly above the envelope line that bounds the upper end of the data for other selected sites in the Northern Rocky Mountains.
Sediment data were used to develop individual transport equations for seven size classes of sediment ranging from small cobbles to very fine sand. A step-wise regression procedure relating sediment discharge to important hydraulic variables showed that average stream velocity was the only significant variable at the 95-percent confidence level. Bedload and suspended-sediment data and equations indicate that more sand is transported for a given velocity than any other particle size, and very little sand-size sediment load is transported below an average stream velocity of about 2.5 feet per second. Transport of coarser-sized sediment (limited to bedload) becomes very little for an average velocity less than about 3.5 feet per second. Results for the 1999-2001 data-collection period indicate that sediment transport in the upper Yellowstone River tends to be limited more by the transport capacity of the stream (capacity or transport limited), than to the availability of sediment in the watershed (supply limited).
Sediment data collected and analyzed were used to simulate sediment transport in the study reach using the BRIdge Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation, or BRI-STARS computer model. The model was calibrated and verified using selected data from historical runoff periods. Simulated total-sediment loads, on a reach-averaged basis, were in good agreement with the total-sediment loads determined from the transport curve for the 2-year flood hydrograph but were considerably smaller for the total-sediment loads determined from the transport curve for the 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood hydrographs. The differences probably were largely due to the inability of the model to simulate streambank erosion, hillslope mass-wasting, and other channel-widening processes, which had supplied substantial quantities of sediment to the channel during the 1996 and 1997 floods, and probably continued to contribute to the sediment load in the subsequent years (1999-2001) when the data were collected. Furthermore, the transport curve was applied beyond the measured data for the highest discharges, and may thus be unreliable. Also, the transport curve derived from only limited data may not apply over the full duration of the hydrograph and sediment might be transported over only a portion of the hydrograph, especially for rivers like the upper Yellowstone where snowmelt runoff predominates. The true sediment discharge is, therefore, unknown and might be closer to the simulated values than to the values calculated from the transport curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20055234","usgsCitation":"Holnbeck, S.R., 2005, Sediment-transport investigations of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, 1999 through 2001: Data collection, analysis, and simulation of sediment transport: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5234, viii, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20055234.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"69","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123026,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2005_5234.jpg"},{"id":7752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5234/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463444,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76518.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"upper Yellowstone River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.65,45.25 ], [ -110.65,45.63333333333333 ], [ -110.55,45.63333333333333 ], [ -110.55,45.25 ], [ -110.65,45.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbdf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holnbeck, Stephen R. 0000-0001-7313-9298 holnbeck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-9298","contributorId":1724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holnbeck","given":"Stephen","email":"holnbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":286431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":73583,"text":"fs20053111 - 2005 - Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Ground Water, Norman, Oklahoma, 2004, and Remediation Options for Produced Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:59","indexId":"fs20053111","displayToPublicDate":"2006-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-3111","title":"Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Ground Water, Norman, Oklahoma, 2004, and Remediation Options for Produced Water","docAbstract":"In 2000, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reviewed the arsenic drinking water standard for public water supplies. Considering the available research and statistics on the health effects of arsenic ingestion, the EPA reduced the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for public drinking water from 50 micrograms per liter (?g/L) to 10 ?g/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001a). As a result of the more stringent standard, the EPA estimates that about 3,000 public water providers across the United States must take action to meet the new standard before it becomes effective on January 23, 2006 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001b).\r\n\r\nThe City of Norman (City) is one of several Oklahoma municipalities affected by the new arsenic standard. About 20 percent of Norman?s water is supplied by wells completed in the Central Oklahoma (Garber-Wellington) aquifer; the rest is supplied by Lake Thunderbird (fig. 1) or purchased from Oklahoma City. The Norman well field is composed of 24 active wells, and water produced from about half of the wells will not be in compliance with the new MCL (figs. 2 and 3). Chemical treatment of water with elevated arsenic is possible, but it is generally cost prohibitive. Another costly solution is simply to abandon the high-arsenic wells and replace them with new wells in low-arsenic areas. In the next phase of well construction beginning in 2005, the City plans to construct as many as 30 new wells in northeast Norman (Bryan Mitchell, City of Norman, oral commun., 2005). The new wells will replace production lost to the new arsenic standard and add new production to keep pace with rapidly growing consumer demand. Well modification to exclude arsenic-bearing water from existing wells is a more cost-effective solution, but it requires a great deal of knowledge about local aquifer properties and individual well dynamics to decide which wells are good candidates for modification. With the goal of determining if well modification can be used to bring some of Norman?s high-arsenic wells into compliance with the new arsenic standard, the EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) initiated a three-year research project in 2003 with participation from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Oklahoma State University, and the City of Norman. The primary objectives of the project are to: (1) determine where naturally occurring arsenic is entering wells by collecting water samples at different depths, (2) investigate the utility of new methods for collecting water-quality data in a pumping well, (3) better understand the stratigraphy and composition of aquifer rocks, (4) assess 10 wells for the possibility of arsenic remediation by well modification, and (5) evaluate the effectiveness of well modification in bringing marginal wells into compliance with the new arsenic MCL. The purpose of this report is to describe the occurrence of arsenic in ground water near Norman, Oklahoma, and available options for reducing arsenic concentrations in produced ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs20053111","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the City of Norman","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.J., and Christenson, S., 2005, Naturally Occurring Arsenic in Ground Water, Norman, Oklahoma, 2004, and Remediation Options for Produced Water: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3111, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20053111.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6672f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. Jerrod 0000-0002-9379-8167 sjsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-8167","contributorId":981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"sjsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jerrod","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":286436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott","contributorId":59128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":286437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}